NIOS Sec Painting

Learner Guide
225 - Painting
Secondary Course
Course Coordinator
Ms. Sanchita Bhattacharjee
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING

(An autonomous organisation under MHRD, Govt. of India)
A-24-25, Institutional Area, Sector-62, NOIDA-201309 (U.P.)
Website: www.nios.ac.in
National Institute of Open Schooling
Copies)
Published by the Secretary, National Institute of Open Schooling, A-24-25, Institutional Area, NH-24,
Sec.-62, Noida-201309, and printed by
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Dr. S.S. Jena
Chairman
NIOS, NOIDA
Dr. Kuldeep Agarwal

Director Academic
NIOS, NOIDA
CURRICULUM COMMITTEE
Prof. K.M. Chaudhuri

Former Professor
College of Art
New Delhi
Mrs. B.M. Chaudhuri

Visiting Lecturer
School of Planning and Architecture
Mayur Vihar, New Delhi
Mr. Vinod Kumar

Drawing Teacher
Delhi Public School, Mathura Road
New Delhi
Mr. Sumitav Pal

Reader
Santiniketan, West Bengal
Mr. Subbanna
Sr. Drawing Teacher
Delhi Kannada Sr. Sec. School
New Delhi
Mrs. Sanchita Bhattacharjee

Course Coordinator
NIOS, NOIDA
Dr. Sunil Kumar

Reader
Deptt. of Elementary Education
NCERT, Sri Aurobindo Marg,
New Delhi-110016
COURSE WRITERS
Mrs. B.M. Chaudhuri
Lecturer (Former)
College of Art
Delhi
Dr. Bindulika Sharma

Reader
Jamia Milia Islamia
New Delhi
Mrs. Susmita Das Pal

Art Educationist
New Delhi
Mrs. Sumita Chawhan

Art Educationist
New Delhi
EDITORS
Prof. K.M. Chaudhuri
Former Prosfessor
College of Art
Delhi
Prof. Niren Sengupta

Ex. Principal
College of Art
Delhi
Mrs. Sanchita Bhattacharjee

Course Coordinator
NIOS, NOIDA
TRANSLATOR
Mr. S.K. Gangal
Education Officer (Retd.)
CBSE, Delhi
Ms. Babita Chauhan

Art Teacher
Govt. Girls Secondary School
Delhi
Mr. Joy Roy Chaudhury

Art Teacher
Air Force Bal Bharti Public School
Delhi
EDITORIAL SUPPORT
Mr. Satya Narain
Dy. Field Adviser (Retd.)
D.A.E., MHRD
Mr. Dinesh Thapliyal

Retd. Officer
NCERT
Ms. Richa Jain

Art Educationist
Pitampura, Delhi
From the Director (Academic)....

Dear Learner,
Greetings!
It has been our motto to help the self learners attain their
educational goals. The Learners Guide has been designed for
the first time to help you learn better. The important points of
the study materials have been highlighted in this guide and
would give you a glimpse of the whole course at one go. It
would assis you in revising the study material in a short time.
I feel this study guide, apart from deepening your understanding
of the subject, will also help you in enhancing your performance
in the examination.
I hope you will refer to it for revision and find it useful.
Best wishes for a bright future and prosperous life!
Dr. Kuldeep Agarwal

Director (Academic)
Introduction
Time Management before and during examination
iii
How to Answer Questions
Lesson 1.
History and Appreciation of Art

(From 3000 BC to 600 AD)
01
Lesson 2.

(From 7th Century AD to 12th Century AD)
05
Lesson 3.
History and Appreciation of Art from

13th Century AD to 18th Century AD.
09
Lesson 4.
Folk Art of India
13
Lesson 5.
Renaissance
17
Lesson 6.
Impressionism
21
Lesson 7.
Cubism, Surrealism and Abstract Art
24
Lesson 8.
Pioneers of Contemporary Indian Art
27
Lesson 9.
Contemporary Indian Art
30
Lesson 1.
Object Study
35
Lesson 2.
Nature Study
39
Lesson 3.
Human and Animal Figures
45
Lesson 4.
Composition
51
PRACTICAL
INTRODUCTION
Human beings adopt one or the other medium to express their thoughts and feelings to
others.
Painting is an art to communicate with others. It is a very interesting medium to express
oneself through colours, develop a sense of proportion, appreciate expressive value of lines,
texture and sense of rhythm. It has been found that learning of painting enables persons to
socialise better, develop a sense of confidence and aesthetic sense in them. It is also believed
that art forms such as painting are also helpful in increasing the congnitive and communication
skills, psycho-motor coordination, expression, originality and creativity of learners.
In view of the need and importance of Painting in the present day life, modules of Indian,
Western and contemporary art have been included in the course to enrich the learners with
theoritical as well as practical skills in painting. The practical skills such as Object Study,
Nature Study, Drawing of Human and Animal Figures and Composition will be helpful in
making the learners professional painters in life.
Objective of the Learners Guide

1.
To facilitate revision of the study materials in

a short time
2.
To strengthen the learning of the content

material
3.
To support the learners to enhance their

performance in examination
4.
To highlight the important concepts and points

of information.
While preparing assignments focus on the

question. The questions usually cover the
content of a number of lessons. Give required
weightage to content from all the lessons.
Write the assignments giving headings and subheadings. Make sure that all the important
information is covered. The assignments
should be in conformity with the prescribed
format. It should neither be too lengthy nor
too small.
Tutor Marked Assignments (TMA)
How to prepare a Good Assignments
Responding to the comments of Tutors

Tutors comments will enable you to improve
and update your knowledge of the subject. It
will help you to correct/rectify your mistakes
or lapses. The comments of the Tutors will
also help you to prepare yourself for better
performance in examinations. It is, therefore,
imperative and in your interest to respond
positively to the comments of tutors.
Significance of Tutor Marked Assignments

(TMAs) for you
Needless to say that there is great significance

of Tutor Marked Assignments (TMAs) in open
learning system. In fact, TMAs are an essential
and integral part of open learning system. You
will get an opportunity to come into contact
with your tutor or teacher through TMAs. It
provides you an opportunity to know your
shortcomings and improve upon the answers. Preparing for Examinations
The suggestions/directions of the tutor help
Positive side of the Examinations
you to make the required improvement in the
The positive side of Examination is that it
assignments submitted. This would help you
provides the examinee (the learner) an
prepare for better performance in your
opportunity to assess his/her knowledge of the
examinations.
(i)
concerned subject and also the level of his

competence and capability.
(iv)
Do reach your Examination Centre well

in time
Myth about Examinations
(v)
Keep in mind that you have to complete

the answers of all the questions well
before the allotted time so that there is
enough time for revision of the answer
book and ensure that all the questions
have been answered.
The myth about the Examinations is that it is

the only and sole yardstick to measure, assess
and Judge the ability, calibre and competency
level of Examinee. The truth or reality is that
out of many other techniques, examinations
are only one such technique.
What to Avoid
While preparing for Examinations avoid
putting unnecessary stress on your mind to
avoid Examination Fear. Do not waste much
time in cramming all the details and
concentrate on the main points of each lesson
or the study material. We have tried to bring
these points to you through this Learners
Guide.
Revising for Examinations

Revising all that you have studied is a must
while preparing for Examination. Revision
provides an opportunity to recall all that has
been studied so far. It also enables you to
recollect at least the main points of each lesson
or the study material.
Tips for preparing for Examinations

The time before Examinations is the most
crucial for every learner. Some tips to help you
better prepare for Examinations are:
(i)
Do revise your lesson/study material
(ii)
Maintain the required level of self

confidence
(iii)
Do not allow yourself to suffer from

Examination Fear
Tips for preparing for Practical

Examination in Painting
The Practical Examination involves

Object Study, Nature Study, Drawing
of Human & Animal Figures and
Composition.
Sufficient practice in advance by the

learner would help them in fairing very
well in Practical Examination.
Do not forget to bring items of material

to be used in Practical Examination such
as :
n Drawing Board
n Drawing Pins
n Pencils (HB, 2B, 4B, 6B)
n Eraser
n Colours - Pastel, Pencil Colour,
Water Colour, Poster Colour,
Sketch Pen
n Brushes - Round and Flat of different
numbers
n Colour Mixing Pallete
n Water container
Any other material deemed necessary by the learner
such as Scissors, Scale, Fevicol, Pencil, Cutter,
Portfolio etc.
(ii)
Time management before and during examination

Does it sound familiar? Most of students try to Studying for exams!: Tips for better time
postpone the work till last minute and do poor work management
and also get stressed. Will it help if you plan your
Plan in small blocks
time and work systematically?
Ever heard the saying, Manage your time, or it will E.g., plan for an hour. You will only be able to really
manage you? This is true. On the other hand, you concentrate for a maximum of 45 minutes, so plan
cant really manage time, because it is at no ones a 15-minute break after that.
command everyone has 24 hours a day, 168 hours a Plan with exactness
week. So, you can only manage yourself around
Indicate exactly what you plan to achieve

the time.
within that time.
Parkinsons Law: Work expands to fill up the
Example of planning without exactness:
available time! You can do lot many tasks if you
plan them well.
Painting Theory 2-4pm;
Benefits of time management

Reduces stress
Makes life balanced
Preparing over a period

of time is less stressful
than trying to cram an
entire course in few
hours before the exam!
Studying all the time

does not mean that
you are a good
student. You also
have other things to
do as well as time to
relax is important for
all students.
Increased output
Meet goals
Working long hours

lead to slow speed and
tiredness. Utilize your
time more effectively.
Plan to complete tasks
within specific time
period.
Setting goals is a
powerful way of
motivating yourself
to work. It also helps
you reduce postponing
and stressed over
unfinished work.
Painting Practical 5-7pm.
Example of planning with exactness:
Painting Theory Module 1

(Lesson 1 to 4)
Paintng Practical Object Study
Plan with the end in mind
Start from your goal. Check your exam time

table and work backward from there.
To make to the exam, set specific targets to

complete by each week.
Need a weekly planner?

