Annotated Bibliography

PRIMARY SOURCES
Arnold, Martin. Pentagon Papers Charges Are Dismissed; Judge Byrne Frees Ellsberg
and Russo, Assails 'Improper Government Conduct'. The New York Times, 12
May 1973. http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/ellsberg/judgerules.html
Accessed 8 Nov. 2016.
This is a newspaper that was published after the court decision was made. It
gives us a non-biased perspective of the media on the court case. It also gives
us other information about the Pentagon Papers and what the government will
do to continue its fight against their release.
Billboard: Daniel Ellsberg on Whistleblowing. ExposeFacts.org, Institute of Public
Accuracy, https://exposefacts.org/ Accessed 11 Nov. 2016
This billboard advertisement quotes Daniel Ellsberg encouraging whistleblowers
to act. He says Dont do what I did. Dont wait until a new war has started, dont
wait until thousands more have died, before you tell the truth with documents
that reveal lies or crimes or internal projections of costs and dangers. You might
save a wars worth of lives. This artifact demonstrates Ellsbergs continued
support for whistleblowing. He has teamed up with ExposeFacts.org, who
created the advertisement, to create a safe and accepting environment for
whistleblowers around the world.
Daniel Ellsberg Introduces ExposeFacts.org - Whistleblowers Welcome,
ExposeFacts.org, 2014, vimeo.com/96761034. Accessed 18 Nov. 2016

This is the promotional video featuring Daniel Ellsberg explaining the mission for
ExposeFacts.org. He explains that All governments lie, and they all like to work
in the dark as far as the public is concerned, in terms of their own decisionmaking, their planning and to be able to allege, falsely, unanimity in
addressing their problems, as if no one who had knowledge of the full facts
inside could disagree with the policy the president or the leader of the state is
announcing. This video helps us see Ellsbergs view 40 years after the
Pentagon Papers were leaked in 1971.
Daniel Ellsberg Speaks with a Vietnamese Soldier during His Deployment to
Vietnam. Mint Press News, Mint Press News, www.mintpressnews.com/mnarmr-daniel-ellsberg-in-vietnam-and-beyond-covert-operations-help-provoke-warsdaniel-ellsberg-covert-ops-provoke-our-adversaries-to-create-an-excuse-forwar-the-whistlebl/213582/.
This is a photo of Daniel Ellsberg with a Vietnamese soldier. This image shows
his ability to create a relationship with others, also shows us that he had a good
relationship with the Vietnamese. His foreign relation skills were showed even
when he was at war in another country. We used this source to show Ellsberg
actively documenting Vietnam and experiencing first-hand what the government
wasnt sharing with its people.
Ehrlichman, John, and Richard M Nixon. Nixon Phone Call with John
Ehrlichman. The National Security Archive, The George Washington University,
20 Apr. 2001, nsarchive.gwu.edu/nsaebb/nsaebb48/ehrlichman.pdf. Accessed
18 Nov. 2016

This transcript details a phone conversation from the day after the
release of the Pentagon Papers. President Nixon was being advised by one of
his counsel, John Ehrlichman, to issue a notice to The New York Times to
prevent any more leaks so that they could prosecute them if necessary. The
transcript helps us see the shift from a less serious view on the documents the
day before to a hard-nosed effort to stop the Times from releasing any more
classified documents that could hurt the Nixon administration.
Ellsberg, Daniel. Prologue: Vietnam 1961. Secrets: a Memoir of Vietnam and the
Pentagon Papers, Viking, New York, 2002, pp. 35,
https://books.google.com/books?
id=bQl4LRTmkx0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. Accessed 4
Nov. 2016.
This book helped us understand what was going on in Vietnam. This also
explains his reasoning behind the Pentagon Papers leak. It helps us understand
Ellsbergs life during these years.
Government, U.S. "Policy Debate in November." The Vietnam Era, Primary Source
Media, 1999. American Journey. Research in Context,
go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSIC&sw=w&u=plat39548&v=2.1&id=GALE
%7CEJ2162000271&it=r&asid=7b6ef77d073ab8ccc3cd533acd25fc1c.
Accessed 27 Oct. 2016.
This contains an excerpt from the Pentagon Papers. This excerpt discusses a
policy debate taking place in November 1964. The policy debate is over whether
the United States should withdraw their troops from North Vietnam.

