Test Limba Engleza b2 Grila

Military English Lessons
13.REVISIONTEST
1. Army Career
1. What are the West Point students referred to?
a. Students-in-training
b. Officers in training
c. Cadet officers
d. Cadets
2. Army ROTC is available at all the following except:
a. universities and colleges throughout the U.S.
b. universities and colleges throughout Guam
c. universities and colleges throughout Puerto Rico
d. universities and colleges throughout the Philippines
3. In order to apply to West Point you must be .
a. at least 17
b. 32
c. older than 23
d. 23 years old on July 2 of the year admitted
4. The direct commission provides leaders in all of the following fields, except:
a. philology
b. medicine
c. religion
d. law
5. The graduates of the Officer Candidate School receive the rank of .
a. captains
b. second lieutenants
c. first lieutenants
d. corporals
6. The graduates of the ROTC program may serve in all of the following, except:
a. Active Army
b. Reserve Army
c. Active Reserve
d. National Guard
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7. If both males and females can study at the USMA, it means that the academy is .
a. federal
b. national
c. coeducational
d. pedagogical
8. The academic program at West Point grants the students .
a. BSC degree
b. an MA degree
c. a BA degree
d. none of the above
9. The West Point Cadet Honor Code states that .
a. A cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, and tolerate those who do
b. A cadet will not lie, cheat, or tolerate those who do
c. A cadet will not cheat, steal, or tolerate those who do
d. A cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, or tolerate those who do
10. What superintendent of the West Point Academy is known as the Father of
the Military Academy?:
a. Sedgwick Spurs
b. Benedict Arnold
c. Tadeuszhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9BciuszkoKociuszko
d. Sylvanus Thayer
11. Nowadays, at the West Point Academy, hazing is .
a. encouraged
b. forbidden
c. routine practice
d. common
12. A conscientious objector is someone who .
a. likes to wage war against his/her neighbors
b. has a lot of connections
c. does not want to fight in a war
d. knows nothing about the army
13. After 9/11, at the West Point Academy the curriculum was changed in order
to comprise .
a. course work on terrorism
b. more English classes
c. Mathematics
d. courses on self-defense
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14. Who is responsible for the USMA students learning?

a. the superintendent
b. the platoon commanders
c. the students themselves
d. the teachers
2. Military Ranks
15. From the point of view of ranks, what are the 4 levels of officers?
a. commissioned officers; leader officers; cadet officers; commanding officers
b. General, Flag or Air Officers; Field or Senior Officers; Company Grade or
Junior Officers; Subordinate officers
c. Lieutenants; Captains; Colonels; Generals
d. Enlisted Officers; Warrant Officers, Non-commissioned Officers; Student
Officers
16. The enlisted personnel is the personnel .
a. above commissioned rank
b. below commissioned rank
c. equal to commissioned rank
17. The three broad categories of military personnel are codified in .
a. Magna Charta
b. Logistics Rules
c. Geneva Convention
d. Paris Accords
18. Originally sergeants were .
a. armed servants
b. warrant officers
c. lieutenants
d. vassal lords
19. In the Roman army decimation was a .
a. a punishment
b. a reward
c. a rank
d. a weapon
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20. A corporal commands .

a. a squad
b. a platoon
c. a company
d. a firearm
21. Which of the following ranks is the highest?
a. General
b. Lance Corporal
c. Major General
d. Major
22. Which of the following categories of military personnel receives a
commission?
a. enlisted personnel
b. officers
c. NCOs
d. Warrant officers
23. In the Romanian Army, the equivalent of the Corps of Engineer is .
a. Arma Geniu
b. Arma Intenden
c. Arma Mentenan
d. Arma Transmisiuni
24. General Officers command units that .
a. are expected to operate independently for extended periods of time
b. are expected to operate independently for short periods of time
c. are not expected to operate independently for long periods of time
d. are expected only to train for long battles
25. Military ranks are .
a. a system of hierarchical relationships existing only in civil institutions
b. a system of hierarchical relationships in armed forces or civil institutions
organized along military lines
c. a system of commissioned officers in military or civil institutions
d. uniforms that denote the bearers rank by special insignia
26. If you are an American cadet passionate about computers, radars and mobile
phones, what branch of the military should you choose?
a. Infantry
b. Corps of Engineers
c. Signal Corps
d. Armor
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27. A Lieutenant Colonel commands a .

a. a company
b. a brigade
c. a division
d. a battalion
28. Which of the following is the lowest rank?
a. Captain
b. Corporal
c. Sergeant
d. Colonel
29. Who commissions the military personnel in the US army at the rank of Chief
Warrant Officer?
a. the President
b. the Queen
c. a Congressman
d. a Senator
30. If you are an American cadet who would like to learn more about how to
counteract the effects of nuclear radiation on the human body, which of the following
branches should you apply for?
a. Ordnance Corps
b. Quartermaster Corps
c. Chemical Corps
d. Veterinary Corps
3. Uniforms and Equipment
31. The military uniforms are .
a. standardized dress worn by members of the armed forces and paramilitaries of
various nations
b. standardized dress worn only by the members of the armed forces of various
nations
c. standardized dress worn only by the members of the paramilitaries of various
nations
d. standardized dress worn by members of the armed forces of various nations
and by mercenaries
32. The wearing of the uniform in order to make the military career desirable to
young men is known in the specialized literature as .
a. the eagle factor
b. the vulture factor
c. the lark factor
d. the peacock factor
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33. One of the reasons for choosing uniform colors that help the military blend
in with the terrain more was .
a. the use of cannons
b. the use of large flags
c. the use of muskets
d. the use of smokeless powder weapons
34. From the point of view of logistics, one of the advantage of using uniforms
is the fact that they are .
a. easy to replace on campaign
b. hard to replace on campaign
c. easy to iron on campaign
d. hard to iron on campaign
35. Many armies have regulations against beards to .
a. ensure a good protection when the temperature drops below 0
b. ensure a good protection when working in a foreign environment
c. ensure a good seal when using a gas mask
d. ensure a good seal when washing the face
36. In the case of psychological warfare, the appearance of the troops was often
enhanced .
a. to gain the sympathy of the enemy
b. to intimidate the enemy
c. to befriend the enemy
d. to encourage the enemy
37. The American army uses uniforms for sandy regions.
a. white
b. grey
c. olive drab
d. tan
38. The two primary uniforms of the American army are .
a. The Universal Camouflage Pattern and the flame resistant Army Combat Shirt
b. The Multicam and the Army Combat Uniform
c. The Army Service Uniform and the Army Combat Uniform
d. The Army Improved Physical Fitness Uniform and the MICTH-2000 Combat
Helmet
39. Which of the following army boots have specific uses?
a. the tan Army Combat Boots
b. the jungle boots
c. the desert boots
d. the tanker boots
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40. Which of the following rules apply for the care of the ACU?
a. it is not to be washed
b. it is not to be dried
c. it is not to be starched
d. it is not to be folded
41. Washing the ACU with detergent that contains optical brighteners makes it
a. fray in cold weather .
b. wear out faster
c. look old fashioned
d. bright under night vision viewing
42. The service uniform can function as a dress uniform when worn with .
a. white shirt and necktie
b. white shirt and bow tie
c. combat boots
d. boonie hat
43. The Army Combat Uniform is used .
a. for operational environments
b. for formal occasions
c. for ceremonial occasions
d. for after six events
44. The Army Improved Physical Fitness Uniform is a .
a. a black tie
b. a formal evening dress
c. a standard garrison service uniform
d. a track suit
45. Which of the following elements is not included in the headgear category?
a. a patrol cap
b. a combat helmet
c. a combat jacket
d. a unit beret
4. Army Training
46. In order to finish the military training you need fortitude, that is .
a. strength of mind
b. vision
c. attitude
d. share
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47. During the Navy Seal training you learn to bust peoples necks.
a. handpick
b. interrupt
c. smash
d. engage
48. The military training transforms you into a tough individual.
a. straight
b. toned
c. strong
d. tepid
49. SEAL stands for .
a. See, Admire, Love
b. Sea Lions
c. Seemingly Lucid
d. Sea, Air and Land
50. What are the two main components of a Navy Seals training?
a. skills and abilities
b. mental discipline and guts
c. toughness and fair share
d. a mental part and a physical part
51. To see exactly what you need to do is .
a. clarity of vision
b. health of mind
c. clarity of spirit
d. health of essence
52. What is the best definition of the survival skills?
a. techniques a person may use in dangerous situations to save themselves or
others
b. skills that help you get enough food to eat
c. techniques to improve your living standard
d. skills one may use to find water and shelter in order to be able to continue a
mission
53. Which of the following is not considered a basic necessity of human life?
a. potable water
b. common sense
c. habitat
d. shelter
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54. Which of the following is not an intermediate man-made shelter?

a. a fallen-down tree
b. a ditch near a tree log and covered with foliage
c. a snow cave
d. a debris shelter
55. Which of the following is not a completely man-made shelter?
a. a tarp
b. a snow cave
c. a tent
d. a house
56. Which of the following is not used to make a fire?
a. a fire piston
b. a solar spark lighter
c. a spark piston
d. flint and steel with tinder
5. Military Culture: Customs, Courtesies, and Traditions
57. The military customs and traditions have some in civilian life.
a. propensity
b. charisma
c. counterpart
d. proclivity
58. The basis of military courtesy is .
a. order
b. mutual respect
c. military discipline
d. knowledge
59. In the American army, when answering a telephone, you have .
a. to assume the caller is an officer
b. you have to stand at attention
c. you have to call a colleague to witness the conversation
d. you have to ask the caller for the password of the unit
60. In the American army, when talking on the telephone you have to identify
yourself and your unit by giving .
a. your military serial number
b. the name of your company
c. the name of your company and the battalion
d. the name of your company of your direct superior
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61. The American militaries do NOT have to uncover when .

a. entering places of worship
b. at an official reception
c. when attending a board
d. when out of doors as salutation
62. When talking to an officer you have to .
a. stand at ease at all times
b. stand at attention at all times
c. assume the prone position
d. stand at attention unless ordered at ease
63. When accompanying a senior, walk .
a. on his left
b. on his right
c. one step in front of him/her
d. one step behind him/her
64. When travelling by vehicle, .
a. the senior enters first
b. the junior enters first
c. A junior is never allowed to travel with a senior
d. A junior has to wait until he is ordered to enter the vehicle
65. When an officer/NCO enters a crowded hallway/area, the first person to see
the officer/NCO should call .
a. attention
b. at ease and make way
c. gas, gas, gas
d. double time and take cover
66. When an officer/NCO gives the directive , the soldier/s continue with
whatever they were doing.
a. carry on
b. at ease
c. continue
d. go on
67. One possible origin of the hand salute is the fact that in many armies throughout
history, the right hand was raised as a greeting of friendship to show that .
a. you wanted to shake hands with the person you saw
b. you had no money on you
c. you were not ready to use a weapon
d. you had a terrible headache
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68. One possible origin of the hand salute is the fact that it may symbolize a
knights shielding his eyes from the dazzling beauty of .
a. some noble lady seen at a tournament
b. the king
c. a sword
d. some horse given to him by the king
6. Civilian Control of the Military
69. Civilian control of the military is a doctrine .
a. in military science
b. in political science
c. in military science and political science
d. in none of the above
70. Having in view what you learned in the course on civil-military relations,
choose the statement that is true:
a. The subordination of the military to political control is unique to the
American society.
b. The subordination of the military to political control is unique to the Western
societies.
c. The subordination of the military to political control is unique to the
Communist societies.
d. The subordination of the military to political control is encountered in the
American and the Western society as well as in the Communist societies.
71. The relationship military and civilian policymakers in the US is based on a
single principle .
a. military control
b. civilian control
c. weapons control
d. firepower control
72. Which of the following can NOT be considered a reason for justifying the
civilian control of the military?
a. the loyalty and obedience of the military to their commander
b. the loyalty and obedience of the military to civilian authorities
c. the isolation of the military from the society
d. the discipline of the military
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73. Which of the following is NOT a method used for asserting civilian control
of the military?
a. inculcation of the values of civilian control in the armed forces
b. civilian gun ownership
c. direct appointments of non-professionals to an officer rank
d. giving all the political power to the military
74. Which of the following is NOT considered a suitable way of improving the
a. attract older men and women to the reserves
b. unit rotation
c. giving professional soldiers the same rights as to the other citizens
d. recruiting temporary service personnel with primary careers in the civilian
world
7. Prisoners of War
75. Choose the best definition of a POW:

a. a combatant who is held in custody by an enemy power during or immediately
after an armed conflict
b. a combatant or civilian who is held in custody by an enemy power during or
immediately after an armed conflict
c. a civilian or combatant who is held in custody by a friendly power during or
d. a combatant or civilian who is held in custody by an enemy power before or
76. The earliest recorded usage of the term prisoner of war is dated .
a. 1916
b. 1600
c. 1660
d. 1906
77. In Antiquity combatants losing a battle .
a. were enslaved or rewarded
b. were slaughtered or enslaved
c. were worshipped
d. were exiled
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78. In Ancient times the distinction between POW and is not always clear.
a. slave
b. martyr
c. child
d. woman
79. In the Middle Ages the religious wars were aimed not only to defeat, but
also to .
a. convince their enemies
b. deter their enemies
c. assimilate their enemies
d. eliminate their enemies
80. In pre-Islamic Arabia the captives were .
a. summarily executed
b. made to beg for their subsistence
c. trained for useful jobs
d. fed at the expense of the government
81. Who changed the custom of the prisoners of war who had to beg for their
subsistence in pre-Islamic Arabia?
a. Arnaud Amalric
b. the Mongols
c. Tenochtitlan
d. Muhammad
82. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) established the rule that POWs .
a. should be released without ransom at the end of hostilities and that they
should be allowed to return to their homelands
b. should be release for a ransom at the end of hostilities and that they should be
allowed to return to their homelands
c. should be released without ransom at the beginning of hostilities and that they
d. should be released without a ransom at the end of hostilities but that they
should not be allowed to return to their homelands
83 The right of parole means that .
a. a captured officer surrendered his sword and gave his word of gentleman in
exchange for privileges
b. an active officer surrendered his sword and gave his word of gentleman in
c. a captured officer gave the enemy information about the position of his (the
officers) unit in exchange for money
d. an active officer was allowed to get extra days of leave in exchange for
studying French
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84. Which of the following conventions cover the treatment of the prisoners of
war?
a. The Bucharest Convention and the Geneva Convention
b. The Hague Convention and the Prague Convention
c. The Geneva Convention and the Maastricht Convention
d. The Hague Convention and the Geneva Convention
85. The Geneva Convention makes it illegal to .
a. question prisoners of war
b. feed prisoners of war
c. shelter prisoners of war
d. torture prisoners of war
86. A prisoner of war is required to give his/her captors his/her .
a. name, date of birth, rank, and service number, information about his weapons
b. name, date of birth, rank, and service number
c. name, date of birth, and service number
d. name, rank, and service number
87. Which of the following qualify to the status of prisoner of war?
a. francs-tireurs
b. saboteurs
c. lawful combatants
d. spies
88. According to the Geneva Convention, guerrillas and other irregular
combatants .
a. cannot expect to simultaneously receive benefits from both civilian and
military status
b. never qualify for the status of prisoners of war
c. are always treated as civilians
d. simultaneously receive benefits from both civilian and military status
89. Which of the following is NOT a condition for a combatant to qualify under
the Third Geneva Convention?
a. to have conducted military operations according to the laws and customs of
war
b. to bear arms openly
c. to be a Christian
d. to be part of a chain of Command
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90. According to the Geneva Convention prisoners of war receive .