Plan with your strengths in mind
When are you most productive, or at your

mental best morning, afternoon, or night?
Use these times to study your more difficult
subjects.
Use your down-times to do more mechanical

tasks, such as washing, cooking, or shopping
(but dont get carried away!).
You probably would not need to divide your time

equally between all your subjects. In deciding how
much time you want to allocate for each subject,
consider the following:
(iii)
Amount of study you have done during the Deciding the order of questions to answer?
term!
Its individual preference, some students like

to answer short answer questions first and
How difficult you perceive the subject to be?

there are others like to answer longest
Weightage of the exam!

question in the beginning.
How well you hope to do in it?
If you want to start with longest, then time it.

Get started with a blank daily planner
Do not be tempted to spend extra time.
Plan with flexibility
You shouldnt plan a time-table thats so

packed, that it leaves you with no cushion time
to perform everyday activities (you still need
to eat, rest and take bath!) and to deal with
unforeseen emergencies.
Leave your worst question until last. BUT

ensure you leave yourself enough time to
answer it.
Devote any extra time to your best questions.
Make a note of how much time you should
give to each question.
Reward yourself!
Are you panicking or tired?
After you have accomplished each of the tasks

you have set out to do, give yourself a break
go for a walk, watch some television, or
catch up with your friend.
Allow yourself brief rests in the exam.

Loosen up physically, stretch (if you can
do so without feeling awkward), take
several deeper breaths; shut your eyes when
you are thinking.
Writing Exam? Managing time

Allocate Your Time
Look at how marks are allocated. The

number of marks given to a particular question
will give you an indication of how much time
to spend on it. Look at:
the number of marks per question
how they are distributed
how many questions you have to answer
Ration your time accordingly.

Choose easy or difficult questions.
Once you decide on your time outline, stick

to it. Watch the clock, and once the allocated
time has elapsed, stop and move onto the next
question.
If you havent finished, leave lots of space

in the exam booklet. If you have any extra
time at the end (or during the revision period)
you can return and answer it more fully.
Do leave time to check and polish your

answers at the very end.
Dont leave the exam early. Use extra time

to revise or to think more deeply about one
of the harder questions. Make use of all the
allocated time - its worth it.
(iv)
How to Answer Questions

Strategies for answering questions
God!!!!
There is so much to
study
1. Read the entire question paper.
How will I write all

this in exam???
2. Read the directions carefully.

3. Plan your time accordingly.
4. Jot down anything that comes to your mind while reading
the question, so that you do not forget it.
5. Before answering, read the question thoroughly. Number the
parts if any and make an outline of the answer so that you do
not miss any point.
6. Restate the question as the first line of your answer
7. Do not go into irrelevant details.
8. If you are unsure or get stuck on a question, move on.
9. Avoid writing duplicate sentence(s).
Questions which require longer answers, whether in the form of paragraph or essay, focus on
direction words. A list of possible words and what they mean is given below:
1.
2.
Words asking you to state everything you know about the question
Describe- Give an account of; tell about; give a word picture of. Eg. Describe the types
of goods we consume
Discuss-Talk over; consider from various points of view; present different sides of. Eg.
Discuss the central problems of an economy?
Review-Examine a subject critically, analysing and commenting on the important

statements to be made out of it. Eg. Review the economic condition of India before
Independence?
State- Present the main points in brief, clear sequence, usually omitting details,
illustrations or examples.Eg. State three characteristics of perfect competition?
Explain- Make clear; interpret; tell how to do. Eg. Explain the functions of money?
Words asking for main ideas
Enumerate-Give the points concisely one by one
List-Write an itemised series of concise statements
Outline- Organise a description under the main points and sub- points omitting major
details. Eg. Outline the disadvantages of barter system?
Summarise-Give the main facts in condensed form i.e in one or two paragraphs
Trace- Describe the progress, development, or events from some point of origin. Eg.
Trace the growth of Indian economy after independence?
(v)

3.
4.
Analyze- Discuss the whole in terms of its past. Eg Analyze the need for money in the
society?
Words asking for specific characteristics or certain limited facts
Compare- Bring out the points of similarity and the points of differences
Contrast- Bring out the points of difference. Eg. Give the difference between a capitalist
and a socialist economy?
Define- Give the meaning of a word or concept; place it in the class to which it belongs
and set it off from other items in the same class. Eg. Define money?
Diagram- Give a drawing, chart, plan or graphic answer. Eg. Draw the diagram of
demand curve?
Illustrate- Use a figure , picture or diagram to clarify a problem
Relate- Show how things are connected or correlated within the answer
Interpret- Translate; give example of; comment on a subject
Words asking for your supported opinion
Criticize- State your opinion of the correctness or merits of an item or issue. Criticism
may approve or disapprove
Evaluate- Give the good and bad points; give an opinion regarding the value of
discussing the advantages and disadvantages
Length of answers
How much to write is most often given in the question. Therefore, reading the directions is absolutely
essential.
In some questions especially essay type, the very fact that it has the maximum marks assigned
to it, points to a long answer.
Where it is clearly stated to write a paragraph or two lines, this should be adhered to.
Word limit if given is also an indication and should be followed.
(vi)
Mukta Vidya Vani

The greater use of ICT by the NIOS is helpful in enhancing the accessibility
and the quality of programme delivery of NIOS programmes. Launching
of Mukta Vidya Vani on World Wide Web by the NIOS is a modern
interactive, participatory and cost effective programme. The production
of audio and video programmes are one of the most important components
of the multi-channel package offered by the NIOS.
The audio programmes in Painting supplement and complement the other
channels of learning i.e. printed self learning materials and Personal
Contact Programmes. The learner would be able to get a clear
understanding and insight into the Painting through the audio
programmes.
The learners may log on the NIOS website (www.nios.ac.in) to take
advantage of the NIOS Mukta Vidya Vani.
Painting : : 1
Lesson No.
Title of Lesson
Module No.

(From 3000 BC to 600 AD)
Brief introduction
We see a gradual development in Art and Crafts from Indus Valley Civilization
(2500 BC - 1750 BC) to Mauryan dynasty (Third Century BC).
Artists of Harappan period were extremely skilled.
Highly polished sculpted pillars from the Ashokan period are the precious treasure of Indian art.
Great Stupas and Sculptures of Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh came into being during this period.
Gupta period is regarded as the golden period in Indian Art History.
Mathura, Sarnath, Ujjain, Ahichhatra and some other places became important centres during
this period.
The religious sculptures show a divine quality.
Famous paintings of Ajanta were done during this period.
Cave and temple architectures such as Udaigiri caves in Madhya Pradesh and Nachna and
Bhumara are famous temple architecturers of this period.
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
1.1
Appreciation of the Sculpture
DANCING GIRL
l
l
Particulars
Title
Artist
Medium
Finding site
Period
Size
Collection
: Dancing Girl
: Unknown
: Metal
: Mohan-jo-Daro
: Harappan period
(2500 BC)
: 4"
: National Museum, New Delhi
l
l
The statue is made of Bronze.

It is one of the finest examples of artistic and
technical skills of Indus Valley Craftsmen.
The figure is lanky, thin and rhythmic in character.
She has been shown without clothes with bangles
till almost her shoulders in her left hand like the
tribals of Gujarat and Rajasthan of modern days.
She stands in a resting posture with her right hand
at her waist and her left hand on her left thigh
having an elaborate contemporary hair style.
It is 4" in height.
Develop your understanding about the Sculpture

l
The craftsmanship and artistic skills have been blended very successfully in Dancing Girl.
The casting shows accuracy of the artists in metal casting during that period.
Fine skills of metal casting and artistic refinery are manifested in Dancing Girl.
2 : : Painting
Evaluate Yourself
1.1.1 Name the medium of the sculpture Dancing Girl?
1.1.2 Mention the height of the sculpture?
Answer
1.1.1 Bronze
1.1.2 4 inches (Approximate)
1.2
RAMPURVA BULL CAPITAL
Particulars
Title
: Bull Capital
Artist
: Unknown
Medium
: Polished
sandstone
Finding Site : Rampurva
Period
: Mauryan period
(3rd C.B.C)
Size
: 7' (approx.)
Collection : Indian Museum, Kolkata
Bull capital is one of the most famous sculptures

among the Ashokan capitals.
It is also known as Rampurva Bull capital, after

the name of the place from where it is found.
This is comprises of a bell-shaped inverted lotus

as the base, the abacus and on the top the animal
part - a majestic bull.
There are plant designs around the abacus.
The figure of the bull dominates over the lotus

and the abacus.

l
l
l
l
l
The scholars are of the opinion that the motifs of such sculptures had either come from earlier
Middle East or Greek style.
The design of such sculptures are very minutely and accurately carved.
The carving of the Bull shows mastery of the Indian Sculptors over their subjects.
The extremely polished quality of the Bull capital is unique.
According to the scholars, the technique of high polish was learnt from the sculptors of Middle East.
Evaluate Yourself
1.2.1 From where was this Bull Capital found?