Gusfield, Joseph R. Student Protest and University Response. The Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 395, 1971, pp. 2638.
www.jstor.org/stable/1038573. Accessed 7 Dec. 2016
This academic journal entry explains the nature of college students and how
they drive many protests, such as those of the Vietnam War. Gusfield details
how many college protests during this time period have become politically
charged instead of university related, and how these protests end up polarizing
schools and creating divisions. We used this source to understand the effects of
university protests, and how violence can occur from such protests.
Herbers, Joan. 250,000 War Protesters Stage Peaceful Rally In Washington; Militants
Stir Clashes Later. The New York Times, 16 Nov. 1969, pp. 14.
www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1115.html. Accessed 8 Dec.
2016.
This news release details a protest of over a quarter million people in the
nations capital. The article explains the protesters impatience with President
Nixon and his policies on the withdrawal of troops from Vietnam. We used this
article to show how people were already taking a stand against the war before
the Pentagon Papers were released.
Lennon, John. Imagine. Record Plant Studios, NY. 1971. Accessed 8 Dec. 2016.
This is a song written during the Vietnam War, which emphasizes many of the
problems that the world was facing and that people were protesting about.
Lennon asks the audience to imagine a world at peace and without war or

religion or other factors that disturb the peace. We used this source to detail the
movement for peace during the war.
Kissinger, Henry, and Richard M Nixon. Telephone Conversation with Henry
Kissinger. The National Security Archive, The George Washington University,
20 Apr. 2001, nsarchive.gwu.edu/nsaebb/nsaebb48/transcript.pdf. Accessed 15
Nov. 2016.
This is a transcript of a phone conversation of then-President Nixon and former
National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger. They discuss the prosecution options
for any potential suspects, as well as how the documents released that day
didnt necessarily hurt their administration. This transcript gave us insight to the
other side of the release of the Pentagon Papers. It allows us to see how there
was at first no real threat in the eyes of government officials except that
someone had to get fired for their actions.
Linder, Douglas O. The Daniel Ellsberg (Pentagon Papers) Trial: A Chronology. The
Daniel Ellsberg (Pentagon Papers) Trial: A Chronology, UMKC,
law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/ellsberg/pentagonpaperschrono.html.
Accessed 18 Nov. 2016.
This website puts the whole the whole Pentagon Papers court case in
chronological order. This gives us specific dates of important details. It gives a
deeper understanding of the court case.
New York Times Co. v. United States. LII / Legal Information Institute, Cornell
University Law School. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/403/713.
Accessed 3 Nov. 2016.

This court case decision helped me understand why the Pentagon Papers leak
to The New York Times was so controversial. This source was used to
understand the opinions on both sides of this issue of government transparency
and free press, as well as the full implications of the actions of Daniel Ellsberg.
Nixon, Richard M, and Harry R Haldeman. Nixon Oval Office Meeting with H.R.
Haldeman. The National Security Archive, The George Washington University,
20 Apr. 2001, nsarchive.gwu.edu/nsaebb/nsaebb48/oval.pdf. Accessed 16 Nov.
2016
This is a transcript of the Oval Office meeting with Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman
the day after the Papers were released. The transcript details debate over who
could have released the classified documents to the New York Times, and a
quote by Haldeman sums up the overarching effect of the release: But out of
the gobbledygook, comes a very clear thing: [unclear] you can't trust the
government; you can't believe what they say; and you can't rely on their
judgment; and the the implicit infallibility of presidents, which has been an
accepted thing in America, is badly hurt by this, because it shows that people do
things the President wants to do even though it's wrong, and the President can
be wrong. This quote helped us understand that the government also knew the
full implications of the release of these documents, as well as why they were
classified in the first place.
Nixon, Richard M et al. The Cancer on the Presidency Conversation. Richard Nixon
Presidential Library and Museum,

www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/watergate/trial/transcripts.php.
Accessed 9 Dec. 2016.
This is another transcript from President Nixon, this one detailing the recent
break-in that the Nixon administration was attempting to cover up. His advisors
told the president that the cover-up would severely damage his presidency if it
was found out. They also discuss how to pay off the burglars to keep them quiet.
We used this to further show the corruption of the government.
Sheehan, Neil. Vietnam Archive: Pentagon Study Traces 3 Decades of Growing U.S.
Involvement. The New York Times, 13 June 1971,
www.nytimes.com/books/97/04/13/reviews/papers-overview.html. Accessed 4
Nov. 2016
This is the newspaper that was released after the Pentagon Papers were leaked
to the public and it shows us the view of the media on the situation. This was
one of the first newspaper that had released an article about the Pentagon
Papers. This article was published by the New York Times.
Shetterly, Robert. Daniel Ellsberg. Americans Who Tell The Truth.
http://www.americanswhotellthetruth.org/portraits/daniel-ellsberg Accessed 28
Oct. 2016
There is a quote from Daniel Ellsberg and a short biography about him that helps
understand his life. His quote reads: But I was not wrong to hope that exposing
secrets five presidents had withheld and the lies they told might have benefits for
our democracy that were worthy of the risks. Wouldnt you go to jail to help end
the war? The quote demonstrates Ellsbergs motives for releasing the Pentagon