a. immunity for crimes constituting lawful acts of war
b. rewards when they return to their home country
c. leave to go home once a month
d. medals if they distinguished themselves in battle
8. Gathering Information. Intelligence Gathering Disciplines
91. All of the following can be included under the umbrella of HUMINT,
except:
a. Geospatial Intelligence
b. Espionage
c. NGOs
d. POWs
92. According to SUN TZU all war is based on .
a. political efficiency
b. powerful weapons
c. money
d. deception
93. Who is credited to have developed the first modern political espionage
system?
a. Benedict Arnold
b. Joseph Fouch
c. Francis Walsingham
d. Victor Kravchenko
94. What institution coordinates intelligence in the United States?
a. The Committee for State Security
b. The Central Intelligence Agency
c. The Intelligence Service
d. The Allied intelligence
95. According to the information in the lecture, what are the most recent targets
of espionage agencies?
a. Vietnamese corporations
b. Chinese technological methods
c. illegal drug trade and terrorism
d. other intelligence agencies
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96. Espionage is concerned with the analysis of all of the following, except:
a. Interior decorations
b. Diplomatic reports
c. Technical publications
d. Commercial statistics
97. The defensive side of intelligence activity is known as .
a. counterespionage
b. radio signal interception
c. code breaking
d. internal suppression
98. John le Carrs character, George Smiley, has all of the following
characteristics, except:
a. perfection
b. realism
c. patience
d. compassion
99. What aspect of espionage is emphasized in video games?
a. realism
b. punishments
c. murder
d. rewards
100. How many CIA agents were executed by the Russians due to Aldrich
Amess betrayal?
a. 100
b. 10
c. 41
d. none
101. What book is Casanova famous for .
a. Chevalier de Seingalt
b. On the Grand Tour
c. Zanetta Farussi
d. Histoire de ma vie
102. What specialization did Casanova study at the University of Padua?
a. Religion
b. Law
c. Medicine
d. Chemistry
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103. Where was Casanova sent on his first spying mission?

a. Dunkirk
b. Paris
c. Amsterdam
d. Venice
104. How did Casanova try to gain the benevolence of the Venetian authorities
in order to be allowed to come back from the exile?
a. By writing a book
b. By practicing medicine
c. By changing his behavior
d. By spying
105. Who hired Casanova to investigate the commerce between Venice and the
Papal states?
a. Count Joseph Karl von Waldstein
b. The Venetian ambassador in Vienna
c. Benjamin Franklin
d. The Venetian Inquisitors
9. Famous Military Leaders

106. Which World War II general was known as the Desert Fox?
a. Erwin Rommel
b. George S. Patton
c. Dwight D. Eisenhower
d. Georgy Zuchov
107. Which general was nicknamed Ike?
a. Erwin Rommel
b. George S. Patton
d. Georgy Zuchov
108. Which general took Berlin at the end of WWII in Europe?
a. Erwin Rommel
b. George S. Patton
d. Georgy Zuchov
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109. Which WWII general became a U.S. president?

a. Erwin Rommel
b. George S. Patton
d. Georgy Zuchov
110. Which general was known as Blood and Guts?
a. Erwin Rommel
b. George S. Patton
d. Georgy Zuchov
111. This general conquered nearly all the known world of his time. Who was he?
a. Moshe Dayan
b. Georgy Zuchov
c. Joe J. Pershing
d. Alexander the Great
112. During which war was Winston Churchill captured and held prisoner?
a. WWI
b. The Second Boer War
c. The American Revolutionary War
d. WWII
113. W. Churchills good relations with F.D. Roosevelt helped Britain receive .
a. vital food
b. oil
c. munitions
d. all of the above
114. Winston Churchill was .
a. Prime Minster of Britain during WWI
b. Prime Minster of Britain during WWII
c. an American president during the Civil War
d. a Canadian General during the American-Canadian War
115. Why did the troops prefer to serve with Gen. George S. Patton rather than
with his predecessor, Lloyd Fredendall?
a. They thought their chances of survival were higher.
b. He allowed them to wear the clothes they wanted.
c. He did not bother them with motivating speeches.
d. They thought George S. Patton was more mature.
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10. Women in the Military

116. Women in the military have a history that extends over .
a. 5,000 years
b. 3,000 years
c. 4,000 years
d. 6,000 years
117. From the . most Western armies began to admit women to serve active
duty.
a. 1980s
b. 1950s
c. 1920s
d. 1970s
118. Which of the following countries allows women to serve in any active
combat role?
a. Israel
b. The U.S.
c. The U.K.
d. Turkey
119. Which of the following does NOT represent a real physical argument
supporting the idea that women should not be allowed to serve active combat duty?
a. Womens skeletal system is less dense and more prone to breakages.
b. Women have 45-50 % less upper body strength.
c. Women have 25-30 % less aerobic capacity.
d. Women cannot handle increased g-forces.
120. Which of the following does NOT represent a psychological argument
a. They disrupt a units esprit de corps.
b. Romantic relationships on the frontline disrupt the units fighting capability.
c. Many soldiers say they can not trust a woman to perform her duty.
d. Most women can not handle the psychological pressure of the combat
situations.
121. Which of the following does NOT represent a tactical argument supporting
the idea that women should not be allowed to serve active combat duty?
a. In Islamic countries, military women can perform searches on female civilians
causing less offense.
b. Islamic militants rarely surrender to female soldiers.
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c. Iraqi and Afghan civilians are often not intimidated by female soldiers.
d. On recce or special operations, the priority of the military will be to save the
wounded women, not to complete the mission.
122. In the U.S. army there is a program that selects and prepares female
military to participate in patrols and raids in Islamic countries for the purpose of
searching on female civilians and the female areas of segregated mosques. This
program is called .
a. The Female Search Program
b. The Center for Military Readiness Program
c. The USMC Lioness Program
d. The All-Volunteer Force Program
123. Which of the following U.S. army units are designed to accompany special
operations teams in order to provide access to information and needs of local women
where contact between males and females is culturally fraught?
a. The Center for Military Readiness Teams
b. The Female Search Teams
c. The All-Volunteer Force Teams
d. The U.S. Army Cultural Support Teams
124. Queen Boudicca distinguished herself in the wars with .
a. the Celts
b. the Icini
c. the British
d. the Romans
125. In the British army women are not allowed to .
a. join the Royal Marines General Service
b. work as medical staff
c. get involved in Civil-Military Cooperation
d. play administrative and support roles
126. Deborah Sampson Ganet was .
a. an American man who disguised as a woman in order to serve in the
Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War
b. an American woman who disguised as a man in order to serve in the
c. A British woman who disguised as a man in order to serve in the Continental
Army during the American Revolutionary War
d. an American woman who disguised as a man in order to serve in the
Continental Army during the Secession War
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127. In what battle did Ecaterina Teodoroiu distinguish herself?

a. The Battle of Rovine
b. The Battle of Podul nalt
c. The Battle of Mreti
d. The Battle of Carei
11. Military Briefings
128. The techniques employed by a briefer are generally determined by all of the
following, except:
a. the purpose of the briefing
b. the desired response of the audience
c. the desired weather conditions
d. the role of the briefer
129. According to Carl Storz, which of the following can be the elements that
can enable a person to deliver good presentations?
a. preparation and practice
b. patience and practice
c. preparation and paleness
d. practice and passion
130. What is the maximum human attention span is in adults?
a. 3 minutes
b. 5 minutes
c. 20 minutes
d. There is no limit.
131. When you do not wear the military uniform, how should you dress in order
to deliver a presentation?
a. You should wear bright colored clothes.
b. You should wear good quality formal clothes.
c. You should wear big pieces of jewelry
d. Any clothes will do.
132. Which of the following is an advantage of reading from a script when
delivering a briefing?
a. It impedes natural interactions with the audience.
b. It promotes responsiveness.
c. It leaves more uncertainty about the time required to deliver the briefing.
d. It helps you control better the length of your presentation.
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133. When is the briefer supposed to capture the audiences attention?

a. in the introduction
b. in the body
c. in the conclusion
d. in the connectives
134. Which of the following will the listeners of briefings remember best?
a. the headings and the grammatical form
b. the sequencing and the body
c. the introduction and the pauses
d. the beginning and the end
135. Of the four expressions below, choose the one that cannot be used to
signpost the end of a talk:
a. At this stage I would like to run through
b. The purpose of my briefing is
c. In the light of what we have seen today I suggest that
d. My final comments concern
136. Which of the following pieces of advice should generally be ignored when
designing slides for briefings and presentations?
a. Use as many fonts as possible.
b. The size of the fonts should be 20 or more.
c. Landscape layout is preferable.
d. Use different sizes for different types of text.
137. What is the golden rule regarding the body language during presentations?
a. Clarify meaning!
b. Be natural and relax!
c. Vent nervousness!
d. Be lively and enthusiastic!
138. Which of the following is an example of negative body language?
a. smiling
b. keeping your hands in pockets
c. raising your eyebrows
d. moving to one side to indicate a transition
139. Which of the characteristics enumerated below differentiates the military
briefing from other types of speech?
a. concision
b. stress
c. atmosphere
d. monotony
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140. Which of the following types of briefing cannot be considered a military

one?
a. the decision briefing
b. the staff briefing
c. the mission briefing
d. the purpose briefing
141. What determines the type of the military briefings?
a. the listeners
b. the atmosphere
c. the speakers mood
d. the purpose
142. What elements should not be found in an information briefing?
a. conclusions
b. recommendations
c. statistics
d. controversies
143. In the conclusion of a decision briefing, if not given a decision, the briefer
should .
a. wait for one
b. give one
c. ask for one
d. leave right away
144. Under what sort of conditions is the mission briefing used?
a. operational
b. individual
c. climatic
d. advantageous
145. What is the purpose of a staff briefing?
a. to reinforce orders
b. to provide more requirements
c. to secure a coordinated effort
d. to ensure attendance
146. Choose the purposes of the military debriefing from the following:
a. It is used to receive information from a pilot or soldier after a mission, and to
instruct the individual as to what information can be released to the public
and what information is restricted. Another purpose of the military debriefing
is to assess the individual and return him or her to regular duties as soon as
possible.
236
b. It is used to receive information from soldiers before missions, and to instruct

the individual as to what information can be released to the public and what
information is restricted. Another purpose of the military debriefing is to
assess the individual and return him or her to regular duties as soon as
possible.
c. It is used to receive information from a pilot or soldier after a mission.
Another purpose of the military debriefing is to assess the individual and
return him or her to regular duties as soon as possible.
d. It is used to receive information from a pilot or soldier after a mission, and to
instruct the individual as to what information can be released to the public
and what information is restricted. Another purpose of the military debriefing
is to inform the individual about his new regular duties as soon as possible.
12. The Four Generations of Modern War
147. What is the peacetime soldiers principal task?
a. to analyze the tactics of past battles
b. to study history
c. to train physically as much as possible
d. to prepare for the next war
148. When did the First Generation of war begin?
a. with the Peace of Westphalia
b. with the Geneva Convention
c. with the Hague Convention
d. with the French Revolution
149. With the First Generation of war, war became waged by states for .
a. money
b. raisons dtat
c. sprit de corps
d. monopoly
150. What weapon influenced the tactics of the First Generation of war?
a. the smoothbore musket
b. the arrow
c. the machine gun
d. the rifled musket
151. The Second Generation of war was developed by .
a. the German army
b. the Chinese army
c. the French army
d. the American army
237
152. In the case of the Second Generation of war, the main change from the first
generation tactics was .
a. the attack that flew like water through the enemy defenses
b. the heavy use of tanks
c. the line and column tactics
d. the heavy reliance on indirect fire
153. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the First Generation of
war?
a. the military culture of order
b. the rigid drill necessary to generate a high rate of fire
c. the states assumption of a monopoly of war
d. the prizing of initiative over obedience
154. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Second Generation of
war?
a. It maintained the 1st Generation culture of order.
b. Speed replaced firepower as the most important tool.
c. Technology manifested itself qualitatively.
d. Decision making was centralized and hierarchical.
155. The Third Generation of war was also known as .
a. maneuver warfare
b. obedience warfare
c. attrition warfare
d. firepower warfare
156. The Prussian/German roots of the Third Generation of war originate in the .
a. Napoleonic reforms
b. Westphalia reforms
c. Scharnhorst reforms
d. French Revolution reforms
157. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Third Generation of
war?
a. Dislocation, mental as well as physical was more important than attrition.
b. The attack relied on infiltration to bypass and collapse the enemys combat
forces.
c. The officers were responsible for getting the result, regardless of the orders.
d. The orders were detailed and controlling to permit synchronization of all
arms.
238
158. In the case of the Fourth Generation of war the differences between
not just states become paramount.
a. cultures
b. economies
c. technologies
d. armies
159. Which of the following is NOT an element characteristic of the Fourth
Generation of war?
a. high technology
b. culture of order
c. non-national/transnational base
d. sophisticated psychological warfare
160. Which of the following is NOT a challenge that commanders are likely to
face in the case of the Fourth Generation of war?
a. target selection
b. selection of subordinates
c. handling the information overload
d. the emergence of a new language
14. KEY TO THE EXERCISES
(For the sources of some of the information in this part of the book, see the
bibliography at the end of each lesson.)
Key to exercises in Army Career:
Practice
a) Key:
1. The United States Military Academy at West Point
2. Sedgwicks spurs
3. Walking the area
4. Henry O. Fliper, the first African-American graduate from Westpoint
5. Dwight D. Eisenhower
b) Key:
1. There are 3 paths to become a Commissioned Officer in the United States
army. (F. There are 4 paths to become a Commissioned Officer in the United States
army.)
2. In order to be accepted in the ROTC program, one of the conditions you have
to fulfill is that you must be at least 18 and not have reached your 32nd birthday upon
commissioning (F. You have to be at least 17)
239
3. The direct commission path provides leaders in professional fields (law,

medicine and religion). (T)
4. Only those who are college graduates can apply to the Officer Candidate
School. (T)
5. If you want to apply to the United States Military Academy you can be
married, pregnant or with legal obligation to support a child. (F)
6. The Army originally named the main fort at West Point after the Polish
engineer and military hero Tadeusz Kociuszko. (F. The Army originally named the
main fort at West Point after Benedict Arnold)
7. When MacArthur returned as superintendent, he made an effort to encourage
the practice of hazing. (F. He made an effort to put an end to this practice.)
8. Cadets accused of violating the Honor Code face an investigative and hearing
process. (T)
9. The Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (RMAS) is the British Army officer
initial training center. (T)
10. The aim of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst is to prepare well-trained
military engineers. (F)
Key to the exercises in MILITARY RANKS:
Practice
a) Key:
1. What do you know about the use of ranks within the modern armed forces?
(It is almost universal)
2. Who composed the rank and file of the military in most of the Greek city
states? (ordinary citizens)
3. When did the use of formalized ranks become widespread with the Roman
legions? (after the reforms by Marius)
4. What is sometimes the translation of the term military tribune into English?
(colonel)
5. Explain the concept of decimation with reference to the Roman army.
(Roman discipline was severe, with all ranks subject to corporal and capital
punishment at the commander's discretion. For example, if a cohort broke in battle,
the typical punishment was decimation, in which every tenth soldier, selected by lot,
was killed. Decimation was not commonplace)
6. What was the basic unit of the medieval army and who commanded it? (the
company, a band of soldiers assigned (or raised) by a vassal lord on behalf of his
lord. The vassal lord in command of the company was a commissioned officer with
the rank of captain.)
7. What is the origin of the word lieutenant? (In the Middle Ages, the
commissioned officer assisting the captain with command of the company was the
lieutenant. Lieutenant was derived from the French language; the lieu meaning place
as in a position; and tenant meaning holding as in holding a position; thus a
lieutenant is somebody who holds a position in the absence of his superior. When he
was not assisting the captain, the lieutenant commanded a unit called a platoon,)
240
8. What is a lancepesade? (In the Middle Ages, a corporal commanded a

squad. Corporals were assisted by lancepesades. Lancepesades were veteran soldiers;
lancepesadewas derived from the Italian lancia spezzata meaning broken spear
the broken spear being a metaphor for combat experience. As a result, the rank of
Lance Corporal was derived from combining lancepesade and corporal.)
9. What is the pronunciation of the word colonel? What is the reason for this
pronunciation? (Around the end of the 16th century, companies were grouped into
regiments. The officers commissioned to lead these regiments were in fact called
colonels (column officers). They were first appointed in Spain by King Ferdinand II
of Aragon where they were also known as coronellos (crown officers) since they
were appointed by the Crown. Thus the English pronunciation of the word colonel.)
10. What are the categories of personnel recognized by the modern military
services and where are these codified? (Modern military services recognize three
broad categories of personnel. These are codified in the Geneva Conventions, which
distinguish officers, non-commissioned officers, and enlisted men.)
b) Key:
1. A Corporal commands a Fireteam.
2. A Sergeant commands a Squad.
3. A Lieutenant commands a Platoon.
4. A Captain commands a Company.
5. A Lieutenant Colonel commands a Battalion.
6. A Colonel commands a Regiment.
7. A brigade is commanded by a Brigadier General.
8. A division is commanded by a Major General.
9. A corps is commanded by a Lieutenant General.
10. An army is commanded by a General.
c) Key:
1. General
2. Lieutenant General
3. Major General
4. Lieutenant Colonel
5. Major
6. First Lieutenant
7. Sergeant Major of the Army
8. Staff Sergeant
9. Corporal
10. Private First Class
241
Production
Observation: in the Romanian army the rank of Caporal is subdivided into:

Caporal clasa I
Caporal clasa a II-a
Caporal clasa a III-a
Key to the exercises in UNIFORMS AND EQUIPMENT
Introduction
c) Key:
A distinctive outfit intended to identify those who wear it as members of a
specific group.
d) Key:
adj.
1. Always the same, as in character or degree; unvarying.
2. Conforming to one principle, standard, or rule; consistent.
3. Being the same as or consonant with another or others.
4. Unvaried in texture, color, or design.
n.
1. A distinctive outfit intended to identify those who wear it as members of a
specific group.
2. One set of such an outfit.
242
tr.v.uniformed, uniforming, uniforms

1. To make (something) uniform.
2. To provide or dress with a uniform.
[Latin nif rmis : ni-, uni- + f rma, shape.]
u nifor mity, u niform ness n.
u niform ly adv.
ununiform,
ununiformity
Practice
a) KEY:
243
b) KEY:
---------------------------------dog tags ------------------------------------------
----------------------- balaclava------------------------------------------
----------------------webbinng-----------------------------------------
------------------British assault boots--------------------------------
----------------------gasmask--------------------------------------------
----------------------mess kit-------------------------------------------
244
------------------------------sleeping bag---------------------------
----------------------------------- canteen-------------------------------------------------------------------- Purple Heart Ribbon-------------------------------
------------------------------aiguilettes---------------------------------------
---------------------------- shoulder strap--------------------------------
-------------------visor cap with badge----------------------------
------------------------------thermal long johns---------------------------
245
-------------------------------------kevlar----------------------------------------
-------------------------------------mittens-------------------------------------
---------------------------------mosquito head net------------------------------
--------------------------------poncho------------------------------------c) Key:
1. The military uniforms represent the standardized dress worn only by the
members of the armed forces of various nations. F
2. In societies where the military was important, the soldiers were dressed to
impress the population and themselves. T
3. The mass-produced uniforms represent a detrimental way to equip thousands
of soldiers quickly and efficiently. F
4. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, the typical color scheme included
bright as well as dull color arrangements which made it easier to distinguish
units in battle. F
5. Many modern military forces now utilize a system of combat uniforms that
break up the outline of the soldier for use on the battlefield during the
daytime and employ a distinctive appearance that makes them difficult to
detect with light amplification devices. T
6. The United States Army has four primary uniforms. F
246
7. For the American military the insignia and tags are extra purchases. T
8. The starching of the ACU causes its colors to fade. T
9. Medical personnel are allowed to wear unit-issued hospital scrubs. T
10. The British Army uniform currently exists in only one grade. F
11. Full dress is the second most elaborate order worn by the British Army. F
12. An assault rifle is a selective firerifle that uses an intermediate cartridge and
a non-detachable magazine. F
13. The M16 is a heavyweight, 5.56 mm, air-cooled, gas-operated, magazine-fed
assault rifle, with a rotating bolt, actuated by direct impingement gas
operation. F
14. The 5.56x45mm cartridge originally developed by Armalite had many
advantages over the 7.62x51mm. T
15. The two most common assault rifles in the world are the Russian AK-47 and
the Type 93 Chinese assault rifle. F
16. The designer of the AK-47 was Vasily Degtyaryov. F (Mikhail Kalashnikov)
17. The Future Force Warrior is a Russian military initiative - part of the Future
Combat Systems project. It seeks to create a lightweight, fully integrated
infantryman combat system, envisions the radical use of technologies: F
18. The Combat Uniform Subsystem aims to protect the soldier by providing
protection against the enemys NVDs. F
Key to the exercises in ARMY TRAINING:
Presentation
Movie tape script
Becoming a navy SEAL requires a lot of mental discipline; you gotta make sure
you can make all the basic physical stuff because when it starts coming down to the
mental stuff.... if you havent got that physical stuff, its just going to deteriorate that
mental stuff much sooner, much faster.
Do you have the courage to start? Do you have the commitment to finish? and
Do you have the clarity of vision, see exactly what you gotta get done, are you gonna
stick it out no matter what.
This great quote that I got was: A man can only be bitten in two ways: if he
gives up or he dies. And that was the level of commitment that I had.
One of the most important parts of BAS was finishing first phase, but to finish
the first phase, you have to finish the hell week. To go for 6 days straight, no sleep or
very little, or I dont remember sleeping, let me put it that way... going night and day
and during the day they burn you up, at night they freeze you out, youre constantly
pushing it through all of the kind....
Ill tell you... I had this tear, my eyes were welled up....I cant believe, I cant
believe I did it. How weak is the opportunity to actually start testing yourself and get
yourself ready for SEAL team? The hardest work Ive ever had to do was getting
247
ready for winter warfare platoon, being in those arctic temperatures, sometimes -65
degrees below zero, and youre learning how to ski, youre skiing 20 miles at a time
and with sometimes a 100-pound pack on your back... thats a lot of weight and
youre moving up and down the mountains and ... it was just tough, it was tough.
The major discipline that you have to have as a sniper is patience and that was
really hard for me to develop, and I didnt realise I was such an impatient guy, but I
made a shift. There was this slow but really intense connection I had to what I was
doing, my connection to the land, to the terrain, my connection to the target. When
were talking about shooting a rifle, I can be sure of saving my buddys life, me
taking out that one guy, that adversary, that enemy, whatever you wanna call it, bad
guy. That can make a difference whether my guys get home to their families. I was a
very small kid and, you know. I took my fare share of beatings, and I wanted to
develop the capacity to take care of myself. It was all about being able to stop that
guy and then becoming a certified hand-to-hand combat instructor in SEAL team. Its
a challenging course which you have to do twice, 30 days straight. No time off. Just
beating the hack out of each other for 30 days straight. Guys busting up their necks,
blowing up their knees. Its a tough course. I just loved it. I just loved that ability to
go into a situation and knowing physically you can handle yourself.
Becoming a Navy SEAL, I got to look deep inside myself and see how far I
could actually go. And if Im still kind of functioning at this game, imagine what else
I could do in life.
Practice
Key:
Numbers- what do these numbers represent?
100 10 = basic training consists of 10 weeks for most recruits followed by AIT
200 - = iodine tablets /drops for a quart of water in order to make it safe to drink.
300 20 = number of minutes you should wait after you have added the iodine to the water
you want to drink or number of minutes you should wait before adding a powdered drink
mix to the water that contains iodine.
400 14 = Goltis endured 14 days of harsh physical conditions on board a sea vessel
without any food or water during his Columbus Quest transatlantic crossing
500 11 = number of days Juliane Kpcke wandered through the jungle before she reached
a hut or support and other MOS hopefuls attend nine to eleven weeks of Basic Combat
Training followed by Advanced Individual Training in their primary (MOS)
Requirements
100 What should a shelter mainly provide? Shelter is mainly for protection and comfort.
200 How mush water will you need to avoid dehydration in the wilderness? Four to six
liters of water or other liquids are generally required each day in the wilderness to avoid
dehydration and to keep the body functioning properly. y
300 What is advisable to do with the insects that you find in the wild? The edible insects
that you find in the wild should be boiled or fried when possible to kill any parasites that
they might have.
248
400 What is it better to have in order to light a fire without matches? In order to light a fire
without a lighter or matches, you need natural flint and steel with tinder.
500 What should you do if you want to catch a fish? If you want to catch a fish, the hook
must be baited.
Fill in the blanks
100 A lighter is so much better than matches.
200 One of the adverse effects of stress is the increased propensity to make mistakes.
300 Survival skills are used not just to ensure the survival of a person, but also to better
appreciate nature and for recreation,
400 Collecting water fresh water out of salt water is called distilling.
500 ASI stands for Additional Skill Identifier.
Form for the teacher to put on the whiteboard:

Numbers what do these Requirements
no. represent?
100
100
200
200
300
300
400
400
500
500
Fill in the blanks

100
200
300
400
500
Production
Key:
Mid-January is the coldest time of the year in Northern Canada. The first
problem the survivors face is the preservation of body heat and the protection against
its loss. This problem can be solved by building a fire, minimizing movement and
exertion, using as much insulation as possible, and constructing a shelter.
The participants have just crash-landed. Many individuals tend to overlook the
enormous shock reaction this has on the human body, and the deaths of the pilot and
co-pilot increase the shock. Decision-making under such circumstances is extremely
difficult. Such a situation requires a strong emphasis on the use of reasoning for
making decisions and for reducing fear and panic. Shock would be shown in the
survivors by feelings of helplessness, loneliness, hopelessness, and fear. These
feelings have brought about more fatalities than perhaps any other cause in survival
situations. Certainly the state of shock means the movement of the survivors should
be at a minimum, and that an attempt to calm them should be made.
Before taking off, a pilot has to file a flight plan which contains vital
information such as the course, speed, estimated time of arrival, type of aircraft, and
number of passengers. Search-and-rescue operations begin shortly after the failure of
a plane to appear at its destination at the estimated time of arrival.
The 20 miles to the nearest town is a long walk under even ideal conditions,
particularly if one is not used to walking such distances. In this situation, the walk is
even more difficult due to shock, snow, dress, and weather barriers. It would mean
almost certain death from freezing and exhaustion. At temperatures of minus 25 to
minus 40, the loss of body heat through exertion is a very serious matter.
249
Once the survivors have found ways to keep warm, their next task is to attract
the attention of search planes. Thus, all the items the group has salvaged must be
assessed for their value in signaling the groups whereabouts.
The ranking of the survivors items was made by Mark Wanvig, a former
instructor in survival training for the Reconnaissance School of the 101st Division of
the U.S. Army. Mr. Wanvig currently conducts wilderness survival training programs
in the Minneapolis, Minnesota area. This survival simulation game is used in military
training classrooms.
RANKINGS
1. Cigarette lighter (without fluid)
The gravest danger facing the group is exposure to cold. The greatest need is for
a source of warmth and the second greatest need is for signaling devices. This makes
building a fire the first order of business. Without matches, something is needed to
produce sparks, and even without fluid, a cigarette lighter can do that.
2. Ball of steel wool
To make a fire, the survivors need a means of catching the sparks made by the
cigarette lighter. This is the best substance for catching a spark and supporting a
flame, even if the steel wool is a little wet.
3. Extra shirt and pants for each survivor
Besides adding warmth to the body, clothes can also be used for shelter,
signaling, bedding, bandages, string (when unraveled), and fuel for the fire.
4. Can of Crisco shortening
This has many uses. A mirror-like signaling device can be made from the lid.
After shining the lid with steel wool, it will reflect sunlight and generate 5 to 7
million candlepower. This is bright enough to be seen beyond the horizon. While this
could be limited somewhat by the trees, a member of the group could climb a tree and
use the mirrored lid to signal search planes. If they had no other means of signaling
than this, they would have a better than 80 % chance of being rescued within the first
day. There are other uses for this item. It can be rubbed on exposed skin for
protection against the cold. When melted into an oil, the shortening is helpful as fuel.
When soaked into a piece of cloth, melted shortening will act like a candle. The empty
can is useful in melting snow for drinking water. It is much safer to drink warmed water
than to eat snow, since warm water will help retain body heat. Water is important
because dehydration will affect decision-making. The can is also useful as a cup.
5. 20 x 20 foot piece of canvas
The cold makes shelter necessary, and canvas would protect against wind and
snow (canvas is used in making tents). Spread on a frame made of trees, it could be
used as a tent or a wind screen. It might also be used as a ground cover to keep the
survivors dry. Its shape, when contrasted with the surrounding terrain, makes it a
signaling device.
250
6. Small ax
Survivors need a constant supply of wood in order to maintain the fire. The ax
could be used for this as well as for clearing a sheltered campsite, cutting tree
branches for ground insulation, and constructing a frame for the canvas tent.
7. Family size chocolate bars (one per person)
Chocolate will provide some food energy. Since it contains mostly
carbohydrates, it supplies the energy without making digestive demands on the body.
8. Newspapers (one per person)
These are useful in starting a fire. They can also be used as insulation under
clothing when rolled up and placed around a persons arms and legs. A newspaper
can also be used as a verbal signaling device when rolled up in a megaphone-shape. It
could also provide reading material for recreation.
9. Loaded .45-caliber pistol
The pistol provides a sound-signaling device. (The international distress signal
is 3 shots fired in rapid succession). There have been numerous cases of survivors
going undetected because they were too weak to make a loud enough noise to attract
attention. The butt of the pistol could be used as a hammer, and the powder from the
shells will assist in fire building. By placing a small bit of cloth in a cartridge emptied
of its bullet, one can start a fire by firing the gun at dry wood on the ground. The
pistol also has some serious disadvantages. Anger, frustration, impatience, irritability,
and lapses of rationality may increase as the group awaits rescue. The availability of a
lethal weapon is a danger to the group under these conditions. Although a pistol could
be used in hunting, it would take an expert marksman to kill an animal with it. Then
the animal would have to be transported to the crash site, which could prove difficult
to impossible depending on its size.
10. Quart of 100 proof whiskey
The only uses of whiskey are as an aid in fire building and as a fuel for a torch
(made by soaking a piece of clothing in the whiskey and attaching it to a tree branch).
The empty bottle could be used for storing water. The danger of whiskey is that
someone might drink it, thinking it would bring warmth. Alcohol takes on the
temperature it is exposed to, and a drink of minus 30 degrees Fahrenheit whiskey
would freeze a persons esophagus and stomach. Alcohol also dilates the blood
vessels in the skin, resulting in chilled blood being carried back to the heart, resulting
in a rapid loss of body heat. Thus, a drunk person is more likely to get hypothermia
than a sober person is.
11. Compass
Because a compass might encourage someone to try to walk to the nearest town,
it is a dangerous item. Its only redeeming feature is that it could be used as a reflector
of sunlight (due to its glass top).
251
12. Sectional air map made of plastic