1.2.2 What comprises as the base of the Bull Capital?
1.2.3 What is there on the abacus of the Bull Capital?
Painting : : 3
Answer
1.2.1 Rampurva
1.2.2 The base comprises a bell shaped inverted lotus.
1.2.3 Plant design.
Appreciation of the Painting

1.3
BLACK PRINCESS
Particulars
Title
: Black
Princess
Artist
: Unknown
Medium
: Wall
Painting
(Mural)
Finding Site : Ajanta
Period
: Gupta Vakataka Period
(2nd C.AD to 6th C.AD)
Size
: 20ft 6ft (approx.)
This painting is one of the best examples of the

Ajanta Paintings.
There is a lyrical quality in the painting.
The softness of the body contour, subtle bending

of the neck and the simplicity give an heavenly
quality to the painting.
The colours used are earthly and devoid of any

loudness.
Develop your Understanding about Ajanta Painting
The paintings were made in the caves of Ajanta which are situated near Aurangabad District of
Maharashtra.
The caves are 30 in number which served as Chaityas (worshipping places) and Viharas (monasteries).
Ajanta paintings were done in two phases-Hinayana and Mahayana.
Ajanta paintings have been done in tempera technique.
The themes of paintings are religious as well as imaginative.
Evaluate Yourself
1.3.1 Identify the period in which most of the Ajanta Paintings were done.
1.3.2 Determine the phases in which the Ajanta Paintings were done.
1.3.3 Specify the type of colours used in the Black Princess.
4 : : Painting
Answer
1.3.1 Gupta-Vakataka period (2nd C.A.D to 6th C.A.D).
1.3.2 Hinayana and Mahayana.
1.3.3 Earthly colours devoid of any loudness.
Do You Know?
l
The main sites of the Indus Valley Civilization are Mohan-jo-Daro and Harappa.
The Dancing Girl is 4 inches in height, yet looks much taller than her height.
The technique of high polish was learnt by Mauryan Sculptors from the sculptors of Middle
East.
Ajanta Paintings occupy a unique position in the history of Indian painting because of its vibrant
beauty, subtle grace and tempera technique.
Artists of Harappan period were extremely skilled.
Painting : : 5
Lesson No.
2
Title of Lesson
Module No.

(From 7th Century AD to 12th Century AD)
Brief Introduction
l
The post-Gupta period in India is known for the progress in temple architecture.
Major dynasties like Pallavas, Cholas, Hoysalas in south and Palas, Senas and Gangas in the
east patronized this progress.
While Pallavas and Chalukyas are remembered for their sculptural activities, Cholas and
Hoysalas would always be remembered for their temple projects.
2.1
ARJUNAS PENANCE OR
GANGAVATARANA

l
This sculptural work is in relief made on two

huge boulders.
This relief depicts a crowd of life size human

and animal figures mostly in flying positions.
There is a cleft in the centre of the boulder.
The animal figures show close observation of

the artists. (e.g. The sleeping baby elephant, the
monkey figures, deer scratching its nose.
Particulars
Title
: Arjunas
Penance or
Gangavatarana
Artist
: Unknown
Medium
: Stone
Finding Site: Mamallapuram (Chennai)
Date
: Pallava Period
(7th C.A.D)
Size
: 91 ft 152 ft (approximately)

l
The name of the relief according to some is Arjunass Penance (Ascetic figure shown in
meditating posture) and according to others is Gangavatarana where Shiva is shown
receiving the flow of Ganges in his hair.
The sculptures have enormous monumentality.
6 : : Painting
Evaluate Yourself
2.1.1 Find out the other name of Arjunas Penance.
2.1.2 Indicate the dynasty under which Arjunas Penance was built.
2.1.3 Identify the posture in which the ascetic figures in the crowd have been shown in Arjunas
Penance.
Answer
2.1.1 Gangavatarana
2.1.2 Pallava dynasty
2.1.3 Meditating posture
2.2
KRISHNA SUPPORTING MOUNT
GOVARDHANA
Particulars
Title
: Krishna Supporting
Mt. Govardhana
Artist
: Unknown
Medium
: Stone
Finding Site : Belur
Date
: Hoysala period
Size
: 3ft
This Krishna sculpture is one of the best examples

of Hoysala period.
The whole composition is shown in layers with

Krishna as the central figure.
Krishna has been shown in heroic form but his

posture and rendering is very rhythmic and soft.
Animal figures surrounding lord Krishna are

lively.

l
Temple architecture was one of the most important activity during Hoysala period.
Beautiful sculptures formed an integral part of Hoysala architecture.
Hoysala style is named after one of the most famous dynasties of Deccan.
Earliest major Hoysala temples are at Belur.

Evaluate Yourself
2.2.1 Identify the place where earliest major Hoysala temples are found.
2.2.2 Determine the form in which Krishna has been shown.
2.2.3 Cite an example of the delicate and intricate Hoysala carving.
Painting : : 7
Answer
2.2.1 Belur
2.2.2 Heroic form
2.2.3 Krishna supporting mount Govardhana

2.3
SURASUNDARI
Surasundari is a robust yet delicately carved

female figure from Konarka sun temple.
Particulars
She is shown playing a drum.
Inspite of her broadness, she is extremely graceful

and wearing softly carved ornaments between the
breasts.
Posture is rhythmic.
Title
: Surasundari
Medium
: Stone
Date
: Ganga
Dynasty
(12th CAD)
Size
: Little more,
than life Size
Artist
: Unknown
Finding Site : Konarka

l
Sun temple, one of the best Odishan architecture, was built by King Narsimhadeva - I.
This temple is famous for its gigantic sculptures.
Surasundari is a part of female musician group, carved on the temple niche.

Evaluate Yourself
2.3.1 Determine the dynasty and the king who built Sun Temple of Konarka.
2.3.2 Specify the size of sculptures in the Sun Temple of Konarka.
2.3.3 Identify the instrument Surasundari has been shown playing.
Answer
2.3.1 Ganga dynasty, King Narsimhadeva - I.
2.3.2 More than life size.
2.3.3 Surasundari is shown playing a drum.
8 : : Painting
Do You Know?
l
Pallavas are famous for their scluptural works.
The main centers which flourished during this period were Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram)
and Kanchipuram.
Pancharathas, Arjunas Penance, Mandapas and relief sculptures are seen at Mahabalipuram.
After Pallavas, the important southern dynasties were Chalukya, Cholas and Hoysalas.
Hoysala period is remembered for stone sculptures with intricate works.
Ganga dynasty became prominent in the east. The majestic Sun Temple of Konarka in Odisha
is one of the best examples.
Painting : : 9
Lesson No.
3
Title of Lesson
Module No.
History and Appreciation of Art from

13th Century AD to 18th Century AD.
Brief Introduction
This period of Indian art was enriched with the treasure of illustrated manuscripts belonging to
different religious sects like Hindus, Jains and Buddhists.
The main centres of the illustrated manuscripts (Punthis) were in Bengal, Gujarat and Bihar.
Pala dynasty patronised the development of manuscripts in Bengal and Bihar with a distinct
style known as Pala style.
Jain religious manuscripts were written and illustrated in Gujarat on palm leaf in beautiful
calligraphic art.
Temple architecture was also developed during this period. The marble temple complex of Dilwara
at Mount Abu and terracotta temples of Bengal and Odisha are exemplary.
Rajput paintings and Mughal paintings flourished from the 16th century AD to 19th century A.D.
While the Rajput paintings were a combination of folk paintings and Ajanta paintings, the Mughal
paintings were a combination of Persian and Rajput paintings.
l
l
l
l
l
l
3.1
SRINGAR
l
l
Particulars
Title
: Sringar
Artist
: Unknown
Medium : Tempera
Style
: Guler School
Period : 18th century AD
l
l
A bride is being adorned for her wedding.