Papers and his understanding of the consequences of his actions benefiting the
majority.
UMCk.edu. UMCk.edu, UMKC,
law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/ellsberg/ellsbergtestifies.jpg. Accessed 17
Nov. 2016
This is a picture of Daniel Ellsberg. In this picture, Daniel Ellsberg is giving his
testimony on May 16, 1973. He shared this information with the Senate
Committee. We used this source to show Ellsberg fighting for what he believed
was right and standing up in the courts for his actions.
U.S. Department of Defense. "Buddhist Crisis of 1963." The Cold War, edited by
Walter Hixson, Primary Source Media, 2000. American Journey. Research in
Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?
p=MSIC&sw=w&u=plat39548&v=2.1&id=GALE
%7CEJ2165000051&it=r&asid=64b7bb8feeebd101720e2d2f4f2fde2b. Accessed
3 Oct. 2016.
This is an excerpt from the Pentagon Papers. This also has additional
information about other related problems. This article gives us specific details of
the crises going on around the world and in the United States.
"When I finished reading the Pentagon Papers I understood at last that the war was
one war; ... and..."Vietnam War Reference Library, vol. 1: Biographies Volume 1,
UXL, 2001. Global Issues in Context,
think.galegroup.com/ic/gic/ImagesDetailsPage/ImagesDetailsWindow?
displayGroupName=Images&currPage=1&query=OQE+when+i+finished+readin

g+pentagon+papers&prodId=GIC&p=GIC
%3AOVIC&mode=view&catId=&view=docDisplay&total=1&limiter=AC+y&conte
ntModules=&displayGroups=&action=e&documentId=GALE
%7CPC3411687053&sortBy=relevance
%2Cdescending&windowstate=normal&source=Bookmark&u=plat39548&jsid=0
d524342cb2c3eba42f815fd90586308. Accessed 4 Oct. 2016
This quote and picture from Daniel Ellsberg shows just how secretive the
government was of the Vietnam War. This source shows how even most
government employees didnt know the truth about Vietnam, and the hypocrisy
of the government.
Whistleblower Daniel Elsberg I Was Bradley Manning. The Digital Journal, 5 June
2013, www.digitaljournal.com/image/150410. Accessed 12 Dec. 2016.
This image shows Daniel Ellsberg holding a sign that states "I was Bradley
Manning." This image is used in a YouTube video with many high-profile
Americans that support Bradley Manning and his actions. We used this source
to show how Ellsberg continues to fight for what he believes.

SECONDARY SOURCES
Benson, Sonia, et al. "Watergate Scandal." UXL Encyclopedia of U.S. History, vol. 8,
UXL, 2009, pp. 1669-1672. Research in Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?
p=MSIC&sw=w&u=plat39548&v=2.1&id=GALE
%7CCX3048900662&it=r&asid=96798bf6aebaa9b11691c383c96a15b2.
Accessed 17 Oct. 2016.

This encyclopedia gives us information about the Watergate scandal. President

Nixon had two men break into Daniel Ellsbergs psychiatrist's office. They were
attempting to find evidence to incriminate him for the release of the Pentagon
Papers. We used this source to find the motives of the wiretaps and break-ins.
Biography.com Editors. Daniel Ellsberg Biography. The Biography.com
Website, A&E Networks Television, 2 Apr. 2014.
www.biography.com/people/daniel-ellsberg-17176398. Accessed 13 Nov. 2016.
This article gives us a lot of information of Daniel Ellsbergs life. It gave us
information of where he grew up and where was born. It also tells us what his
job was and a short job description. We used this source to learn about
Ellsbergs introduction into government and politics.
Crockenberg, Vincent. CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE AS PUBLIC EDUCATION THE CASE
FOR DANIEL ELLSBERG. Journal of Thought, vol. 9, no. 2, 1974, pp. 104113.
www.jstor.org/stable/42588416. Accessed 4 Nov. 2016
This journal excerpt provides an explanation of Ellsbergs actions, explains how
he followed the idea of civil disobedience, and argues why what he did was right
for society. The author explains how why a democratic government is wrong for
attempting to prevent the printing of the papers, because a democracy needs
educated citizens to operate successfully. He also explains why if the trial
wouldnt have been dismissed, the jury wouldve been correct in finding Ellsberg
not guilty (if the AP poll was correct), providing him with protection from the law
even if there was deemed to be a threat to national security.