This is also among the least desirable of the items because it will encourage
individuals to try to walk to the nearest town. Its only useful feature is as a ground
cover to keep someone dry.
How to score
Each team should list its top 5 choices in order prior to seeing the answer sheet.
To award points, look at the ranking numbers on this answer sheet. Award points to
each teams top choices according to the numbers here. For example, the map would
earn 12 points, while the steel wool would earn 2 points. Lowest score wins (and
survives
Key to the exercises in Military Culture: Customs, Courtesies, and Traditions
a) Key:
1. When do you salute inside a building?
When reporting to your commander
When reporting to a pay officer
When reporting to a military board
At an indoor ceremony
At sentry duty indoors
2. Can you salute as a prisoner?
No, you have lost the right to salute
3. What is the proper process for reporting to an Officer indoors?
When reporting to an officer in his office, the soldier removes his headgear,
knocks, and enters when told to do so. He approaches within two steps of the
officers desk, halts, salutes, and reports, Sir (Maam), Private Jones reports. The
salute is held until the report is completed and the salute has been returned by the
officer. When the business is completed, the soldier salutes, holds the salute until it
has been returned, executes the appropriate facing movement, and departs. When
reporting indoors under arms, the procedure is the same except that the headgear is
not removed and the soldier renders the salute prescribed for the weapon with which
he is armed.
4. What is the proper process for reporting to an Officer outdoors?
When reporting outdoors, the soldier moves rapidly toward the officer, halts
approximately three steps from the officer, salutes, and reports (as when indoors).
When the soldier is dismissed by the officer, salutes are again exchanged. If
underarms, the soldier carries the weapon in the manner prescribed for saluting.
5. On what command would you salute while in formation?
Individuals in formation do not salute or return salutes except at the command
Present, ARMS.
252
6. Is the recipient of the Medal of Honor (Enlisted or Commissioned) entitled to

a salute?
Yes.
7. Where do you walk when walking with someone that is senior to you?
On the senior persons left
8. When meeting an officer in the open, how far away should you be before
rendering the hand salute?
Approximately 6 paces when your paths will bring you close by, or within
speaking distance when making eye contact.
9. Who salutes in a group of soldiers not in formation?
The first person to see the officer should call the group to attention and everyone
should salute.
10. When a President or Former President of the U.S. arrives and leaves an army
installation, how many gun salute do they get?
21 gun salute, both times.
11. When lowering the flag (retreat) the flag is folded (cocked hat) and treated
as a cased color. Do persons meeting the flag detail salute the flag?
No. Once the flag has been folded (cocked hat), it is treated as a cased Color and
not saluted by persons meeting the flag detail. The flag will be treated with the
utmost dignity and respect but not be rendered any sort of honors.
12. During the sounding of reveille, when is the flag hoisted?
On the first note of reveille.
13. When foreign soldiers are invited by U.S. forces to participate in parades,
where will they be positioned?
They will be assigned a position of honor ahead of U.S. soldiers. As a special
compliment, a small escort of honor composed of U.S. soldiers will precede the
foreign soldiers.
14. What is the official song of the U.S. Army?
The Army Goes Rolling Along
15. During the playing of the Army Song, how will individuals stand?
They will stand at attention and sing the lyrics of the Army Song when played.
16. Where do you walk when walking with someone that is senior to you?
On the senior persons left
17. When meeting an officer in the open, how far away should you be before
rendering the hand salute?
Approximately 6 paces when your paths will bring you close by, or within
speaking distance when making eye contact.
253
18. Who exits a military vehicle first?

The senior person, then in ascending order
19. What is the only time that you do not remove your headgear when reporting
to an officer indoors?
When under arms.
20. When are you considered to be under arms?
When you are carrying a weapon in your hand, by sling or by holster.
b) Key:
Suggested version
Dear Professor Smith,
This is Michael Johnson from your MILITHIST200 class. Please find attached
my essay on compulsory military service in Ancient Rome, due on July 8, 2013. If
you encounter problems with opening the attachment, please let me know and I will
resend it.
Yours sincerely,
Michael Johnson
c) Key:
1. torture physical persuasion/tough questioning
2. poor financially embarrassed
3. military attack armed intervention
4. surgical strike the use of guided munitions
5. vomit lose your lunch
6. lying economical with the truth
7. drunk tired and over-emotional
8. wiretapping and bugging electronic surveillance
9. theft inventory leakage
10. rebels freedom fighters
11. wrinkles character lines
12. fire employees furlough employees
13. neutron bomb clean bomb
14. lazy unmotivated
15. land mines area denial munitions
16. assassination wet work
17. humans soft targets
18. greenbacking hiring mercenaries
19. pre-emptive strike surprise attack
20. open up on fire upon with all available weaponry
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The Key to the exercises in CIVILIAN CONTROL OF THE MILITARY:

Introduction
Key:
In the case of a military dictatorship the political power resides with the military,
whereas in the case of a stratocracy the state is ruled directly by the military.
A military dictatorship may have political leaders instead of military ones who are
appointed and controlled by the military. The military dictatorship may be official or
unofficial, and as such may not qualify as stratocratic. There are also mixed forms,
with the military exerting a strong influence but not being entirely dominant.
Practice
a) Key:
1. What is the difference between a military dictatorship and a stratocracy?
In the case of a military dictatorship the political power resides with the military,
whereas in the case of a stratocracy the state is ruled directly by the military.
A military dictatorship may have political leaders instead of military ones who are
appointed and controlled by the military. The military dictatorship may be official or
unofficial, and as such may not qualify as stratocratic. There are also mixed forms,
with the military exerting a strong influence but not being entirely dominant.
2. What is the civilian control of the military?
Civilian control of the military is a doctrine in military and political science that
places ultimate responsibility for a countrys strategic decision-making in the hands
of the civilian political leadership, rather than professional military officers.
3. What are the reasons for establishing civilian control of the military?
Due to the fact that strategic decisions have a major influence on the citizens of
a country, the civilian control advocates believe that it is best that the decisions
regarding these strategies are best left to the will of the people. The military is
supposed to implement, rather than formulate, policies that require the use of certain
types of physical force. Kohn believes that The purpose of the military is to defend
society, not to define it.
The danger of granting military leaders full autonomy or sovereignty is that they
may ignore or replace the democratic decision-making process, and use physical
force, or the threat of physical force, to achieve their preferred outcomes. A related
danger is the use of the military to crush domestic political opposition.
A strong assertion of the principle of civilian control was considered the best
means of maintaining the watchful eye, and informed military policy.
4. What was the view of the authors of the Constitution of 1787 regarding armies?
In the state constitutions written after independence, in the Articles of
Confederation, and in the Constitution of 1787, the generation that founded the
United States explicitly subordinated military forces to elected officials so that all the
great decisions relating to war and peace, to raising and organizing armies and navies,
to governing them internally, and to their use and support, rested in the hands of the
representatives of the people, or those appointed by them to administer military
affairs. The authors of the Constitution were of the opinion that armies were useful,
but they had to be kept under strict control as they could seize the power and start a
military dictatorship.
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5. By the time of the Revolution what was the general idea regarding standing
army?
By the time of the Revolution, the standing army had become a symbol of
repressive authority and arbitrary rule.
6. Explain what George Washington believed about the civilians controlling the
military and how his behavior mirrored his beliefs.
As commander of the Continental army, George Washington conspicuously
deferred to Congresss authority. Throughout the war, he treated state and local
officials with respect, working to minimize conflict. Even during the most desperate
periods, there was no serious consideration of suspending civilian rule. At the end, in
spite of intense bitterness over the prospect of demobilization without back pay or
promised pensions, the officers at the main cantonment near Newburgh, New York,
rejected a call to revolt or resign en masse in the so-called Newburgh Conspiracy.
Washingtons intervention in the crisis, the refusal of the officers to defy civilian
authority, and Washington's solemn return of his commission to Congress a few
months later, began a national tradition of loyalty and subordination that has
characterized American military forces ever since.
7. Briefly present the importance of the Posse Comitatus Act (1878).
The Posse Comitatus Act (1878) prohibits federal military personnel from
engaging in domestic law enforcement activities (with certain exceptions, like states
of emergency, domestic unrest, natural disasters).
8. What happened between the Civil War and World War II in terms of the civilmilitary relations?
Between the Civil War and World War II, officers grew gradually more
estranged from American society, which they viewed as undisciplined, unprincipled,
and preoccupied with commercialism. In peacetime, the armed forces suffered lean
budgets, pork barrel expenditures, skeletal forces, deteriorating equipment, and low
combat readiness. But at the same time the increasing participation of the United
States in world politics, and the growing complexity of war making, particularly
logistics and operations, gave professional officers greater influence in military
affairs. And the maturation of the armed services into cohesive institutions,
configured on the basis of doctrines of war fighting and attuned to their own
organizational needs, gave their advice more authority.
9. What was the situation of the civil-military relations during World War II?
The mobilization for World War II that began in 1940 spread the influence of
the military more deeply into the fabric of American society than ever before. When
the government, applying its World War I experience and plans readied during the
interwar years, took control of society, the military became powerful arbiters in
American life. Franklin D. Roosevelt never ceded any authority; he directed the war
effort in broad outline and sometimes in small detail. But the needs of the military
forces and the judgments of the uniformed leadership framed many choices, and
extended deeply into foreign policy and economic life. In ways both obvious and
subtle, the power and prestige of the professional military reached a zenith in the
American experience.
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10. Present the civil-military relations situation at the end of the 20th century.
At the close of the century, civilian control remained the same sometimes
smooth, sometimes awkward, but always situational process it had been throughout
the American history: shaped by the issues and personalities of the moment;
characterized by consultation but also negotiation, tension, and conflict; and
measured by the relative influence of the professional military and civilian authorities
in policy and decision making. Congress and the president continued to pass the laws
and decide upon war and peace, and the military to operate under law and civilian
authority. At the same time, military and civilian leaders struggled in uneasy
partnership to reconcile frequently diverging perspectives in pursuit of the common
defense, in an increasingly uncertain world.
b) Key:
1. remarkable
a. important
b. ordinary
c. rare
d. unwise
2. lean
a. rasping
b. sufficient
c. fast
d. foolish
3. unprincipled
a. honest
b. weird
c. morose
d. ethical
4. to mitigate
a. to aggravate
b. to punish
c. to lessen
d. to expect
5. egalitarian
a. fraternal
b. extremist
c. elitist
d. submissive
6. disobedience
a. perniciousness
b. desperation
c. submission
d. pressure
11. specific
a. characteristic
b. general
c. diverse
d. meretricious
7. ultimate
a. spacious
b. unilateral
c. beginning
d. childish
12. consensus
a. concurrence
b. consent
c. harmony
d. disagreement
8. prudent
a. incautious
b. inexpensive
c. mushy
d. odd
13. to diverge
a. to agree
b. to hate
c. to encounter
d. to master
9. wise
a. sentimental
b. blissful
c. strange
d. ignorant
14. to escalate
a. to augment
b. to rise
c. to quiet
d. decrease
10. succinctly
a. summarily
b. at length
c. at leisure
d. openly
15. disdain
a. admiration
b. fear
c. disgust
d. exhilaration
The key to the exercises in Prisoners of War (POW, PoW, PW, P/W, WP, PsW):
Practice
a) Key:
1. Search; 2. Segregate; 3. Silence; 4. Speed; 5. Safeguard.
257
b) Key:
1. Search
2. Segregate
3. Silence
4. Speed
5. Safeguard
c. remove tag and mark weapons, documents; return personal items, helmet,
NBC gear
e. by rank, sex, military, civilian
a. no talking
b. from the battle area
d. to prevent harm or escape
c) Key:
1. What is a prisoner of war?
A POW/(EPW) is a person, civilian/combatant, who is held in custody by an
enemy power during /immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded
usage of the phrase is dated 1660.
2. What happened to the prisoners of war in Antiquity?
Combatants losing a battle were either slaughtered or enslaved (see the example
of the Roman gladiators). There was little distinction between combatants and
civilians, but women and children were more likely to be spared.
Most of the times the purpose of battles was to capture women (raptio).
In Antiquity, typically, women had no rights and they were held legally as
chattel. In 4th century AD, Bishop Acacius of Amida, ransomed the Persian prisoners
in his town, a deed for which he was eventually canonized. In Ancient times, the
distinction between POW and slave is not always clear.
3. Present the situation of the prisoners of war in pre-Islamic Arabia.
In pre-Islamic Arabia, the captives were not executed, but they were made to
beg for their subsistence. Muhammad changed this custom and made it the
responsibility of the Islamic government to provide food and clothing to captives,
regardless of their religion. The prisoners that found themselves in the custody of a
person became his responsibility. They had to be guarded and not ill-treated. After the
fighting was over, the prisoners had to be either released or ransomed. The freeing of
prisoners was highly recommended as a charitable act. Mecca was the first city to
have the benevolent code applied. Christians captured in the Crusades, combatants
and noncombatants, were sold into slavery if they could not pay a ransom or did not
convert to the Islamic religion. According to some writings by Muhammad's
followers, some prisoners were executed for their earlier crimes in Mecca, but the rest
were given options: converting to Islam and winning their freedom; paying ransom
and winning their freedom or they could teach 10 Muslims to read and write and thus
win their freedom.
Caliph Umar made it illegal to separate related prisoners of war from each other.
Women and children
Muslim scholars hold that women and children prisoners of war cannot be killed
under any circumstances, regardless of their faith, but that they may be enslaved,
freed or ransomed. Women who are neither freed nor ransomed by their people were
to be kept in bondage.
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Men
There has been disagreement whether adult male prisoners of war may be
executed.
Islam forbids torturing, especially by fire.
4. What is the right of parole?
The right of parole, stipulated by the Peace of Westphalia, meant that a captured
officer could surrender his sword and give his word as a gentleman in exchange for
privileges. If he swore not to escape, he could gain better accommodations and the
freedom of the prison. If he swore to cease hostilities against the nation who held him
captive, he could be repatriated or exchanged but could not serve against his former
captors as a military.
5. What are the documents covering the rights of the prisoners of war?
The Hague and Geneva Conventions\
6. Who qualifies for the status of prisoner of war according to these
Conventions?
The captured service members must be lawful combatants entitled to
combatants privilege, this giving them immunity from punishment for crimes
constituting lawful acts of war.
To qualify under the 3rd Geneva Convention, a combatant must
have conducted military operations according to the laws and customs of war;
be part of a chain of command;
wear a fixed distinctive marking, visible from a distance;
bear arms openly;
francs-tireurs, terrorists, saboteurs, mercenaries, and spies do not qualify;
the criteria are applied primarily to international armed conflicts.
In civil wars, insurgents are often treated as traitors or criminals by government forces.
Guerrillas and other irregular combatants generally cannot expect to
simultaneously receive benefits from both civilian and military status.
7. What is the United States Military Code of Conduct?
The United States Military Code of Conduct was promulgated in 1955 under
President Dwight D. Eisenhower. It serves as a moral code for U.S. service members
who have been taken prisoners. It was created in response to the breakdown of
leadership and organization specifically when members of the United States forces
were taken prisoners of war during the Korean War (1950-1953). When a military
member is taken prisoner, the Code of Conduct reminds them
that the chain of command is still in effect;
requires them to support their leadership;
to resist giving information beyond identifying themselves, receive special
favors, parole, provide their captors aid and comfort.
8. Present the release of the British prisoners after the First World War.
At the end of the war (1918), there were 140,000 British prisoners of war in
Germany, including 3,000 internees held in Switzerland. A large reception camp was
established at Dover and it could house approximately 40,000 men. Many had been
259
released en masse and sent across Allied lines without any food or shelter. Many
prisoners died from exhaustion. Those who were more fortunate were met by cavalry
troops and sent back through the lines in lorries to reception centers. They were refitted
with boots and clothing and dispatched to the ports in trains. At the camp, the prisoners
of war were registered and boarded before being dispatched to their own homes.
All the commissioned officers had to write a report on the circumstances of their
capture and to ensure that they had done all they could to avoid capture. Each
returning British military was given a message from King George V.
9. Briefly present the way the prisoners of war were treated by the Germans
during the Second World War.
The armies of the Allied nations were ordered to treat Axis prisoners in
accordance with the Geneva Convention. Consequently, western Allied officers were
not usually made to work and personnel of lower rank were usually compensated, or
not required to work either. The main complaints of western Allied prisoners of war
in German Army Prisoner of war camps especially during the last two years of the
war concerned shortages of food, although this fate was shared by German
personnel and civilians, due to blockade conditions.
Only a small proportion of western Allied Prisoners of war who were Jews or
whom the Nazis believed to be Jewish were killed as part of the Holocaust or were
subjected to other anti-Semitic policies.
10. What do you know about the situation of the prisoners of war after the end
of World War II?
Vietcong and North Vietnamese captured numerous United States service
members during the Vietnam War. These suffered from mistreatment and torture
during the war.
Communist Vietnamese held in custody by South Vietnamese and American
forces also claimed they were treated badly.
There have been many cases of prisoners of war massacres reported in recent
times too.
e.g. October 13 massacre in Lebanon by Syrian forces.
During the Gulf War in 1991, American, British, Italian and Kuwaiti prisoners of
war were tortured by the Iraqi secret police.
During the 1990s Yugoslav Wars, Serb paramilitary forces killed prisoners of war
at Vukovar and karbrnja. Bosnian Serb forces killed Prisoners of war at Srebrenica.
6. Reserve Activity
Suggestions
Winston Churchill during the Second Boer War;
James Clavell prisoner in Singapore, based his novel King Rat on his
experiences during World War II;
Charles de Gaulle French general and political leader, captured at Verdun,
POW 1916-1918;
Andrew Jackson Seventh President of the United States, captured in the
American Revolutionary War as a thirteen-year-old courier;
John McCain American political leader and Republican nominee for
president in 2008, prisoner for over five years in Vietnam.
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John McCains capture and subsequent imprisonment began on October 26, 1967.
He was flying a bombing mission over North Vietnam when his Skyhawk was shot
down by a missile over Hanoi. McCain fractured both arms and a leg ejecting from the
aircraft, and nearly drowned when he parachuted into a lake. Some North Vietnamese
pulled him ashore, then others crushed his shoulder with a rifle butt and bayoneted him.
McCain was then transported to Hanois main Hoa Lo Prison, (the Hanoi Hilton).
Although McCain was badly wounded, his captors refused to treat his injuries,
beating and interrogating him to get information; he was given medical care only
when the North Vietnamese discovered that his father was a top admiral.
McCain spent six weeks in the hospital while receiving marginal care. Having
lost 23 kg, in a chest cast, and with his hair turned white, McCain was sent to a
different camp in December 1967, into a cell with two other Americans who did not
expect him to live a week. In 1968, McCain was put into solitary confinement, where
he would remain for two years.
In mid-1968, John S. McCain, Jr. was named commander of all UNITED STATES
forces in the Vietnam theater, and the North Vietnamese offered McCain early release
because they wanted to appear merciful for propaganda purposes, and also to show other
prisoners of war that elite prisoners were willing to be treated preferentially. McCain
turned down the offer; he would only accept repatriation if every man taken in before him
was released as well. Such early release was prohibited by the military Code of Conduct:
to prevent the enemy from using prisoners for propaganda, officers were to agree to be
released in the order in which they were captured.
In 1968, a program of severe torture began on McCain who tried to commit
suicide. He was stopped by guards.
McCain refused to meet with various anti-war groups seeking peace in Hanoi,
wanting to give neither them nor the North Vietnamese a propaganda victory. From late
1969 onward, treatment of McCain and many of the other prisoners of war became more
tolerable, while McCain continued actively to resist the camp authorities.
Altogether, McCain was a prisoner of war in North Vietnam for five and a half
years. He was released on March 14, 1973. His wartime injuries left him permanently
incapable of raising his arms above his head.
Jean Paul Sartre
Jessica Lynch
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The key to the exercises in Gathering Information. Intelligence Gathering