A maid is preparing sandal paste in the foreground
and another woman is tying an anklet on the foot
of the bride.
There are two standing figures. One is holding a
mirror and the other is making a garland of
flowers.
A lady is combing the brides hair with an assistant
under supervision of an elderly lady.
Sringar is a typical Rajput painting.
Develop your understanding about Guler Painting

l
l
l
l
l
Guler, a small state in Kangra Valley, was one of the important centres of Pahari School of
Paintings flourished between 1450 C.A.D to 1780 C.A.D.
Guler miniature was influenced by folk art and Mughal miniature style.
Guler paintings are characterised by romanticism of the myth of Krishna and Radha as a
symbol of divine love.
Stories of Ramayana and Mahabharata are also used as the themes of Guler paintings with
royal portraits and court scenes.
The exquisite faces, graceful attitudes and soft harmony of colours are characteristics of Guler painting.
10 : : Painting
Evaluate Yourself
3.1.1 Identify the activity being done by the woman in the foreground of the painting Sringar.
3.1.2 Specify the main characteristics of Guler Painting.
Answer
3.1.1 A maid is preparing sandal paste.
3.1.2 Guler paintings are characterised by romanticism of the myth of Krishna and Radha as a
symbol of divine love.
3.2
The given painting is from Kalpasutra, a Jain

book of rituals.
In composition of this painting, space is divided

into squares and rectangles, and the figures of
men, women and animals are set against a red
background.
Each segment narrates a different sequence of

the story of Kalpasutra.
The style is full of folk elements like flatness of

the form, stereotyped expression and lack of
perspective.
The fluent lines for contour and use of decorative

dots enhance the beauty of this painting.
KALPASUTRA
Particulars
Title
: Kalpasutra
Artist : Unknown
Medium : Tempera on
Palm Leaf
Style
: Jain
Manuscript
Painting
Period : 15th Century AD
Develop your understanding about Jain Miniature Painting

l
Jain Miniature Painting developed in India from 7th century AD and reached its maturity between
10th century AD to 15th century AD.
Jain scriptures like Kalkacharya Katha and Kalpasutra are illustrated with images of
Tirthankaras like Parsvanath, Neminath, Rishabhnath & others.
The important centres of these paintings were Punjab, Bengal, Odisha, Gujarat and Rajasthan.
Human figures show some special characteristics in these paintings.
These manuscripts are mainly made of palm leaf, and the colours, predominantly red and yellow,
are made from locally available pigments.
Painting : : 11
Evaluate Yourself
3.2.1 How is the space divided in the composition of the painting Kalpasutra? Specify.
3.2.2 Whose images have been illustrated in Jain scriptures? Find out .
3.2.3 Specify the period of the development of Jain Miniature Painting in the country.
Answer
3.2.1 The space is divided into squares and rectangles.
3.2.2 The images of Tirthankaras like Parsvanath, Neminath, Rishabhnath etc.
3.2.3 7th century to 15th century A.D.
Appreciation of the terracotta art
l
3.3
BISHNUPUR TERRACOTTAS
RASLILA
Particulars
Title
: Bishnupur Terracottas-Raslila
Artist
: Unknown
Medium : Terracotta Tiles

Site
: Panchmura Temple,
Bishnupur, W. Bengal
Period
: Around 17th Century AD
Raslila is a celebration of divine love of Radha &

Krishna with their friends Gopis and Gopiyan.
This beautiful panel is composed of three
concentric circles within a square space, and the
middle circle is occupied by the figures of RadhaKrishna along with a Gopi.
In the painting the artist has taken keen interest
to depict the contemporary social life. The four
corners of the square are decorated with human
figures, animal figures and birds.
Develop your understanding about terracotta art

l
Bishnupur is a small town is west Bengal.
There are many temples which are decorated with terracotta tiles.
Terracotta art reflects various cultural and religious currents of 18th and 19th century AD.
Most of the temples are dedicated either to Shiva or Vishnu.
Figures of Shiva-Durga, Radha-Krishna and characters from Ramayana and Mahabharata

are seen in these terracotta tiles.
The temple architecture is based on the design of Bengali thatched hut type in single or double
storeyes.
12 : : Painting
Evaluate Yourself
3.3.1 Determine the number of circles in the panel of Raslila.
3.3.2 How are the four corners of the square are decorated in the panel of Raslila?
3.3.3 Determine the figures and the characters shown in the theme of Bishnupur terracotta tiles.
Answer
3.3.1 Three concentric circles.
3.3.2 Four corners are decorated with human figures, animal figures & birds.
3.3.3 Shiva-Durga, Radha-Krishna and characters from Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Do You Know?
l
The art scene in India from 13th century AD to 18th century AD shows the lack of patrons to
patronise the art. However, this period was enriched with treasures of illustrated manuscripts
belonging to different religious sects like Hindu, Jains and Buddhists.
The temple architecture was also developed in some parts of India during this period. The beautiful
marble temple complex of Dilwara at Mount Abu and terracotta temples of Bengal and Odisha
are exemplary.
Guler miniature went through different stages of development under the influence of Folk art to
Mughal miniature style. In spite of the reduced size, the aesthetic and technical quality of the
miniature paintings are of very high standard.
Painting : : 13
Lesson No.
4
Title of Lesson
Module No.
Folk Art of India
Brief Introduction
l
India has inherited a pre-Aryan culture which is reflected in the folk art.
Cults like Tantra Shakti, Vaishnav, Buddhist are very important in the life of folk artists.
The needs of rural society for art and craft objects are supplied by the local artists and craftsmen,
which are mainly of three types:
l Ritualistic
l Utilitarian
l Individualistic
There are many kinds of ritualistic folk arts like Patachitra, Pichuai, Alpana, Kolam etc. These
are made by rural artists without any formal training and most of these designs are repeated by
generation after generation. Started from Harappa, there is hardly any change in the motif of
Terracotta toys.
Some folk artists have attempted to experiment and develop new styles within the old format.
These innovations can be found in the motif of Madhubani Painting, Kanthas Design and
Kalighat Patachitra.
Appreciation of the Kolam
4.1
KOLAM
Floor decoration is one of the most popular

forms of art found throughout the country in
different styles like Alpana, Rangoli, Kolam,
Sanjhi etc.
Kolam is done on the floor in front of the house

or before the alter of deity during cultural and
religious festivals in South India, especially
during the Pongal festival, as a symbol of
fortune.
Designs and motifs are traditional in nature and

there are both floral and geometrical forms.
Particulars
Title
Artist
: Floor
Painting
with
Kalas
: Unknown House-wife
Medium : Rice Paste and Pigments

Style
: Kolam
Period
: 1992
Site
: A locality near
Thanjavur in
Tamil Nadu
14 : : Painting
Develop your Understanding about Kolam

l
The dry coarse ground rice flour is held by the artist between the thumb and forefingers.
The hands of the artist keep on moving while the rice powder is rubbed to release on the moist
floor along the pre-determined design.
It is very important for the artist to continue the drawing as long as possible without any pause.
This Kolam is painted by a house-wife and it shows the free hand drawing skill of the artist.
Young girls learn this from mothers and grandmothers.
Evaluate Yourself
4.1.1 Specify the designs and motifs used in Kolam paintings.

4.1.2 Determine some of the most popular forms of floor decoration found in the country.
4.1.3 What does Kolam painting symbolise?
Answer
4.1.1 Floral and geometrical forms.
4.1.2 Alpana, Rangoli, Kolam, Sanjhi etc.
4.1.3 Fortune.
Appreciation of the Phulkari
4.2
PHULKARI
Particulars
Title
: Chadar
Artist
: Unknown
Medium : Embroidery on
cloth with
coloured thread
Style
: Phulkari
Period : Contemporary
l
l
l
l
Phulkari actually means Flowered work.

A type of embroidery practiced by folk women
in Punjab.
The given work of Phulkari is designed with
traditional geometrical shapes.
Star forms are stitched with golden yellow and
silvery white thread on red cloth.
The basic motif consists of a large star surrounded
with small stars.
Basic motifs of the design are geometrical in the
form of squares and triangles.
Develop your understanding about Phulkari

l
The women artists pick up the outline of each section with a needle before it is worked in a
direction that contrasts with the section adjacent to it.
The combination of contrasting vertical and horizontal stitches done by the artists results in a
beautiful pattern.
The artists use simple designs as well as large sized elaborate ones.
Painting : : 15
Evaluate Yourself
4.2.1 Mention the shapes used in the given work of Phulkari designed by the Artist.
4.2.2 Determine the basic motif of the given work of Phulkari.
4.2.3 Mention the medium used by the artists in Phulkari.
Answer
4.2.1 Geometrical shapes.
4.2.2 A large star surrounded by the small stars.
4.2.3 Embroidery on cloth with coloured thread.
Appreciation of the Kantha
4.3
The given Kantha is a Saree which is stitched in

a typical traditional style and technique.
The motifs are stylized forms of animals and

human figures.
KANTHA STITCHING
Particulars
Title
: Kantha from
Bengal
The base pink colour of the saree is done in chain

stitch with various coloured threads.
Artist
: Unknown
A king like figure is seen sitting on the horse with

umbrella in his hand.
The influence of Kalighat Patchitra is very clear

on these motifs.
Medium : Embroidery
on silk with
Coloured
Thread
Style
: Kantha Stitching
Period
: Contemporary
Develop your understanding about Kantha

l
Bengal has a delightful folk tradition of embroidery and quilting which is known as Kantha.
The Kanthas are made of discarded Sarees and Dhotis which are sewn together by women of all
classes in Bengal particularly old women to use their spare time.
Motifs and designs are taken from rural landscapes, ritualistic activities, objects from every day
life, rural festivals, circus entertainers and even historical figures.
The folk artists have keen power of observation of day to day happenings around them to pick up
designs for the motifs.
16 : : Painting
Evaluate Yourself
4.3.1 Find out the motifs used in the given Kantha Sarees.
4.3.2 Identify the figure sitting on the horse in the given Kantha.
4.3.3 Specify the artists engaged in Kantha stitching.
Answer
4.3.1 Stylized forms of animals and human figures.
4.3.2 A king like figure.
4.3.3 Folk artists.
Do You Know?
l
Some popular and well known folk art forms are- Kalamkari, Kolam, Madhubani, Kalighat
Patachitra, Phulkari, Kantha.
Kolam is floor decoration while Phulkari and Kantha are embroidery on cloth.
Alpana, Kolam, Rangoli are the most popular art forms of floor decoration.
The folk artists use the same motifs and designs generation after generation.
Painting : : 17
Lesson No.
5
Title of Lesson
Module No.
Renaissance
Brief Introduction
l
Renaissance means Rebirth. It was a revival of classical culture of Europe, continued from
14th to 17th C.
Specially art developed in this period with the help of famous artists like Vinci, Michael Angelo
and Raphael.
5.1
BIRTH OF VENUS
Painted by early renaissance painter Botticelli.
Particulars
It shows Venus emerging from sea.
Title
The figure symbolizes beauty and truth.
The anatomy of venus is elongated.
She bears slim and long limbs.
Artist
: Birth of
Venus
: Sandro Botticelli
Medium : Tempera on canvas