"Daniel Ellsberg." UXL Biographies, UXL, 2011. Research in Context,

go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSIC&sw=w&u=plat39548&v=2.1&id=GALE
%7CEJ2108100722&it=r&asid=99c10dc685e8e94c8150381e6e1138c3.
Accessed 17 Nov. 2016.
This biography gives information about Daniel Ellsbergs education he
received. It tells us about what was happening in Vietnam during this time.
Daniel Ellsberg developed hepatitis while serving in Vietnam. This also talks
about his plan to release the Pentagon Papers.
"Daniel Ellsberg, American Defense Analyst." The Cold War--1945-1991, Gale, 1992.
Biography in Context,
ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/BiographiesDetailsPage/BiographiesDetailsWindow?
disableHighlighting=false&displayGroupName=Biographies&currPage=&scanId
=&query=&prodId=BIC1&search_within_results=&p=BIC1&mode=view&catId=&l
imiter=&displayquery=&displayGroups=&contentModules=&action=e&sortBy=&documentId=GA
LE
%7CK1605000073&windowstate=normal&activityType=&failOverType=&comme
ntary=&source=Bookmark&u=plat39548&jsid=e4642d66077d942a601d6975418
0b1ea. Accessed 3 Nov. 2016.
This is a biography about Daniel Ellsberg. It tells us about his life, the Pentagon
Papers, and the Supreme Court ruling. This helps give us the perspective of the
Supreme Court and how they reached the verdict that they found. It also gives

us the perspective of the media during the release of the documents and the
trial.
Hopkins, Christopher Snow. "Four Decades After Leaking Pentagon Papers, Daniel
Ellsberg Is Whistle-Blowers' Patriarch." National Journal Daily, 12 June 2013.
Research in Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?
p=MSIC&sw=w&u=plat39548&v=2.1&id=GALE
%7CA338005566&it=r&asid=15a58901c7e6b40fc12930b7213d9e17. Accessed
29 Sept. 2016.
This news article helped us understand Daniel Ellsbergs life today because of
whistleblowing the Pentagon Papers. It helps us understand his current position
on government transparency, and his identification with the likes of Edward
Snowden and Bradley Manning, both present-day whistleblowers. It also helps
us understand the effects of what Ellsberg did on todays society, especially in
the whistleblowing community.
"Pentagon Papers vs. WikiLeaks: Is Bradley Manning the new Ellsberg?" Christian
Science Monitor, 13 June 2011. Research in Context,
go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSIC&sw=w&u=plat39548&v=2.1&id=GALE
%7CA258789056&it=r&asid=e32cd6d4494fbbc57dadcc03854fcc4e. Accessed 4
Nov. 2016.
This article compares Daniel Ellsberg to Bradley Manning. It compares the
consequences that each of them faced for releasing classified documents. We
also used the article to confirm Ellsbergs positive opinion on the actions of

Manning, as well as his continued fight for government transparency and to

make societys view of whistleblowing as valiant American heroes.
Rotter, Andrew J. The Causes of the Vietnam War. The Causes of the Vietnam War,
Oxford UP, www.english.illinois.edu/maps/vietnam/causes.htm. Accessed 1 Dec.
2016.
This article provides some different reasons the Vietnam War started. It also
gives us the events leading up to the war and the protests of the war.
Solomon, Norman. An Appeal for More Whistleblowers. Consortiumnews.com, 7 June
2014, consortiumnews.com/2014/06/07/an-appeal-for-more-whistleblowers/
Accessed 10 Nov. 2016.
This news article calls for more whistleblowers throughout our society. The
author uses Ellsberg as an example for todays potential whistleblowers. He
believes that whistleblowing needs to be outspoken and nurtured due to the
benefits on our society it possesses. This article show the effect of Daniel
Ellsbergs past and present work in government transparency.
Wellen, Russ. "Daniel Ellsberg Was a Hero Long Before the Pentagon Papers."
Foreign Policy In Focus. Institute for Policy Studies, 11 Sept. 2015.
<http://fpif.org/daniel-ellsberg-was-a-hero-long-before-the-pentagonpapers/ruerwri>. Accessed 8 Dec. 2016.
This is an article written recently, detailing how Daniel Ellsberg saved the U.S.
even before the Pentagon Papers. He wrote a policy paper that defines the
terms in which they would use nuclear weapons. Thus, preventing a nuclear war
between Russia and the United States, saving millions of lives. We used this

article to show Ellsberg as a man who always stands for what he believes is
right.