Disciplines:
a) Key:
1. HUMINT = Human Intelligence
2. NGO = Non-governmental organization
3. GEOINT = Geospatial Intelligence
4. OSINT = Open Source Intelligence
5. SIGINT = Signals Intelligence
6. TECHINT = Technical Intelligence
7. MEDINT = Medical Intelligence
8. FININT= Financial Intelligence
b) Key:
1. What is espionage?
1. Espionage is the act of obtaining information clandestinely. The term applies
particularly to the act of collecting military, industrial, and political data about one
nation for the benefit of another. Industrial espionage represents the theft of patents
and processes from business firms. It is not properly espionage.
2. What is the art of war based on according to Sun Tzu?
2. Sun Tzu devotes much attention to deception and intelligence gathering,
arguing that all war is based on deception.
3. Who developed the first modern political espionage system?
3. Joseph Fouch is credited with developing the first modern political
espionage system.
4. Which of the Allies intelligence systems was considered to be the best during
World War II?
4. The British system was the keystone of Allied intelligence.
5. How do specialists characterize Chinas intelligence program?
5. Cost effective.
6. How has the Internet influenced espionage?
6. The development of the Internet has created opportunities for espionage
through hacking into foreign government and private computers, through electronic
surveillance of Internet and network traffic, and through the use of Trojan horses, key
loggers, and similar computer programs. Code making and code breaking have
become computerized and very effective. The threat of foreign espionage is used as
an excuse for internal suppression and the suspension of civil rights in many
countries.
7. What are the most known categories of agents?
7. Agents can be
moles (recruited before they get access to secrets);
defectors (recruited after they get access to secrets and leave their country);
defectors in place (who get access but do not leave).
262
8. Enumerate some risks that spies face.

8. The risks of espionage vary. A spy breaking the host country's laws may be
deported,
imprisoned,
executed.
A spy breaking his/her own countrys laws can be
imprisoned for espionage /and treason,
even executed,
relatives threatened with imprisonment.
9. What was the popular conception regarding spies in the 20th century and the
21st century?
9. To fill in the blanks, the popular conception of the secret agent has been
formed largely by 20th and 21st century literature and cinema. While it is obvious
from reading news accounts that many real spies, such as Valerie Plame, are
attractive and sociable, the fictional secret agent is often a loner, sometimes amoral
an existential hero operating outside the everyday constraints of society. Loner spy
personalities may have been a stereotype of convenience for authors who already
knew how to write loner private investigator characters that sold well from the 1920s
to the present.
10. What aspects of espionage are insisted upon in the specific video games?
10. Spy fiction has also become prevalent in video gaming, where the wet
work aspect of espionage is highlighted. Game situations typically involve agents
sent into enemy territory for purposes of subversion. These depictions are more
action-oriented than would be typical in most cases of espionage, and they tend to
focus on infiltration rather than information-gathering. Some examples are
GoldenEye 007, Perfect Dark, Thief, Metal Gear and Splinter Cell. Recent
incarnations have attempted to introduce more psychological aspects of infiltration,
such as social camouflage and moral decision making, into gameplay.
c) Key:
1. A mole is an agent recruited before he/she gets access to secrets.
2. A spy within the United States intelligence community is an asset.
3. A cutout is a courier who does not know the agent/case officer, but transfers
messages.
4. A safe house is a refuge for spies.
5. A legend is the prepared synthetic identity of a person who attempts to
infiltrate a target organization.
d) Key:
There are Law and Order addicts everywhere who think they could get a 1.
perpetrator to confess. A little glaring, some getting in the guy's face, a 2.
revelation that his fingerprints are all over the murder weapon and voil! Hes
recounting his crime. In real life, police interrogation requires more than confidence
and creativity (although those qualities do help) interrogators are highly trained in
the psychological tactics of social influence.
263
Getting someone to confess to a crime is not a simple task, and the fact that
detectives sometimes end up with confessions from the innocent testifies to their
expertise in psychological manipulation. No two interrogations are alike, but most
exploit certain weaknesses in human nature. These weaknesses typically rely on the
stress that results when people experience contrasting extremes, like dominance and
submission, control and dependence, and the maximization and minimization of
consequences. Even the most hardened criminal can end up confessing if the
interrogator can find the right combination of circumstances and techniques based on
the suspect's personality and experiences. In the United States, scholars estimate that
somewhere between 42 percent and 55 percent of suspects confess to a crime during
interrogation.
The key to the exercises in Famous Military Leaders:
Presentation
Key:
1. Which World War II general is known as Blood and Guts?
1. George S. Patton. Many have viewed Patton as a ferocious warrior. He got his
nickname Old Blood and Guts, when a reporter misquoted his statement that it
takes blood and brains to win a war.
2. Which World War I general was known as black Jack?
2. John J. Pershing. Called so because he was an officer with the 10th Cavalry
an all black unit and was not racist.
3. Which World War II Field Marshal was known as The Desert Fox?
3. Erwin Rommel. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika-Korps and
became known by the nickname the Desert Fox for the skillful military campaigns he
waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa.
4. Who was Defense Minister for Israel during the six day war?
4. Moshe Dayan. Though Dayan didnt take part in most of the planning before
the Six-Day War his appointment as Defense Minister helped lead Israel success.
5. This famous general wrote The Art of War. Which?
5. Sun Tzu. Sun Tzu is not his real name. Its a special title meaning Master Sun.
6. Which general took Berlin at the end of World War II in Europe?
6. Georgy Zhukov. He was in a race with another Russian general to take the
Reichstag as its at the very heart of Berlin, not far from where the Fuehrers Bunker
was. In the eyes of Stalin, Zhukovs huge popularity made him a threat, and he was
demoted in April from his role as Commander of the Soviet Zone of Germany, and he
was sent instead to Odessa. He was later a keen supporter of Khrushchev's
denunciation of Stalin.
7. Dwight D. Eisenhower was given the nickname at Westpoint.
8. This general conquered nearly all the known world (of his time)?
8. Alexander the Great. Died of unknown reasons some say murder, some say
alcohol poisoning.
264
9. Which World War II general became a U.S. president?

9. Dwight D. Eisenhower. He ran as a republican with the slogan I like Ike.
10. This General was a senior commander in WWII and the Korean War. Who was it?
10. Douglas MacArthur. Was fired from leading the army in Korea for
disagreeing with President Truman.
Practice
a) Key::
1. How was Churchill influenced by the early death of his father?
1. Churchills father died in 1895, leaving him with the conviction that he too
would die young and so should be quick about making his mark on the world
2. What were the methods mentioned in the lecture that Churchill used in order
to overcome his speech impediment?
2. His dentures were specially designed to aid his speech. After many years of
public speeches carefully prepared not only to inspire, but also to avoid hesitations.
3. Why did Churchill become a national hero while in South Africa?
3. He escaped from the prison camp and travelled almost 300 miles (480 km) to
Portuguese Loureno Marques.
4. What characterized Churchills actions as commander during WWI?
4. As a commander he continued to exhibit the reckless daring which had been a
hallmark of all his military actions, although he disapproved strongly of the mass
slaughter involved in many Western Front actions.
5. Describe Churchills relation with the United States during WWII.
5. Churchills good relationship with Franklin D. Roosevelt secured vital food,
oil and munitions via the North Atlantic shipping routes. Upon re-election, Roosevelt
immediately set about implementing a new method of providing military hardware
and shipping to Britain without the need for monetary payment. Put simply,
Roosevelt persuaded Congress that repayment for this immensely costly service
would take the form of defending the US; and so Lend-lease was born.
Churchills health was fragile, as shown by a mild heart attack he suffered and
when he contracted pneumonia. Despite this, he travelled over 100,000 miles
(160,000 km) throughout the war to meet other national leaders. For security, he
usually travelled using the alias Colonel Warden.
Churchill was party to treaties that would redraw post-Second World War
European and Asian boundaries. Proposals for European boundaries and settlements
were officially agreed to by Harry S. Truman, Churchill, and Joseph Stalin at Potsdam.
6. What was George Pattons trademark combat style in World War II?
6. Patton adapted his fencing style of move forward and attack technique to his
use of tanks in battle. This became his trademark combat style in World War II.
7. Enumerate some measures imposed by Patton in order to increase the level of
discipline among his subordinates.
7. Patton required all personnel to wear steel helmets and required his troops to
wear the unpopular lace-up canvas leggings and neckties since the leggings prevented
injury from scorpions, spiders and rats which would climb up under soldiers
trousers. A system of fines was introduced to ensure all personnel shaved daily and
observed other uniform requirements.
265
8. What was one of the most important elements by means of which Patton
motivated his army?
8. A UPI writer wrote, Gen. George S. Patton believed he was the greatest
soldier who ever lived. He made himself believe he would never falter through doubt.
This absolute faith in himself as a strategist and master of daring infected his entire
army, until the men of the second American corps in Africa, and later the third army
in France, believed they could not be defeated under his leadership.
b) Key:
1. Winston Churchill had special dentures made for him in order to help him
with his speech impediment.
2. This article is about some military veterans exposure to asbestos.
3. A pistol that has a revolving cylinder with cartridge chambers that may be
fired in succession is called a revolver
4. If a man in our platoon malingers, everyone else has to pull the extra weight
when he skips out on work.
5. A Prisoner of War camp will be established in this building to house the
foreign inmates.
6. We are running out of ammunition. Well have to bring more from the dump.
7. The military establishment was demoralized due to the bloody encounter with
the enemy.
8. The friendly offensive forces have broken the enemy defensive line and are
taking advantage of the breach. This breakthrough can help us win the battle.
9. The two countries will conduct a major military exercise next week.
10. In the United States military aides to the President are appointed from each
of the services and one of their duties is to take care of the Football.
11. The mounted police patrol on horseback or camelback.
12. The outspokenness of the commander, that is the fact that he was frank and
unreserved in his speech, impressed everybody.
13. An armistice does not necessarily mean the end of a war. The warring parties just
agree to stop fighting for a certain period of time in order to discuss peace conditions.
14. The two soldiers were sent on a reconnaissance mission in order to gather
information about the position of the enemy.
15. The convoy was ordered to halt and the men had to get out of the vehicles.
The key to the exercises in Women in the Military:
Practice
a) Key:
a) Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the most suitable variant of the ones
provided.
1. health could drain your retirement savings.
a. Failing
b. Falling
c. Diving
d. Depressing
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2. the military is a decision that should not be taken lightly.

a. Entailing
b. Enjoying
c. Dipping
d. Joining
3. After the Revolutionary War, the American Congress . the army
through the fall of 1783.
a. depleted
b. declared
c. discharged
d. dismembered
4. Because of the lice many soldiers . with typhus.
a. came up
b. fell with
c. came down
d. fell down
5. The rebellion was . by the army.
a. crushed
b. killed
c. murdered
d. destroyed
6. Researchers say that more and more young people nowadays are.
binge drinking.
a. angry in
b. prone to
c. interested about
d. worried with
7. The rules regarding the participation of women in active combat are
being . in many armies.
a. distorted
b. destroyed
c. bent
d. blended
8. In the past women were not allowed to . active duty.
a. serve
b. enable
c. make
d. participate
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9. Hundreds of thousands of innocent people were killed during the war in