Style
: Renaissance
Period
: Painted during 1485-1486
Develop your understanding about the Painter

l
Sandro Botticelli was an Italian and belonged to Florentine school.
Evaluate Yourself
5.1.1 What is the nature of anatomy of Venus?
5.1.2 What does Venus symbolize in this painting?
Answer
5.1.1 Elongated.
5.1.2 Beauty and truth.
18 : : Painting
5.2
MONALISA
The most famous painting of High

Renaissance period painted by Leonardo-daVinci.
The mystic smile on the lips mesmerises art

lovers.
Dramatic contrast of light and shade is used

and enhances the mystery of man and nature.
Particulars
Title
: Monalisa
Artist : Leonardo-da-Vinci
Medium : Painted on poplar
wood in oil
Style
: Renaissance
Period : Painted during 16th C.A.D
Collection: Louvre Museum, Paris

l
Italian painter of High Renaissance, Leonardo-da-Vinci was a man with multi-disciplinary

talent.
He was a scientist, sculptor, engineer, designer of first aeroplane etc.
His other famous paintings are Last Supper and Virgin of the Rock.
Evaluate Yourself
5.2.1 How did Vinci enhance a mystery in Monalisa?

5.2.2 Determine the medium of the painting of Monalisa?
Answer
5.2.1 Dramatic contrast of light and shade has been used to enhance the mystery in the painting
Monalisa.
5.2.2 Medium of Monalisa is oil on poplar wood
5.3
PIETA
Particulars
Title
: Pieta
Artist
: Michel Angelo
Medium : Marble
Style
: Renaissance
Period : 1498-1499
Collection: St. Peter, Rome
Famous work of Renaissance artist

Michael Angelo.
It shows dead Jesus is lying on the lap of

virgin Mary.
The work balances the ideals of classical

beauty and the artists own creative
expression.
Painting : : 19
Develop your understanding about the Sculptor

l
Michael Angelo was not only the greatest sculptor of High Renaissance but also most famous
mural painter.
He painted the ceilings and walls of Sistene Chapel with themes from the Bible.
Evaluate Yourself
5.3.1 What is the theme of Pieta?

5.3.2 What did the sculptor balance in this work?
Answer
5.3.1 Dead Jesus is lying on the lap of virgin Mary.
5.3.2 The ideal of classical beauty and own creative expression.
5.4
THE NIGHT WATCH
Particulars
Title
: The night
watch
Artist
: Rembrandt
Medium : Oil on canvas
Style
: Renaissance
Period : Painted during 1642
Collection: Rijks Museum, Amstudam
Rembrandts Night Watch is one of the

masterpieces of world art.
Excellent use of intense light and shade.
Symbolic use of colours.

l
Dutch painter of 17th Century.
He was a realist painter and master of using of heavy colours.

Evaluate Yourself
5.4.1 Find the medium used in the painting?

5.4.2 Specify the masterpiece painting of Rembrandt.
20 : : Painting
Answer
5.4.1 Oil on canvas.
5.4.2 Night Watch.
Do You Know?
l
Renaissance spread from Early Renaissance, High Renaissance to Baroque period.
Emphasis was given on correct anatomy, perspective and foreshortening.
Most famous artists are Masaccio, Botticelli, Leonardo-da-vinci, Raphael, Michael Angelo,
Rembrandt and Ruben.
Painting : : 21
Lesson No.
Title of Lesson
Module No.
Impressionism
Brief Introduction
It was an artistic movement that drew inspiration from the simplicity of life. Some painters
followed the style concerned with the effect of light on the objects. Some painters painted in the
open and tried to capture the effects of light and colour. They are followed by post impressionist
painters who gave more importance to the expressionism.
6.1
WATER LILIES
The name Impressionism was given from a

painting of Monet. This painting shows a
Japanese bridge across the pond.
There is a brilliant reflection of the sky on the

water in many vibrant colours.
The fresh blossomed Lilies of various sizes add

to the beauty of the painting.
Particulars
Title
: Water Lilies
Artist
: Claude Monet
Medium : Oil Colour

Style
: Impressionism
Period
: 1899
Collection: National Gallery, London

l
Monet was one of the pioneering artists of impressionism.
He was a leader of the group.
Monet was a dedicated painter and was widely regarded for his enchanting flower-landscape.
His whole aim was to capture ever changing moods of nature.

Evaluate Yourself
6.1.1 Name the artist who painted Water Lilies.

6.1.2 What is the style used in Monets paintings?
Answer
6.1.1 Claude Monet.
6.1.2 Impressionistic Style.
22 : : Painting
6.2
DANCE CLASS
The composition is off-centered.
It gives an impression of spontaneity.
Unlike other impressionists, he used artificial

light.
Particulars
Title
: Dance Class
Artist
: Edgar Degas

Style
: Impressionism
Period
: 1876
Collection: Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio

(USA)
l
l
l
l
Born in Paris. This painting was created in 1834.

He was more interested in human figures, particularly the ballet dancers to bring movement in his
paintings.
He used oil pastel colours.
He also made many sculptures.
Evaluate Yourself
6.2.1 Why was Degas different from other impressionist painters?

6.2.2 Which medium of colours did he prefer to use?
Answers
6.2.1 He preferred human figures than landscapes like other impressionist painters.
6.2.2 Oil pastel.
6.3
STARRY NIGHT
Particulars
Title
: Starry Night
Artist
: Van Gogh
Style
: Post-impressionism
Period : Painting during 1889
Collection: National Gallery, London
Starry Night is a masterpiece of Van

Gogh.
In this painting colours carry greater

importance.
The painting shows a night sky filled with

stars.
Nothing is real but highly symbolic.
Painting : : 23

l
Born in Holland.
Life was full of miseries and poverty. In spite of that he was a dedicated artist.
He committed suicide out of frustration and depression.

Evaluate Yourself
6.3.1 Name the style used by Van Gogh in his paintings.

6.3.2 What is the medium used by Van Gogh in his paintings.
6.3.3 What does Starry Night convey?
Answer
6.3.1 Post-impressionistic.
6.3.2 Oil colours on canvas.
6.3.3 The painting conveys that nothing is real but highly symbolic.
Do You Know?
l
The name Impressionism was given from a painting of Monet.
Edgar Degas painted a series of paintings on ballet.
24 : : Painting
Lesson No.
Title of Lesson
Module No.
Cubism, Surrealism and Abstract Art
Brief Introduction
Many styles and theories of art emerged in the beginning of 20th Century. These are Cubism,
Surrealism, Abstract Art etc. Picasso introduced Cubism and Dali gave shape to Surrealism.
Kandinsky and Mondrian began Abstract Art.
7.1
MAN WITH VIOLIN
It is a fine example of analytical Cubism by

Picasso.
Form of a man and a violin are divided into

parts depicting different viewpoints.
Particulars
Title
: Man with Violin
Artist
: Pablo Picasso
The forms are in geometrical shapes.
Medium : Oil on Canvas
Colours are brownish and greenish.
Date
: 1912
This is a second phase of Cubism.
Size
: 100 cm 73 cm
Collection: Philadelphia Museum of Art

l
Greatest modern painter of the world.
His development followed through Blue Period, Rose Period and Cubism.
Picasso created all kinds of art namely sculptures, ceramics, designing etc.
Evaluate Yourself
7.1.1 Name two of his important periods?
7.1.2 What is analytical Cubism?
Answers
7.1.1 Blue Period and Rose Period.
7.1.2 Composing after analyzing the forms.
Painting : : 25
7.2
PERSISTENCE
MEMORY
Particulars
Title
:
Artist
:
Medium :
Date
:
Size
:
Collection:

OF
Persistence of Memory
Salvador Dali
Oil on Canvas
1931
9 13
Museum of Modern Art, New York
The most famous surrealistic painting by Dali.

Different objects are placed on a rocky
seaside.
In spite of photographic realism everything

appears to be beyond realism.
The images are from the nightmares or

dreams.

l
l
l
l
Most famous surrealist painter.