Rwanda. It was a real . .
a. slaughter
b. fair
c. sentence
d. masquerade
10. After coming back from the war, my grandfather was a(n) . for
four years. He could not walk and my grandmother had to take care of him.
a. dandy
b. mason
c. diver
d. invalid
11. In the military, a .. officer may be the main way to communicate
between two units and he or she can coordinate activities to protect these units
from collateral damage.
a. correlation
b. liaison
c. link
d. connection
12. A massive military . was led against the enemy last night.
a. destruction
b. weapon
c. party
d. offensive
13. For the courage . on the battlefield he was awarded the Purple
Heart.
a. mentioned
b. appeased
c. exhibited
d. deployed
14. Much information was . from the reporters for fear the enemy
would find out the position of the friendly troops.
a. withheld
b. disseminated
c. spread
d. given
15. The positioning of troops in readiness for combat is called . .
a. arrangement
b. deployment
c. delaying
d. assertion
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b) Key:
Disposition
happy;
moody;
sad;
tired;
angry;
grumpy;
sick;
ill;
stupefied;
shocked;
angered;
excited.
Build
skinny;
fat;
anorexic
tubby;
underweight;
overweight;
thin;
plump;
slim
stocky;
slender;
bonny.
Hair
Eyes
almond
shaped;
slant;
hazel;
blue.
blond;
fair;
dark;
brown;
red;
grey;
highlights;
long;
short;
straight;
curly;
wavy;
frizzy;
long;
short;
medium
length;
bun;
pigtails;
ponytail;
beehive;
braids;
dreadlocks;
moustache;
beard;
fringe.
Other
features
wrinkles;
crow's feet;
spots;
warts,
acne;
beauty
spots;
birth mark;
scar;
freckles.
Personality
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ambitious;
boastful;
bossy;
broad-minded;
clumsy;
conceited;
conscientious;
courageous;
courteous;
debonair;
dedicated;
devoted;
devout;
diligent;
easygoing;
gregarious;
haggard;
hard-working;
hypochondriac;
industrious;
judgmental;
kleptomaniac;
laid-back;
light-hearted;
loyal;
manipulative;
meticulous;
nave;
obedient;
obnoxious;
open-minded;
perfectionist;
personable;
placid;
plucky;
poised;
reasonable;
rebellious;
reliable;
resourceful;
rude;
self-confident;
selfish;
sensible;
sensitive;
sharp-witted;
shrewd;
spunky;
stubborn;
thoughtful;
thrifty;
trustworthy;
unassuming;
unbiased;
wise;
zany.
c) Key:
1. The Amazon women warriors are a myth as there is no evidence that they
existed. F
2. Queen Boudicca won the war against the Romans. F
3. Women have begun to be given a more prominent role in contemporary
armed forces. F
4. From the beginning of the 1980s, most Western armies began to admit
women to serve active duty. F
5. The womens bodies can handle g-forces better than those of mens. T
6. It is cheaper to accommodate military women on aircraft carriers than on
submarines. T
7. Starting with the 1940s, many science fiction works placed women in
subordinate military roles. F
8. An insignificant proportion of military women in the American army are
minority women. F
9. In the British army it is the Royal Air Force (RAF) that offers the most
opportunities to women. T
10. Ecaterina Teodoroiu was a military female hero who fought during the
Second World War. F
The key to the exercises in Military Briefings:
a) Key:
1. Briefings are a means of presenting information to commanders, staffs, or
other designated audiences.
2. What equipment is there in the room? (laptop, video projector, whiteboard, screen)
3. As a rule of thumb, the briefer who does not wear a military uniform has to
dress formally, the same clothes he or she would wear to a formal job interview.
4. Reading from a script helps ensure you remember the details and gives you
better control over the length of your presentation
5. The beginning of a presentation is the most important part. This part of the
briefing establishes a rapport with the audience and captures their attention.
6. As far as the body language during a briefing is concerned, the golden rule is
Be natural and relax!
7. Most principles and techniques of effective speaking apply to the military
briefing just as to any other type of speech. However, the military briefing is more
concise and is usually limited to the basic facts needed for comprehension. The
essentials are delivered in a purely objective manner. The military briefing is often a
one-time-only presentation of facts, with reference to enough familiar material to
establish a basis for understanding by the listeners. The staff officer will often be
required to discuss precisely a broad subject in a limited time. Most briefings are
situation-oriented to a specific listener or audience; they deal with a specific subject
in which the speaker has expertise. Military briefings are used at every echelon to
keep the commander and his staff informed.
270
8. There are four recognizable types of military briefings:

the information briefing;
the decision briefing;
the staff briefing;
the mission briefing.
9. The simplest and yet the most difficult type of briefing is the impromptu. It is
simple because there is a minimum of support facilities and materials to be concerned
with. It is difficult because a thorough knowledge of all aspects of the projector topic
is absolutely essential and preparation time is usually very short.
10. Matters discussed at staff briefings will vary.
at lower levels, matters of immediate concern to the unit;
at higher levels matters of policy;
in field or combat operations, tactical matters predominate.
b) Key:
Calm Yourself from the Inside
Nervousness causes physiological reactions which are mostly attributed to the
increase of adrenaline in your system. You can 1. counteract these effects with a few
simple techniques:
Practice deep breathing adrenalin causes you to breath shallowly. By
breathing deeply your brain will get the 2. oxygen it needs and the slower
pace will trick your body into believing you are calmer. It also helps with
voice quivers, which can occur when your breathing is irregular.
Drink water adrenalin can cause a dry mouth, which in turn leads to getting
tongue-tied. Have a glass of water handy. Take 3. sips occasionally,
especially when you want to emphasize a point.
Smile this is a natural relaxant that 4. sends positive chemicals through
your body.
Use 5. visualization techniques imagine that you are delivering your
presentation to an audience that is interested, enthused, smiling, and reacting
positively. Cement this positive image in your mind and recall it right before
you are ready to go on.
Press and massage your forehead to energize the front of the 6. brain and
speech center.
Just before you 7. start talking, pause, make eye contact, and smile. This last
moment of peace is very relaxing and gives you time to adjust to being the
8. centre of attention.
Speak more slowly than you would in a conversation, and leave 9. longer
pauses between sentences. This slower pace will calm you down, and it will
also make you easier to hear, especially at the back of a large room.
Move 10. around during your presentation. This will expend some of your
nervous energy.
Stay or Stop Thinking About Yourself. Remember that the audience is there
to get some information and it is your job to put it across to them.
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c) Key:
Listing
information
There are three
things we have
to
consider:
one, two, and
three.
A, B, C.
Now let us look
at the first
aspect which
is...
First of all,
In the first
place
To give an
example:
Now lets take
an example.
An example of
this can be
found...
To
illustrate
this
Lets see this
through
an
example.
For example,
For instance,
e.g.
To rephrase
To summarize
To emphasize
Let me rephrase
that,
In other words,
Another way of
saying the same
thing is,
That is to say,
i.e.
To summarize,
To sum up,
Let
me
summarize by
saying,
So
that
concludes my
overview,
In conclusion,
Briefly said,
In short,
What Ive tried
to show in this
part...
To recap what
weve seen so
far...
What is very
significant is...
What
is
important
to
remember...
Id
like
to
emphasize
the
fact that...
Id like to stress
the importance
of...
To highlight...
To underline...
What I tried to
bring out...
What we need to
focus on...
To refer to what an
expert says:
I quote the words of ...
In the words of
According to...
Here Id like to quote
As Mr. X says in his
book...
There is a famous
quotation that goes...
d) Key:
1. receptive = e. able or quick to receive knowledge, ideas, etc.
2. assignment = j. a particular task or duty
3. constraints = i. limitation or restriction.
4. intrinsic = f. belonging to a thing by its very nature
5. acknowledgements= c. an expression of appreciation.
6. impromptu = d. made or done without previous preparation
7. headquarters = h. the place from which a commander customarily issues orders
8. to illustrate = g. to make clear or intelligible, as by examples or analogies;
exemplify
9. posture = a. the position of the limbs or the carriage of the body as a whole
10. preside = b. to occupy the place of authority or control, as in an assembly or
meeting; act as president or chairperson
The key of the exercises in The Four Generations of Modern War:
a) Key:
1. What is a soldier main peacetime task?
1. The peacetime soldier's principal task is to prepare effectively for the next
war. In order to do so, he must anticipate what the next war will be like.
2. Explain the words of Gen Franz Uhle-Wettler.
2. General Franz Uhle-Wettler is of the opinion that due to the changing nature
of warfare, especially the appearance of the Fourth Generations of Warfare, it is no
longer sufficient for officers to learn the tactics applied in battles in the past.
Nowadays, due to the dramatic changes of the manner war is fought, officers have to
adapt these tactics to the new contexts and they have to learn not only about military
matters, but also about the culture of other people, about psychology, about
technology, and many other things.
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3. When did the First Generation of Modern War begin?

3. The First Generation of modern war began with the Peace of Westphalia in
1648, which ended the Thirty Years War.
4. What are the characteristics of the First Generation of War?
4. The First Generation of modern war marked the states assumption of a
monopoly on war. It was characterized, on the whole, by a battlefield of order. The
battlefield of order created a military culture of order, which endures to this day.
The First Generation tactics of line and column developed in the age of the
smoothbore musket. The First Generation of Warfare consisted of tightly ordered
soldiers with top-down discipline. These troops would fight in close order and
advance slowly. The tactics of the First Generation were developed partially in
response to technological factors the line maximized firepower, rigid drill was
necessary to generate a high rate of fire, etc. and, partially, in response to social
conditions and ideas, e.g., the columns of the French revolutionary armies reflected
both the lan of the revolution and the low training levels of conscripted troops.
Operational art in the First Generation did not exist as a concept although it was
practiced by individual commanders, most prominently Napoleon.
5. When did the Second Generation of Modern War begin?
5. The Second Generation of war was developed by the French Army during and
after World War I.
6. Enumerate the main traits of the Second Generation of Warfare.
6. Second Generation of war was developed by the French Army during and
after World War I. It is also known as firepower or attrition warfare. The Second
Generation of war maintained the First Generation culture of order. Decision-making
was centralized and hierarchical; orders were detailed and controlling, to permit
synchronization of all arms; time was not particularly important; and success was
measured by comparative body counts. The Second Generation armed forces focus
inward on methods, processes and procedures, prize obedience over initiative and
depend on imposed discipline. The main change from the First Generation tactics was
heavy reliance on indirect fire.
The Second Generation of warfare was a response to the rifled musket,
breechloaders, barbed wire, the machinegun, and indirect fire. Tactics were based on
fire and movement, and they remained essentially linear. The defense still attempted
to prevent all penetrations, and, in the attack, a laterally dispersed line advanced by
rushes in small groups. Massed firepower replaced massed manpower.
Technology was the principal driver of change. Technology manifested itself both
qualitatively, in such things as heavier artillery and bombing aircraft, and quantitatively,
in the ability of an industrialized economy to fight a battle of materiel (Materialschlacht).
The Second Generation saw the formal recognition and adoption of the
operational art. Again, both ideas and technology drove the change. The ideas sprang
largely from Prussian studies of Napoleon's campaigns. Technological factors
included von Moltkes realization that modern tactical firepower allowed for battles
of encirclement and the desire to exploit the capabilities of the railway and the
telegraph. Decision-making was centralized and hierarchical; orders were detailed
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and controlling, to permit synchronization of all arms; time was not particularly
important; and success was measured by comparative body counts. Second
Generation armed forces focus inward on methods, processes and procedures, prize
obedience over initiative and depend on imposed discipline.
7. When did the Third Generation of Modern War begin?
7. Third Generation of War, also known as maneuver warfare, was developed
by the German Army in World War I; by 1918, Blitzkrieg was conceptually complete.
8. What are the elements the Fourth Generation of War and terrorism have in
common?
8. Terrorism is not Fourth Generation warfare, but some of its elements point
toward a Fourth Generation, they reflect carryovers from Third Generation warfare:
the battlefield is highly dispersed, it includes the whole of the enemys
society;
the terrorist lives almost completely off the land of the enemy;
terrorism is very much a matter of maneuver: the terrorists firepower is
small, but where and when he applies it is critical;
terrorism seeks to collapse the enemy from within;
it has little capability to inflict widespread destruction;
it attempts to bypass the enemys military;
strikes directly at the homeland of the enemy and at civilian targets;
the enemys military is irrelevant to the terrorist;
seeks to use the enemys strength against him;
uses a free societys freedom and openness;
can move freely within the society while working to subvert it;
terrorists use the democratic rights to penetrate and to defend themselves;
treated within the laws, they gain many protections;
if shot down, the television news can make them appear to be victims;
can effectively wage their warfare while being protected by the society they
are attacking;
terrorists have eliminated the culture of order.
9. What are the goals of the Fourth Generation of Modern War?
9. Survival;
To convince the enemys political decision makers that their goals are either
unachievable or too costly for the perceived benefit;
Political centers of gravity have changed. These centers of gravity may
revolve around nationalism, religion, or family or clan honor;
Disaggregated forces, such as guerrillas, terrorists and rioters, lacking a
center of gravity, deny to their enemies a focal point at which to deliver a
conflict ending blow. As a result, strategy becomes more problematic while
combating a violent non-state actor;
Fourth Generation warfare would involve the use of computer hackers and
international law to obtain the weaker sides objectives, the logic being that
the civilians of the stronger state would lose the will to fight as a result of
seeing their state engage in alleged atrocities and having their own bank
accounts harmed.
274
10. What are the main elements combined by the Fourth Generation of modern
War?
10. terrorism;
high technology;
a non-national or transnational base, such as an ideology or religion.
a direct attack on the enemys culture.
highly sophisticated psychological warfare, especially through manipulation of
the media.
b) Key:
Factors Shaping the Future of War
To understand the potential 1. shape of the fourth generation of war, we must
look at the political, economic, and social changes in society as well as the changes in
technology since the advent of the third generation of war.
Politically the world has undergone vast changes. The third generation of war
developed when international relations were defined in terms of the 2. European
nation states that dominated them. In contrast, the fourth generation of war is coming
of age during a period of exponential increase in the number and type of players on
the international scene.
While the outward trappings of the international system are still in place, there
have been massive changes in how it really operates. Besides the huge increase in the
number of nation states, there has been a fundamental change in the type of 3. player
involved in international affairs. Nation states still remain the primary actors, but
increasingly international actors in the form of the United Nations, North Atlantic
Treaty Organization, the European Community, Organization of African Unity, and a
wide variety of nongovernmental organizations are making themselves felt in the
international arena. In addition, transnational actors in the form of the media,
religious movements, terrorist groups, drug 4. cartels, and others influence
international relations. Finally, subnational groups (e.g., the Zulus, the Serbs, the
Kurds, and the Palestinians) are attempting to elevate their issues from matters of
internal politics to a level of international concern.
5. Economically, the world is becoming both much more heavily intertwined
and simultaneously more divided 6. intertwined in terms of trade, divided in terms
of wealth distribution. For both rich and poor countries, this economic integration has
resulted in a steady and significant reduction in their sovereignty. In 1918 states
exercised virtually absolute control over what nations they traded with, the interest
rates within their own nations, the tariffs they 7. charged, and the information they
released. The rapid integration of world economies has resulted in major restrictions
on in the ability of nation states 8. to exercise these and other traditional instruments
of nation sovereignty to include the unilateral use of military power.
Socially, we are developing international networks in virtually every field of
endeavor. There has been an exponential increase in the number of transnational
business associations, research groups, academic societies, and even hobbyists who
275
maintain contact through a wide variety of media. These 9. networks tie people
together in distinctly nontraditional ways. As a result, we no longer conduct
international affairs primarily through official diplomatic and military channels.
Further, these associations provide a rapidly increasing flow of nonofficial
information between societies and a weakening of the links tying the citizen to his
nation state. Simultaneously, as national bonds become less important, allegiance to
subnational groups based on ethnic, religious, or cultural ties are increasing. Finally,
we are raising a generation completely at ease with the tools of the evolving
information age. Education combined with the relatively low cost technology; has led
to its rapid dissemination to all corners of the globe.
In essence, the world is organizing itself in a series of interconnected networks
that while in contact with other networks are not controlled by them. Simultaneously,
nation states find themselves torn in two directions-upward toward the international
security, trade, and social organizations and downward by subnational movements
that want to splinter the state.
The exceptionally broad changes across the 10. spectrum of human activity will
clearly shape the fourth generation of war. Yet, the question remains What form will
this generation take?
The key to the Revision test
1. Army Career
1. What are the West Point students referred to?
a. Students-in-training
b. Officers in training
c. Cadet officers
d. Cadets
2. Army ROTC is available at all the following except:
a. universities and colleges throughout the U.S.
b. universities and colleges throughout Guam
c. universities and colleges throughout Puerto Rico
d. universities and colleges throughout the Philippines
3. In order to apply to West Point you must be .
a. at least 17
b. 32
c. older than 23
d. 23 years old on July 2 of the year admitted
4. The direct commission provides leaders in all of the following fields except:
a. philology
b. medicine
c. religion
d. law
276
5. The graduates of the Officer Candidate School receive the rank of .