He was also a filmmaker and writer.
He mastered the academic style.
His eccentric theatrical manner was as prominent as his art work.
Evaluate Yourself
7.2.1 What are the forms depicted in the painting?
7.2.2 What do you know about Salvador Dali?
Answer
7.2.1 Watches, trees, insects.
7.2.2 He was a surrealist painter, filmmaker and writer.
7.3
BLACK LINES
Particulars
: Black Lines
: Wassily
Kandinsky
Date
: December 1913
Size
: 43" 4'
Collection: Soloman R. Guggenheim
Museum, New York
Famous abstract painter Kandinsky

composed this painting with a group of
black lines over few patches of warm
colours.
The forms do not represent any real object.
This painting is only the combination of

abstraction and geometry so it is an abstract
painting.
Title
Artist
26 : : Painting

l
Kandinsky was born in Russia and practised his art in Germany and Paris.
He is considered as the founder of Abstract painting.
He wanted painting to be abstract like music.
He was also a great art theoretician.
Evaluate Yourself
7.3.1 What is the main contribution of Kandinsky to the Modern Art?
7.3.2 Mention the medium and the date of the painting?
Answer
7.3.1 Kandinsky is considered as the founder of Abstract paintng. His works had an enormous
influence on the next generation artists.
7.3.2 Black lines was done by Kandinsky in the year 1913 with oil paints on canvas.
Do You Know?
l
Cezanne was the pioneer of cubism.
Surrealism is the outcome of Dadaists revolt.
Picassos most famous masterpiece Guernica is on Spanish civil war.
Painting : : 27
Lesson No.
Title of Lesson
Module No.
Pioneers of Contemporary Indian Art
Brief Introduction
l
Due to influence of British Raj, there was a general decline in traditional Indian art at the beginning
of 19th century.
Indian artists started looking at their heritage with a positive approach to advance from the
earlier European colonial art.
Famous artists of contemporary Indian art:

l Raja
Ravi Varma
l Abanindranath Tagore
l Nandlal
Bose
l Benode
Behari Mukherjee
l Rabindranath Tagore
l Jamini
Roy
l Amrita Shergil
8.1
HAMSA DAMAYANTI
It is one of the most famous works of Raja

Ravi Varma painted in 1899 in oil.
Damayanti has been depicted as the most

beautiful woman wearing red sari, listening to
messages from her lover narrated by the swan
(Hamsa).
The standing figure of Damayanti and her

posture is fascinating.
Particulars
Title
:
Artist
:
Medium :
Date
:
Collection:
Hamsa Damayanti
Raja Ravi Varma
Oil on canvas
1899
National Gallery of Modern Art,
New Delhi

l
He was the most celebrated artist of India with a revolutionary vision.
He gained reputation for his oil and water colour techniques.
Indian mythology is portrayed in a series of his works.
He is popularly known for his paintings depicting episodes from the stories of DushyantaShakuntala, Nala-Damayanti and from the epic Mahabharata.
28 : : Painting
Evaluate Yourself
8.1.1 Whose influence caused general decline in Indian art in the beginning of 19th century?
8.1.2 What is the medium used by Raja Ravi Varma in Hamsa Damayanti?
Answer
8.1.1 British Raj.
8.1.2 Oil on canvas.
8.2
BRAHMACHARIES
The painting is a fine example of the

understanding of the artist of Hindu faith which
is still prevalent in the traditionalist South India.
Five male Brahmacharies in an Ashram are

shown as symbols of devotion in Hindu faith.
Stress is laid on variety of colours-deep red

background against white dhotis.
The painting is composed on a horizontal plane

with vertical placement of figures.
Particulars
Title
: Brahmacharies
Artist
: Amrita Shergil

Date
: 1938
Collection: National Gallery of Modern

Art, New Delhi
Develop your understanding about the artist : Amrita Shergil

l
Her appearance is a great event in the history of contemporary 20th century art in India.
Her visit to South India inspired her to produce the most remarkable works such as The Brides
Toilette, The Brahmacharies, and South Indian Villagers going to Market.
Her passion with which she handled the brush and the genius combining the training in west and
views of east made her most popular.
Her paintings show her love for the country and the life of its people.
Evaluate Yourself
8.2.1 Which part of the country inspired Amrita Shergil to produce her most remarkable works?
8.2.2 Devotion to which faith is shown by Brahmacharies in the painting?
Answer
8.2.1 South India.
8.2.2 Hindu faith.
Painting : : 29

8.3
l
It is a remarkable work and a fine example

of cubist influence on the artist.
Particulars
Title
Artist
Cubism is a style in art in which objects

are represented in geometrical forms.
The painting shows a fine blend of light

creating dramatic effects with colours.
The whole composition looks like a

combination of various geometrical shapes
put together.
THE ATRIUM
: The Atrium
: Gaganendranath
Tagore
Medium : Water colour
on paper
Date
: 1920
Size
: 12.5" 9.5"
Collection: Rabindra Bharati Society,
Jorasanko, Kolkata
Develop your understanding about the artist- Gaganendranath Tagore

l
His important works from 1910-1921 were the sketches of Himalayas, and the life of Chaitanya
through art in a sequence.
Later in his career, he developed a distinct style of his own brand of Cubism, the core of which
was to express in abstract geometric structures.
He was also a great critic of his time, best known for his political cartoons and social satires.
Evaluate Yourself
8.3.1 What is the medium of the painting The Artium.

8.3.2 Name the distinct style developed by Gaganendranath Tagore.
Answer
8.3.1 Water colour on paper.
8.3.2 Cubism.
Do You Know?
l
Modern Indian art is very much related to the history of the country and the social conditions.
The British period produced significant works under the Company School.
The Bengal School established in Santiniketan served as a centre of artistic development.
Artists of various background came together to give a new dimension to Indian art.
The Bengal School provided a starting point to the movement of contemporary Indian art.
30 : : Painting
Lesson No.
9
Title of Lesson
Module No.
Brief Introduction
l
Contemporary art began with the British rule of India, after the decline of Mughal empire and
the end of classical and medieval art of India.
German expressionism, Cubism, Fauvism, Dadaism and Surrealism influenced the Indian
painters such as Raja Ravi Varma, Abanindranath Tagore, Amrita Shergil, Rabindranath
Tagore and Jamini Roy.
A combination of Western technique and Indian spiritualism became the essence of Indian art.
While some artists were experimenting with western style, others like Benode Behari Mukherjee,
Ramkinkar Vaij showed indination towards Japanese art and folk art.
9.1
WHIRLPOOL
It is one of the masterpieces of Krishna Reddy.
It has been done in Intaglio process.
In whirlpool painting, the artist has created new

forms from known objects and has taken them
into abstraction.
The painting shows that everything is lost in

the cosmic whirlpool.
Particulars
Title
: Whirlpool
Artist
: Krishna Reddy
Medium : Intaglio on paper

Period
: 1962
Size
: 37.5cms X
49.5 cms
Develop your understanding about the Painting

l
He is one of the most famous print makers.
He was a student of Kala Bhavan, Visva Bharati, Santiniketan.
His early experience of making sculptures helped him to understand the relief type intaglio effects
in the prints, which is the main beauty of his work.
Evaluate Yourself
9.1.1 Which print making technique has been used by Krishna Reddy in whirlpool?
9.1.2 Specify the previous experience that helped Krishna Reddy to understand the relief type
intaglio effect in the prints.
Painting : : 31
Answer
9.1.1 Intaglio
9.1.2 Sculpture making
9.2
MEDIAEVAL SAINTS
The Mediaeval Saints is one of the murals

which is painted on the wall of Hindi Bhawan of
Santiniketan.
Particulars
Title
: Mediaeval
Saints
It has been done in fresco buono technique

depicting the saints of different religions of India.
Artist
: Benode Behari Mukherjee

(1904-1980)
Period
: 1947
The largeness of figures express their spiritual

greatness, the smaller figures represent common
people.
Medium : Fresco Buono

Collection: Mural on the Wall of Hindi
Bhawan, Visva Bharati,
Santiniketan
Develop your understanding about the artist : Benode Behari Mukherjee
l
He was a student of Nandlal Bose, the famous Bengal School painter.
He loved nature and its beauty.
He learnt the art of landscaping from Japan.
He used very simple and rational lines like the Japanese artists.
He suffered from weak eye sight from childhood and became totally blind in the later part of his
life.
Evaluate Yourself
9.2.1 Identify the figures depicted in the Mediaeval Saints.
9.2.2 Where did the artist Benode Behari learn the art of landscaping?
Answer
9.2.1 From different religious sects
9.2.2 Japan
32 : : Painting

9.3
WORDS AND SYMBOLS
Particulars
Title
: Words and symbols
Artist
: K.C.S Panikar
(1911-1977)
Medium : Oil on Board

Period
: 1965
Size
: 43 cms 124 cms
l
l
l
l
l
It is a very famous painting from the series of

Words & Symbols by K.C.S Panikar.
In this painting the space is covered with
calligraphy.
Mathematical symbols, Arabic figures, Roman
scripts and Malyalam scripts have been used to
create a design.
This painting looks like a horoscope with tantric
symbolic diagrams.
Colours play a nominal role in the painting.
Develop your understanding about the artist- K.C.S Panikar

l
l
l
l
He is one of the most influential and pioneers in the development of contemporary art movement
in South India.
He was a student of D.P. Roy Choudhary of Bengal School in the Madras School of Art.
His style went through many stages from realistic to geometric.
He established the first artist village of India near Chennai called Cholamandalam.
Evaluate Yourself
9.3.1 Specify the symbols, figures, scripts used by K.C.S Panikar to create a design.
9.3.2 Identify the role played by colours in the painting of K.C.S Panikar.
9.3.3 Specify the name of the first artist village set up by K.C.S Panikar.
Answer
9.3.1 Mathematical Symbol, Arabic, Roman, Malayalam scripts.
9.3.2 Colours plays a nominal role in the painting.
9.3.3 Cholamandalam.
Appreciation of the painting
9.4
LANDSCAPE IN RED
Particulars
Title
: Landscape in Red
Artist
: F.N. Souza (1924-2002)
Medium : Oil
Period : 1961
Size
: 78.7cms X 132.1 cms
Collection:Jahangir Nicholson Museum
l
l
l
It is a cityscape where the artist has tried to

capture the city which looks like a concrete
Jungle.
The calligraphic use of lines has been nicely
arranged with colours.
Red is the predominant colour with few splashes
of green.
No rule of perspective has been followed in this
painting.
Painting : : 33
Develop your understanding about the a Painter

l
He was one of the young painters to form the Progressive Artists Group in 1947.
He protested against all kinds of religious and social superstition through his paintings.
He was also inspired by post-impressionist and German expressionist painters.
He was greatly influenced by Picasso and Matisse.

Evaluate Yourself
9.4.1 Specify the look of the city captured by F.N. Souza in his painting Landscape in Red
9.4.2 Find the painters who greatly influenced F.N. Souza.
Answer
9.4.1 Concrete jungle
9.4.2 Picasso and Matisse.
Do You Know
l
Contemporary art began with the British rule in India.
Raja Ravi Varma, Abanindranath Tagore, Amrita Shergil, Rabindranath Tagore, Jamini
Roy were the pioneers of Contemporary Indian art.
These young artists were more exposed to western art movement.
German expressionism, cubism, Fauvism, Dadaism and Surrealism also greatly influenced
these Indian painters.
These Indian artists continued their struggle to retain Indian identity with Indian spiritualism.
PRACTICAL
35
Lesson No. 1
OBJECT STUDY
INTRODUCTION
Man has created several objects which we use in everyday life. Among all of these, certain objects
such as books and utensils are easily available. The realistic representation of objects in drawing
and painting is known as object study.
Materials to be used
1.
Drawing board
6. Colours
2.
Drawing paper
7. Brush
3.
Drawing pin
8. Colour mixing pallete
4.
Pencil (2B, 4B, 6B)
9. Objects likes books, utensils etc. (non-living objects)
5.
Eraser
Important Elements to Remember

for
OBJECT DRAWING
Measurement and
Proportion
Perspective
Light and shade
Colour
Determine the proportion by measurement

l
l
l
Fig. 1
l
Place the pencil in between your fingers as

shown in the picture.
Consider a mark in the pencil as measurement
unit of each individual object.
Sit straight, close one eye, stretch your hand
exactly in the line of the shoulder and measure
the object.
Place the hand vertical or horizontal according
to the shape of the object for measuring its
length, breath and height.
Draw the measurement according to the
proportion of your sheet.
36
Know the Basic Rules of Perspective

l
Perspective is most essential element in the

process of object study.
The direction and position in which the objects

are placed can be shown by increasing and
reducing the size of the objects.
The horizon line can also be moved up and

down on the drawing sheet according to the
distance and height of the person.
Light and shade done on objects give volume

and realistic look to the object.
To show the proper shading, we have to

observe the light and dark areas in the given
object.
The initial drawing and shading can be done

with 2B pencil.
For the medium and darker shades, 4B and

6B pencils can be used.
Shading should be uniform according to the

light and shade.
Paintings look lovely and real after the use of

water colour.
Water colour should also be used like pencil

shading i.e. from light to dark.
We can see different tones of a colour when

light and shade falls on an object.
The realistic look of the objects can be shown

by soft and fine blending of the tones.
Fig. 2
Show the Volume by Light and Shade
Fig. 3
Enjoy the Beauty of Colouring
Fig. 4
37
How to Draw and Paint the Object?

STEP - 1
Keep the object below the eye level at some

distance on a surface.
First of all, we will draw the base line (B).
After choosing a centrally placed

perpendicular line, we draw the two base
angles showing two perspectives of the object
(Book)
This is the object we will draw and paint.
STEP - 2
After we measure the height of the book,

we make the thickness of the book by
drawing lines that are parallel to the
angle lines.
STEP - 3
Complete the shape of the book by

joining the parallel lines with the angles
(or base line of the book).
For shading, use different pencils No. 2B,

4B and 6B.
The shading should be uniform.
38
Do You Know
l
A student can draw any object if it is practised regularly.
Visual measurement can also be used to make the drawing most perfect.
Shading adds volume and reality.
Evaluate Yourself
l
Draw a glass on a drawing sheet.
Use only one object in your composition.
Try objects of different materials like, glass, steel, wood.
Answer of the Evaluation

STEP -1
l
Make a center line to draw a glass.
Fig. 1
STEP -2
l
Divide the glass in two equal half with the help

of a centre line.
Fig. 2
STEP -3
l
Fig. 3
Draw the finished glass by creating the mouth

and bottom in curved lines.
39
Lesson No. 2
NATURE STUDY
INTRODUCTION
Nature always inspires artists. They want to capture the fleeting beauty of nature. The flowers,
foliage, trees, mountains etc. are the most favourite subjects of the painters.
1.
Drawing board
5. Water colour, Poster colour, Acrylic colour, Oil colour
2.
Drawing paper, canvas
6. Brush
3.
Drawing pins and easel
7. Colour mixing pallete
4.
Pencil, pen and ink, pastel, crayon

for
NATURE STUDY
Perspective
Balance
Composition
Harmony
Colour
Know the Basic Rules of Perspective
Fig. 1
Object becomes smaller in size from

foreground to background.
Object becomes hazier according to the

distance.
All lines going towards the horizon will

meet at a vanishing point.
40
The Role of Balance
Space on the paper should be balanced.

If a tree is placed on one side of the
space, some other form should be placed
on the other side to balance the
composition.
The space of the paper should be filled

with forms.
All the forms should be in balance and

harmony.
Perspective is used to bring the depth of

the space.
All the above points will make a good

composition, when these are used
perfectly.
Fig. 2
Compositional Arrangement on the Sheet
Fig. 3
Harmony Enhances the Beauty of Nature Study
Fig. 4
The relationship of colours, lines and

forms in a rhythmic movement bring
harmony.
Harmony helps to bring contrasting

elements into unity.
41
Importance of Colours
Adding of colours in painting not only

increases the beauty, but at the same time
it gives a realistic touch to the elements.
Colours have decorative as well as

symbolic value.
Fig. 5
Let us Learn the Steps of Nature Study
STEP - 1
Fig. 6
You can choose any medium to study the

nature.
You may try water colour (Poster colour

or water colour tubes).
Arrange a bunch of flowers in front of

you with leaves and stems.
Put sturdy paper or handmade paper on

the board (size Imperial).
Draw the flowers with H.B pencil.
42
STEP - 2
STEP - 3
Fig. 8
Fig. 7
l
Choose dark colours and dilute with water

in your palette.
Colour the flowers with chrome yellow

(supposing these are yellow flowers).
Cobalt blue and crimson red are preferable

for the background to project the yellow
flowers and green leaves.
To get soft effect, use yellow ochre on the

little damp surface of chrome yellow.
Use brush No. 4 to cover the background

with colours in delicate part and No. 8
brush for broader area.
Colour the stems and leaves with light

green.For shading, use darker green and in
some places, use brown colour.
Do You Know?
l
Sketching is the most important part of nature study.
It is very important to apply perspective, balance and harmony to make a good composition.
The nature is full of colours. It is a great joy to capture these colours in your painting.
Evaluate Yourself
l
Keep a bunch of flowers on a table. Draw it with pencil.
Take a photograph and compare with your sketch.
If satisfied, use colours on the sketches.
Repeat the same process with street scene, garden, or hilly areas to evaluate your progress.
43
Answer of the Evaluation
Step 1
l
Place the pink flowers on a pot.
Draw the flowers with H.B. pencil.
Compare your drawing with the

photograph of these flowers.
STEP - 2
l
Dilute light green colour with water in

the palette.
Take brush No. 8. Colour the

background.
After few minutes give darker green

strokes for stems.
STEP - 3
l
Dilute crimson red with water to get light

red colour. Use this colour on the
flowers.
44
STEP - 4
l
Finally use dark crimson-red with brush

No. 4 to get the fineness.
45
Lesson No. 3
HUMAN AND ANIMAL FIGURES
INTRODUCTION
Our world is full of living creatures of different types. Some stand on their two legs, some on four
legs. Few of them can fly and some can swim in the water. So, an artist should be acquainted with
the lives of these creatures and should learn to capture them in lines and colours. The most interesting
of them are humans, animals and birds.
l
Cartridge paper or newsprint paper sketch book.
H.B. pencil for fine and hard lines, 2B and 4B pencil for softer fluent lines with different thickness.
6B pencil for dark tones.
Eraser.