a. captains
b. second lieutenants
c. first lieutenants
d. corporals
6. The graduates of the ROTC program may serve in all of the following except:
a. Active Army
b. Reserve Army
c. Active Reserve
d. National Guard
7. If both males and females can study at the USMA, it means that the academy is
a. federal
b. national
c. coeducational
d. pedagogical
8. The academic program at West Point grants the students .
a. BSC degree
b. an MA degree
c. a BA degree
9. The West Point Cadet Honor Code states that .
a. a cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, and tolerate those who do
b. a cadet will not lie, cheat, or tolerate those who do
c. a cadet will not cheat, steal, or tolerate those who do
d. a cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, or tolerate those who do
10. What superintendent of the West Point Academy is known as the Father of
the Military Academy?:
a. Sedgwick Spurs
b. Benedict Arnold
c. Tadeuszhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9BciuszkoKociuszko
d. Sylvanus Thayer
11. Nowadays, at the West Point Academy, hazing is .
a. encouraged
b. forbidden
c. routine practice
d. common
12. A conscientious objector is someone who .
a. likes to wage war against his/her neighbors
b. has a lot of connections
c. does not want to fight in a war
d. knows nothing about the army
277
13. After 9/11, at the West Point Academy the curriculum was changed in order
to comprise .
a. course work on terrorism
b. more English classes
c. Mathematics
d. courses on self-defense
14. Who is responsible for the USMA students learning?
a. the superintendent
b. the platoon commanders
c. the students themselves
d. the teachers
2. Military Ranks
15. From the point of view of ranks, what are the 4 levels of officers?
a. commissioned officers; leader officers; cadet officers; commanding officers
b. General, Flag or Air Officers; Field or Senior Officers; Company Grade
or Junior Officers; Subordinate officers
c. Lieutenants; Captains; Colonels; Generals
d. Enlisted Officers; Warrant Officers, Non-commissioned Officers; Student
Officers
16. The enlisted personnel is the personnel .
a. above commissioned rank
b. below commissioned rank
c. equal to commissioned rank
17. The three broad categories of military personnel are codified in .
a. Magna Charta
b. Logistics Rules
c. Geneva Convention
d. Paris Accords
18. Originally sergeants were .
a. armed servants
b. warrant officers
c. lieutenants
d. vassal lords
19. In the Roman army decimation was a .
a. a punishment
b. a reward
c. a rank
d. a weapon
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20. A corporal commands .

a. a squad
b. a platoon
c. a company
d. a firearm
21. Which of the following ranks is the highest?
a. General
b. Lance Corporal
c. Major General
d. Major
22. Which of the following categories of military personnel receives a
commission?
a. enlisted personnel
b. officers
c. NCOs
d. Warrant officers
23. In the Romanian Army, the equivalent of the Corps of Engineer is .
a. Arma Geniu
b. Arma Intenden
c. Arma Mentenan
d. Arma Transmisiuni
24. General Officers command units that .
a. are expected to operate independently for extended periods of time
b. are expected to operate independently for short periods of time
c. are not expected to operate independently for long periods of time
d. are expected only to train for long battles
25. Military ranks are .
a. a system of hierarchical relationships existing only in civil institutions
b. a system of hierarchical relationships in armed forces or civil institutions
organized along military lines
c. a system of commissioned officers in military or civil institutions
d. uniforms that denote the bearers rank by special insignia
26. If you are an American cadet passionate about computers, radars and mobile
phones, what branch of the military should you choose?
a. Infantry
b. Corps of Engineers
c. Signal Corps
d. Armor
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27. A Lieutenant Colonel commands a .

a. a company
b. a brigade
c. a division
d. a battalion
28. Which of the following is the lowest rank?
a. Captain
b. Corporal
c. Sergeant
d. Colonel
29. Who commissions the military personnel in the US army at the rank of Chief
Warrant Officer?
a. the President
b. the Queen
c. a Congressman
d. a Senator
30. If you are an American cadet who would like to learn more about how to
counteract the effects of nuclear radiation on the human body, which of the following
branches should you apply for?
a. Ordnance Corps
b. Quartermaster Corps
c. Chemical Corps
d. Veterinary Corps
3. Uniforms and Equipment
31. The military uniforms are .
a. standardized dress worn by members of the armed forces and
paramilitaries of various nations
b. standardized dress worn only by the members of the armed forces of various
nations
c. standardized dress worn only by the members of the paramilitaries of various
nations
d. standardized dress worn by members of the armed forces of various nations
and by mercenaries
32. The wearing of the uniform in order to make the military career desirable to
young men is known in the specialized literature as .
a. the eagle factor
b. the vulture factor
c. the lark factor
d. the peacock factor
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33. One of the reasons for choosing uniform colors that help the military blend
in with the terrain more was .
a. the use of cannons
b. the use of large flags
c. the use of muskets
d. the use of smokeless powder weapons
34. From the point of view of logistics, one of the advantage of using uniforms
is the fact that they are .
a. easy to replace on campaign
b. hard to replace on campaign
c. easy to iron on campaign
d. hard to iron on campaign
35. Many armies have regulations against beards to .
a. ensure a good protection when the temperature drops below 0
b. ensure a good protection when working in a foreign environment
c. ensure a good seal when using a gas mask
d. ensure a good seal when washing the face
36. In the case of psychological warfare, the appearance of the troops was often
enhanced .
a. to gain the sympathy of the enemy
b. to intimidate the enemy
c. to befriend the enemy
d. to encourage the enemy
37. The American army uses uniforms for sandy regions.
a. white
b. grey
c. olive drab
d. tan
38. The two primary uniforms of the American army are .
a. The Universal Camouflage Pattern and the flame resistant Army Combat Shirt
b. The Multicam and the Army Combat Uniform
c. The Army Service Uniform and the Army Combat Uniform
d. The Army Improved Physical Fitness Uniform and the MICTH-2000 Combat
Helmet
39. Which of the following army boots have specific uses?
a. the tan Army Combat Boots
b. the jungle boots
c. the desert boots
d. the tanker boots
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40. Which of the following rules apply for the care of the ACU?
a. it is not to be washed
b. it is not to be dried
c. it is not to be starched
d. it is not to be folded
41. Washing the ACU with detergent that contains optical brighteners makes it .
a. fray in cold weather
b. wear out faster
c. look old fashioned
d. bright under night vision viewing
42. The service uniform can function as a dress uniform when worn with .
a. white shirt and necktie
b. white shirt and bow tie
c. combat boots
d. boonie hat
43. The Army Combat Uniform is used .
a. for operational environments
b. for formal occasions
c. for ceremonial occasions
d. for after six events
44. The Army Improved Physical Fitness Uniform is a .
a. a black tie
b. a formal evening dress
c. a standard garrison service uniform
d. a track suit
45. Which of the following elements is not included in the headgear category?
a. a patrol cap
b. a combat helmet
c. a combat jacket
d. a unit beret
4. Army Training
46. In order to finish the military training you need fortitude, that is .
a. strength of mind
b. vision
c. attitude
d. share
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47. During the Navy Seal training you learn to bust peoples necks.
a. handpick
b. interrupt
c. smash
d. engage
48. The military training transforms you into a tough individual.
a. straight
b. toned
c. strong
d. tepid
49. SEAL stands for
a. See, Admire, Love
b. Sea Lions
c. Seemingly Lucid
d. Sea, Air and Land
50. What are the two main components of a Navy Seals training?
a. skills and abilities
b. mental discipline and guts
c. toughness and fair share
d. a mental part and a physical part
51. To see exactly what you need to do is .
a. clarity of vision
b. health of mind
c. clarity of spirit
d. health of essence
52. What is the best definition of the survival skills?
a. techniques a person may use in dangerous situations to save themselves
or others
b. skills that help you get enough food to eat
c. techniques to improve your living standard
d. skills one may use to find water and shelter in order to be able to continue a
mission
53. Which of the following is not considered a basic necessity of human life?
a. potable water
b. common sense
c. habitat
d. shelter
54. Which of the following is not an intermediate man-made shelter?
a. a fallen-down tree
b. a ditch near a tree log and covered with foliage
c. a snow cave
d. a debris shelter
283
55. Which of the following is not a completely man-made shelter?

a. a tarp
b. a snow cave
c. a tent
d. a house
56. Which of the following is not used to make a fire?
a. a fire piston
b. a solar spark lighter
c. a spark piston
d. flint and steel with tinder
5. Military Culture: Customs, Courtesies, and Traditions
57. The military customs and traditions have some in civilian life.
a. propensity
b. charisma
c. counterpart
d. proclivity
58. The basis of military courtesy is .
a. order
b. mutual respect
c. military discipline
d. knowledge
59. In the American army, when answering a telephone, you have .
a. to assume the caller is an officer
b. you have to stand at attention
c. you have to call a colleague to witness the conversation
d. you have to ask the caller for the password of the unit
60. In the American army, when talking on the telephone you have to identify
yourself and your unit by giving .
a. your military serial number
b. the name of your company
c. the name of your company and the battalion
d. the name of your company of your direct superior
61. The American militaries do NOT have to uncover when .
a. entering places of worship
b. at an official reception
c. when attending a board
d. when out of doors as salutation
62. When talking to an officer you have to .
a. stand at ease at all times
b. stand at attention at all times
c. assume the prone position
d. stand at attention unless ordered at ease
284
63. When accompanying a senior, walk .

a. on his left
b. on his right
c. one step in front of him/her
d. one step behind him/her
64. When travelling by vehicle .
a. the senior enters first
b. the junior enters first
c. A junior is never allowed to travel with a senior
d. A junior has to wait until he is ordered to enter the vehicle
65. When an officer/NCO enters a crowded hallway/area, the first person to see
the officer/NCO should call .
a. attention
b. at ease and make way
c. gas, gas, gas
d. double time and take cover
66. When an officer/NCO gives the directive , the soldier/s, continue with
whatever they were doing.
a. carry on
b. at ease
c. continue
d. go on
67. One possible origin of the hand salute is the fact that in many armies throughout
history, the right hand was raised as a greeting of friendship to show that .
a. you wanted to shake hands with the person you saw
b. you had no money on you
c. you were not ready to use a weapon
d. you had a terrible headache
68. One possible origin of the hand salute is the fact that it may symbolize a
knights shielding his eyes from the dazzling beauty of .
a. some noble lady seen at a tournament
b. the king
c. a sword
d. some horse given to him by the king
6. Civilian Control of the Military
69. Civilian control of the military is a doctrine .
a. in military science
b. in political science
c. in military science and political science
d. in none of the above
285
70. Having in view what you learned in the course on civil-military relations,
choose the statement that is true:
a. The subordination of the military to political control is unique to the
American society.
b. The subordination of the military to political control is unique to the Western
societies.
c. The subordination of the military to political control is unique to the
Communist societies.
d. The subordination of the military to political control is encountered in
the American and the Western society as well as in the Communist societies.
71. The relationship military and civilian policymakers in the US is based on a
single principle:
a. military control
b. civilian control
c. weapons control
d. firepower control
72. Which of the following can NOT be considered a reason for justifying the
a. the loyalty and obedience of the military to their commander
b. the loyalty and obedience of the military to civilian authorities
c. the isolation of the military from the society
d. the discipline of the military
73. Which of the following is NOT a method used for asserting civilian control
of the military?
a. inculcation of the values of civilian control in the armed forces
b. civilian gun ownership
c. direct appointments of non-professionals to an officer rank
d. giving all the political power to the military
74. Which of the following is NOT considered a suitable way of improving the
a. attract older men and women to the reserves
b. unit rotation
c. giving professional soldiers the same rights as to the other citizens
d. recruiting temporary service personnel with primary careers in the civilian
world
7. Prisoners of War
75. Choose the best definition of a POW:
a. a combatant who is held in custody by an enemy power during or immediately
after an armed conflict
b. a combatant or civilian who is held in custody by an enemy power during
or immediately after an armed conflict
c. a civilian or combatant who is held in custody by a friendly power during or
d. a combatant or civilian who is held in custody by an enemy power before or
286
76. The earliest recorded usage of the term prisoner of war is dated .
a. 1916
b. 1600
c. 1660
d. 1906
77. In Antiquity combatants losing a battle .
a. were enslaved or rewarded
b. were slaughtered or enslaved
c. were worshipped
d. were exiled
78. In Ancient times the distinction between POW and is not always clear.
a. slave
b. martyr
c. child
d. woman
79. In the Middle Ages the religious wars were aimed not only to defeat, but also to
a. convince their enemies
b. deter their enemies
c. assimilate their enemies
d. eliminate their enemies
80. In pre-Islamic Arabia the captives were .
a. summarily executed
b. made to beg for their subsistence
c. trained for useful jobs
d. fed at the expense of the government
81. Who changed the custom of the prisoners of war who had to beg for their
subsistence in pre-Islamic Arabia?
a. Arnaud Amalric
b. the Mongols
c. Tenochtitlan
d. Muhammad
82. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) established the rule that POWs .
a. should be released without ransom at the end of hostilities and that they
b. should be released for a ransom at the end of hostilities and that they should
be allowed to return to their homelands
c. should be released without ransom at the beginning of hostilities and that they
d. should be released without a ransom at the end of hostilities but that they
should not be allowed to return to their homelands
287
83 The right of parole means that .

a. a captured officer surrendered his sword and gave his word of gentleman
in exchange for privileges
b. an active officer surrendered his sword and gave his word of gentleman in
c. a captured officer gave the enemy information about the position of his (the
officers) unit in exchange for money
d. an active officer was allowed to get extra days of leave in exchange for
studying French.
84. Which of the following conventions cover the treatment of the prisoners of
war?
a. The Bucharest Convention and the Geneva Convention
b. The Hague Convention and the Prague Convention
c. The Geneva Convention and the Maastricht Convention
d. The Hague Convention and the Geneva Convention
85. The Geneva Convention makes it illegal to .
a. question prisoners of war
b. feed prisoners of war
c. shelter prisoners of war
d. torture prisoners of war
86. A prisoner of war is required to give his/her captors his/her .
a. name, date of birth, rank, and service number, information about his weapons
b. name, date of birth, rank, and service number
c. name, date of birth, and service number
d. name, rank, and service number
87. Which of the following qualify to the status of prisoner of war?
a. francs-tireurs
b. saboteurs
c. lawful combatants
d. spies
88. According to the Geneva Convention, guerrillas and other irregular
combatants .
a. cannot expect to simultaneously receive benefits from both civilian and
military status
b. never qualify for the status of prisoners of war
c. are always treated as civilians
d. simultaneously receive benefits from both civilian and military status
288
89. Which of the following is NOT a condition for a combatant to qualify under
the Third Geneva Convention?
a. to have conducted military operations according to the laws and customs of war
b. to bear arms openly
c. to be a Christian
d. to be part of a chain of Command
90. According to the Geneva Convention prisoners of war receive .
a. immunity for crimes constituting lawful acts of war
b. rewards when they return to their home country
c. leave to go home once a month
d. medals if they distinguished themselves in battle
8. Gathering Information. Intelligence Gathering Disciplines
91. All of the following can be included under the umbrella of HUMINT, except:
a. Geospatial Intelligence
b. Espionage
c. NGOs
d. POWs
92. According to SUN TZU all war is based on .
a. political efficiency
b. powerful weapons
c. money
d. deception
93. Who is credited to have developed the first modern political espionage system?
a. Benedict Arnold
b. Joseph Fouch
c. Francis Walsingham
d. Victor Kravchenko
94. What institution coordinates intelligence in the United States?
a. The Committee for State Security
b. The Central Intelligence Agency
c. The Intelligence Service
d. The Allied intelligence
95. According to the information in the lecture, what are the most recent targets
of espionage agencies?
a. Vietnamese corporations
b. Chinese technological methods
c. illegal drug trade and terrorism
d. other intelligence agencies
289
96. Espionage is concerned with the analysis of all of the following except:
a. Interior decorations
b. Diplomatic reports
c. Technical publications
d. Commercial statistics
97. The defensive side of intelligence activity is known as .
a. counterespionage
b. radio signal interception
c. code breaking
d. internal suppression
98. John le Carrs character, George Smiley, has all of the following
characteristics, except:
a. perfection
b. realism
c. patience
d. compassion
99. What aspect of espionage is emphasized in video games?
a. realism
b. punishments
c. murder
d. rewards
100. How many CIA agents were executed by the Russians due to Aldrich
Amess betrayal?
a. 100
b. 10
c. 41
d. none
101. What book is Casanova famous for?
a. Chevalier de Seingalt
b. On the Grand Tour
c. Zanetta Farussi
d. Histoire de ma vie
102. What specialization did Casanova study at the University of Padua?
a. Religion
b. Law
c. Medicine
d. Chemistry
290
103. Where was Casanova sent on his first spying mission?

a. Dunkirk
b. Paris
c. Amsterdam
d. Venice
104. How did Casanova try to gain the benevolence of the Venetian authorities
in order to be allowed to come back from the exile?
a. By writing a book
b. By practicing medicine
c. By changing his behavior
d. By spying
105. Who hired Casanova to investigate the commerce between Venice and the
Papal states?
a. Count Joseph Karl von Waldstein
b. The Venetian ambassador in Vienna
c. Benjamin Franklin
d. The Venetian Inquisitors
9. Famous Military Leaders
106. Which World War II general was known as the Desert Fox?
a. Erwin Rommel
b. George S. Patton
d. Georgy Zuchov
a. Erwin Rommel
b. George S. Patton
d. Georgy Zuchov
108. Which general took Berlin at the end of WWII in Europe?
a. Erwin Rommel
b. George S. Patton
d. Georgy Zuchov
109. Which WWII general became a U.S. president?
a. Erwin Rommel
b. George S. Patton
d. Georgy Zuchov
291
110. Which general was known as Blood and Guts?

a. Erwin Rommel
b. George S. Patton
d. Georgy Zuchov
111. This general conquered nearly all the known world of his time. Who was he?
a. Moshe Dayan
b. Georgy Zuchov
c. Joe J. Pershing
d. Alexander the Great
112. During which war was Winston Churchill captured and held prisoner?
a. WWI
b. The Second Boer War
c. The American Revolutionary War
d. WWII
113. W. Churchills good relations with F.D. Roosevelt helped Britain receive .
a. vital food
b. oil
c. munitions
d. all of the above
114. Winston Churchill was .
a. Prime Minster of Britain during WWI
b. Prime Minster of Britain during WWII
c. an American president during the Civil War
d. a Canadian General during the American-Canadian War
115. Why did the troops prefer to serve with Gen. George S. Patton rather than
with his predecessor, Lloyd Fredendall?
a. They thought their chances of survival were higher.
b. He allowed them to wear the clothes they wanted.
c. He did not bother them with motivating speeches.
d. They thought George S. Patton was more mature.
10. Women in the Military
116. Women in the military have a history that extends over .
a. 5,000 years
b. 3,000 years
c. 4,000 years
d. 6,000 years
292
117. From the . most Western armies began to admit women to serve active duty.
a. 1980s
b. 1950s
c. 1920s
d. 1970s
118. Which of the following countries allows women to serve in any active
combat role?
a. Israel
b. The U.S.
c. The U.K.
d. Turkey
119. Which of the following does NOT represent a real physical argument
a. Womens skeletal system is less dense and more prone to breakages.
b. Women have 45-50 % less upper body strength.
c. Women have 25-30 % less aerobic capacity.
d. Women cannot handle increased g-forces.
120. Which of the following does NOT represent a psychological argument
a. They disrupt a units esprit de corps.
b. Romantic relationships on the frontline disrupt the units fighting capability.
c. Many soldiers say they can not trust a woman to perform her duty.
d. Most women can not handle the psychological pressure of the combat
situations.
121. Which of the following does NOT represent a tactical argument supporting
the idea that women should not be allowed to serve active combat duty?
a. In Islamic countries, military women can perform searches on female
civilians causing less offense.
b. Islamic militants rarely surrender to female soldiers.
c. Iraqi and Afghan civilians are often not intimidated by female soldiers.
d. On recce or special operations, the priority of the military will be to save the
wounded women, not to complete the mission.
122. In the U.S. army there is a program that selects and prepares female
military to participate in patrols and raids in Islamic countries for the purpose of
searching on female civilians and the female areas of segregated mosques. This
program is called .
a. The Female Search Program
b. The Center for Military Readiness Program
c. The USMC Lioness Program
d. The All-Volunteer Force Program
293
123. Which of the following U.S. army units are designed to accompany special
operations teams in order to provide access to information and needs of local women
where contact between males and females is culturally fraught?
a. The Center for Military Readiness Teams
b. The Female Search Teams
c. The All-Volunteer Force Teams
d. The U.S. Army Cultural Support Teams
124. Queen Boudicca distinguished herself in the wars with .
a. the Celts
b. the Icini
c. the British
d. the Romans
125. In the British army women are not allowed to .
a. join the Royal Marines General Service
b. work as medical staff
c. get involved in Civil-Military Cooperation
d. play administrative and support roles
126. Deborah Sampson Ganet was .
a. an American man who disguised as a woman in order to serve in the
b. an American woman who disguised as a man in order to serve in the
c. A British woman who disguised as a man in order to serve in the Continental
Army during the American Revolutionary War
d. an American woman who disguised as a man in order to serve in the
Continental Army during the Secession War
127. In what battle did Ecaterina Teodoroiu distinguish herself?
a. The Battle of Rovine
b. The Battle of Podul nalt
c. The Battle of Mreti
d. The Battle of Carei
11. Military Briefings
128. The techniques employed by a briefer are generally determined by all of the
following, except:
a. the purpose of the briefing
b. the desired response of the audience
c. the desired weather conditions
d. the role of the briefer
294
129. According to Carl Storz, which of the following can be the elements that
can enable a person to deliver good presentations?
a. preparation and practice
b. patience and practice
c. preparation and paleness
d. practice and passion
130. What is the maximum human attention span is in adults?
a. 3 minutes
b. 5 minutes
c. 20 minutes
d. There is no limit.
131. When you do not wear the military uniform , how should you dress in order
to deliever a presentation?
a. You should wear bright colored clothes.
b. You should wear good quality formal clothes.
c. You should wear big pieces of jewelry
d. Any clothes will do.
132. Which of the following is an advantage of reading from a script when
delivering a briefing?
a. It impedes natural interactions with the audience.
b. It promotes responsiveness.
c. It leaves more uncertainty about the time required to deliver the briefing.
d. It helps you control better the length of your presentation.
133. When is the briefer supposed to capture the audiences attention?
a. in the introduction
b. in the body
c. in the conclusion
d. in the connectives
134. Which of the following will the listeners of briefings remember best?
a. the headings and the grammatical form
b. the sequencing and the body
c. the introduction and the pauses
d. the beginning and the end
135. Of the four expressions below, choose the one that cannot be used to
signpost the end of a talk:
a. At this stage I would like to run through
b. The purpose of my briefing is
c. In the light of what we have seen today I suggest that..
d. My final comments concern
295
136. Which of the following pieces of advice should generally be ignored when
designing slides for briefings and presentations?
a. Use as many fonts as possible.
b. The size of the fonts should be 20 or more.
c. Landscape layout is preferable.
d. Use different sizes for different types of text.
137. What is the golden rule regarding the body language during presentations?
a. Clarify meaning!
b. Be natural and relax!
c. Vent nervousness!
d. Be lively and enthusiastic!
138. Which of the following is an example of negative body language?
a. smiling
b. keeping your hands in pockets
c. raising your eyebrows
d. moving to one side to indicate a transition
139. Which of the characteristics enumerated below differentiates the military
briefing from other types of speech?
a. concision
b. stress
c. atmosphere
d. monotony
140. Which of the following types of briefing cannot be considered a military one?
a. the decision briefing
b. the staff briefing
c. the mission briefing
d. the purpose briefing
141. What determines the type of the military briefings?
a. the listeners
b. the atmosphere
c. the speakers mood
d. the purpose
142. What elements should not be found in an information briefing?
a. conclusions
b. recommendations
c. statistics
d. controversies
296
143. In the conclusion of a decision briefing, if not given a decision, the briefer
should .
a. wait for one
b. give one
c. ask for one
d. leave right away
144. Under what sort of conditions is the mission briefing used?
a. operational
b. individual
c. climatic l
d. advantageous
145. What is the purpose of a staff briefing?
a. to reinforce orders
b. to provide more requirements
c. to secure a coordinated effort
d. to ensure attendance
146. Choose the purposes of the military debriefing from the following:
a. It is used to receive information from a pilot or soldier after a mission,
and to instruct the individual as to what information can be released to the
public and what information is restricted. Another purpose of the military
debriefing is to assess the individual and return him or her to regular duties as
soon as possible.
b. It is used to receive information from soldiers before missions, and to instruct
the individual as to what information can be released to the public and what
information is restricted. Another purpose of the military debriefing is to assess the
individual and return him or her to regular duties as soon as possible.
c. It is used to receive information from a pilot or soldier after a mission.
Another purpose of the military debriefing is to assess the individual and return him
or her to regular duties as soon as possible.
d. It is used to receive information from a pilot or soldier after a mission, and to
instruct the individual as to what information can be released to the public and what
information is restricted. Another purpose of the military debriefing is to inform the
individual about his new regular duties as soon as possible.
12. The Four Generations of Modern War
147. What is the peacetime soldiers principal task?
a. to analyze the tactics of past battles
b. to study history
c. to train physically as much as possible
d. to prepare for the next war
297
148. When did the First Generation of war begin?

a. with the Peace of Westphalia
b. with the Geneva Convention
c. with the Hague Convention
d. with the French Revolution
149. With the First Generation of war, war became waged by states for .
a. money
b. raisons dtat
c. sprit de corps
d. monopoly
150. What weapon influenced the tactics of the First Generation of war?
a. the smoothbore musket
b. the arrow
c. the machine gun
d. the rifled musket
151. The Second Generation of war was developed by .
a. the German army
b. the Chinese army
c. the French army
d. the American army
152. In the case of the Second Generation of war, the main change from the first
generation tactics was .
a. the attack that flew like water through the enemy defenses
b. the heavy use of tanks
c. the line and column tactics
d. the heavy reliance on indirect fire
153. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the First Generation of war?
a. the military culture of order .
b. the rigid drill necessary to generate a high rate of fire
c. the states assumption of a monopoly of war
d. the prizing of initiative over obedience
154. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Second Generation of
war?
a. It maintained the 1st Generation culture of order.
b. Speed replaced firepower as the most important tool.
c. Technology manifested itself qualitatively.
d. Decision making was centralized and hierarchical.
298
155. The Third Generation of war was also known as .

a. maneuver warfare
b. obedience warfare
c. attrition warfare
d. firepower warfare
156. The Prussian/German roots of the Third Generation of war originate in the .
a. Napoleonic reforms
b. Westphalia reforms
c. Scharnhorst reforms
d. French Revolution reforms
157. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Third Generation of war?
a. Dislocation, mental as well as physical was more important than attrition.
b. The attack relied on infiltration to bypass and collapse the enemys combat forces.
c. The officers were responsible for getting the result, regardless of the orders.
d. The orders were detailed and controlling to permit synchronization of all
arms.
158. In the case of the Fourth Generation of war the differences between
not just states become paramount.
a. cultures
b. economies
c. technologies
d. armies
159. Which of the following is NOT an element characteristic of the Fourth
Generation of war?
a. high technology
b. culture of order
c. non-national/transnational base
d. sophisticated psychological warfare
160. Which of the following is NOT a challenge that commanders are likely to
face in the case of the Fourth Generation of war?
a. target selection
b. selection of subordinates
c. handling the information overload
d. the emergence of a new language
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Military English Lessons

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Military English Lessons

14. Who is responsible for the USMA students learning?

Military English Lessons

20. A corporal commands .

Military English Lessons

27. A Lieutenant Colonel commands a .

Military English Lessons

Military English Lessons

Military English Lessons

Military English Lessons

54. Which of the following is not an intermediate man-made shelter?

Military English Lessons

61. The American militaries do NOT have to uncover when .

Military English Lessons

Military English Lessons

75. Choose the best definition of a POW:

Military English Lessons

Military English Lessons

Military English Lessons

90. According to the Geneva Convention prisoners of war receive .

Military English Lessons

Military English Lessons

103. Where was Casanova sent on his first spying mission?

9. Famous Military Leaders

Military English Lessons

109. Which WWII general became a U.S. president?

Military English Lessons

10. Women in the Military

Military English Lessons

Military English Lessons

127. In what battle did Ecaterina Teodoroiu distinguish herself?

Military English Lessons

133. When is the briefer supposed to capture the audiences attention?

Military English Lessons

140. Which of the following types of briefing cannot be considered a military

Military English Lessons

b. It is used to receive information from soldiers before missions, and to instruct

Military English Lessons

Military English Lessons

Military English Lessons

3. The direct commission path provides leaders in professional fields (law,

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8. What is a lancepesade? (In the Middle Ages, a corporal commanded a

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Observation: in the Romanian army the rank of Caporal is subdivided into:

Military English Lessons

tr.v.uniformed, uniforming, uniforms

Military English Lessons

---------------------------------dog tags ------------------------------------------

------------------British assault boots--------------------------------

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----------------------------------- canteen-------------------------------------------------------------------- Purple Heart Ribbon-------------------------------

---------------------------- shoulder strap--------------------------------

-------------------visor cap with badge----------------------------

------------------------------thermal long johns---------------------------

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---------------------------------mosquito head net------------------------------

Military English Lessons

Military English Lessons

Military English Lessons