for
HUMAN AND ANIMAL FIGURES
Straight line
sketching
Make
free hand
sketches
Draw human
and
animal
figures
46
Human Structure, Measurement and Proportion
Generally body structures keep on

changing through the process of age.
For an example, a young mans

measurement, proportion and structure of
the body could be divided into 7 units.
(see the figure) head to chin 1 unit, chin to
chest 2nd unit, chest to naval 3rd unit, naval
to crotch 4th unit, crotch to knee 5th unit,
knee to middle of the lower leg 6th unit and
from there to ankle 7th unit. Feet should be
of unit.
Straight line sketching is very important

to understand the structure and movement
of the body.
It also helps to understand the proportion

of the figure which later could be
developed into a complete sketch with
volume.
Fig. 1
Straight Line Sketching
Fig. 2
47
Free Hand Sketching
To sketch from any live model is very

important because it helps to capture the
movement and characteristics of the
model (could be human or animal
figures).
Straight line sketch would help to sketch

directly without any predetermined
structure drawing.
Fig. 3
Difference between the Human and Animal Figures
Fig. 4
The general difference between human

and animal figures is that the human figure
is mainly vertical while animal figures are
horizontal.
The artist has to be very fast to sketch an

animal figure because these creatures do
not pose as models like human beings.
Human figures mostly follow a set rules

of proportion and measurement.
Animals, birds and different species have

different set of rules of proportion and
measurements because of their different
body structure.
Lot of practice can only enhance the skill.
48
Let us learn the steps of animal figure drawing

Drawing of a Horse
STEP 1
l
Draw two circles in proportionate

distance for the back and frontal part of
the body.
Join the two circles to draw the back of

the horse.
Add four lines for legs.
Add a triangle for the head and a rhythmic

line for the tail.
Fig. 1
STEP-2
l
Give volume to the skeleton by adding

lines around the straight line drawing.
Fig. 2
STEP-3
Fig. 3
Finish the drawing using outlines for the

different parts of the body.
Remove all the skeleton drawing and

unnecessary lines.
Add few lines to give proper details to

the figure.
49
STEPS TO DRAW HUMAN FIGURE FROM STRAIGHT LINE SKETCH
STEP 1
l
Choose a composition of Dandiya dance

with two human figures.
Draw two figures in simple straight lines

as the skeleton of the two dancing figures.
Fig. 1
STEP 2
l
Give volumes by adding lines on the torso

of the figures.
Fig. 2
STEP 3
l
Now add more lines to complete the

human figures considering the
characteristics of a boy and girl.
Fig. 3
Do You Know?
l
The proportion of an adult male is of 7 units of the head.
The human faces can express many moods in contrast to animal face.
50
Evaluate Yourself
l
Draw a hen by showing different progressive stages of the form.
Use pastel colours on the drawing.
Answer of Evaluation
I.
Simple structure drawing.
II. Bring the form by outlines as the contour

of the figure.
III. Red, chrome yellow, brown, white and

black oil pastels are used for colouring.
51
Lesson No. 4
COMPOSITION
INTRODUCTION
Composition is an expression of emotions and feelings of an artist through colours, lines and forms.
All these elements are applied in such a manner that an impressive composition is created.
All elements should be in balance and harmony in a composition
Composition looks perfect when there is a centre of focus, depth in perspective and colour.
l
Drawing can be made in all mediums.
Drawing board and pins.
Drawing paper and canvas.
Pencil colour, oil pastel, crayon and ink.
Water colour, poster colour, acrylic colours and oil colours.
Collage (using coloured papers or waste materials)
Brush, pallete, glue and scissors.

for
DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPOSITIONS
Geometrical
Composition
Conceptual
Composition
Composition
with Objects
Composition
with Nature
Decorative
Composition
52
Geometrical Composition
l
The composition in which geometrical

figure are used is called geometrical
composition.
Take a plain paper.
Draw different shapes with pencil.
Use a scale to perfect the shapes.
Cut a square, triangle or circle to make

the shapes look interesting.
Colour the shapes.
Colours and shapes should be balanced

and look harmonious.
Fig.1
Conceptual composition
l
Some times you can express a concept

through painting instead of a story.
Use forms and colours as symbols which

are always not identifiable.
So, conceptual composition some time

becomes abstract or non-representational.
Fig.2
In this particular painting, the sun and the

skeleton of fish with other motifs are used
as symbols.
53
Composition with Object

l
Select a few objects like fevicol and

medicine bottle and keep them on an even
surface.
Hang a curtain from behind for

background.
Draw the objects

measurement .
Mark very lightly the darker areas.
Arrange water colours in a pallete and

keep water container and brushes ready.
Apply colour from light to dark. Leave

paper white for highlight.
Paint villages, cities, mountains, rivers,

canals, sea, forests to draw nature based
composition.
Normally, horizontal format is used in

nature based compostion.
Draw the desired scene.
Try to keep a centre of focus.
Mark the dark and light areas with a

pencil lightly.
Colour from top to bottom, keeping the

highlight area free from colour.
with
visual
Fig.3
Composition with Nature
Fig.4
54
Decorative Composition
Draw sketches of any natural object such

as flowers, leaves, trees, birds, squirrels
etc.
Arrange them with each other in design

form, giving them ornamental shapes.
For a good composition apply colour with

the base concept of balance, rhythm and
harmony.
Fig.5
How to Draw and Paint a Composition?

STEP - 1
l
Draw any scene of your choice.
Keep one focal point or centre of

attraction.
The rest of the composition has been

made in perspective keeping the boat
almost as the centre of focus.
Mark the light, middle and dark areas.
Start colouring your composition from

the top.
Fig.1
STEP - 2
Fig.2
You can use brushes of different sizes

(both round and flat) according to your
need.
Broader area like sky can be done with

flat brush leaving the highlights.
55
STEP - 3
l
Apply the middle tone before the first coat

dries completely.
You have to ensure the colours dont

spread.
Apply the darkest tone.
Finish the painting with fine brush work

wherever necessary.
Fig.3
Do You Know?
Composition should have one central focal point.
Interesting elements, use of colours, shades, tones make composition enjoyable.
Strokes are very important as far as oil and acrylic colours are concerned.
Evaluate Yourself
Use geometric forms like rectangles, square, triangles and circles to make a composition.
Apply your imagination and make a composition based on nature.
Use flowers, leaves, butterflies to make a decorative composition.
Answer of Evaluation
Ans. 1.
Ans. 2.
56
Ans. 3.
1
Painting
Course Contents
1 Theory
Module - I
Introduction of Indian Art
1.
2.
3.
4.
History and Appreciation of Art (From 3000 BC to 600 AD)

History and Appreciation of Art From 7th AD to 12th AD
History and Appreciation of Art From 12th Century AD to 18th Century AD
Folk Art of India
Module - II
Introduction of Western Art
5. Renaissance
6. Impressionism
7. Cubism, Surrealism and Abstract Art
Module - III
Introduction of Contemporary Indian Art
8. Pioneers of Contemporary Indian Art
9. Contemporary Indian Art
2 Practical
10.
11.
12.
13.
Object study
Nature study
Human and Animal figure
Composition
Practical Guidelines
1.
Tools and Material
2.
Object study
3.
Nature study
4.
Human Figure
5.
Study of Animals and Birds
6.
Composition
ix
CURRICULUM FOR SECONDARY COURSE

PAINTING
(225)
RATIONALE
Painting is nothing but skills to express oneself through colour and proportion and it also helps
cultivate aesthetic sense. It further aims to develop the visual sense of the learner and to help
him/her appreciate expressive value of line, texture, space, rhythm etc.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this course are:
to develop the visual ideas;

to develop skill, ability and aesthetic attitude of the learner;
to develop the sense of space division, rhythm, texture and expressive value of line;
to work with various materials such as pencils, pastels, water and oil colour, ink etc.
COURSE STRUCTURE
This course in painting for the secondary level has been divided into two parts :1. Theory (30 Marks) : -
Module 1
Introduction of Indian Art (Lesson 1 to 4)
Module 2
Introduction of Western Art (Lesson 5 to 7)
Module 3
Introduction of Contemporary Indian Art (Lesson 8 to 9)
2.
Practical :(70 Marks)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Object and Nature study

Human and animal figure study
Composition
93
Unit wise Distribution of Core Module lessons
Marks
Min.
Study
time
(in
hours)
to each unit
to each
module
Theory :
Module - 1 : Introduction of Indian Art
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
Lesson 4
History and appreciation of Indian art from 3000

B.C - 600 A.D
History and appreciation of art from 7th Century
A.D - 12 Century A.D
History and appreciation of art from 13 Century
A.D - 18 Century A.D
Introduction to Indian Folk Art.
12
8
12
10
3
6
4
13
7
6
3
2
70
30
30
55
55
60
20
20
20
60
170
10
240
60
Module - 2 : Introduction of Western Art

Lesson 5
Lesson 6
Lesson 7
Renaissance
Impressionism and Post Impressionism
Cubism Sur-realism and Abstract Art
Module - 3 : Contemporary Indian Art
Lesson 8
Lesson 9
pioneers of contemporary Indian Art

Sub-Total
Practical :
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
Object and Nature study

Human and Animal Figure
Composition
Total
Portfolio Submission (Home Assignment)
Grand Total
94
10
100
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Module 1
Introduction of Indian Art
11 Marks
Approach :
The tradition of history of Indian folk & fine arts goes back probably to 5000 B.C. The Indus
Valley Civilization, the first protohistoric example of Indian art provides us with numerous
artefacts & artworks of this period. But unfortunately there is a missing link of almost 1000
years, after which the first historic period starts with the Mauryan art form. Through all the
periods the Fine Arts & Folk Arts traditions moved hand in hand with complete synthesis.
Ancient Indian art was basically religious in nature, influenced by Hinduism, Buddhism &
Jainism. Buddhist art, which flourished under the Mauryans (starting from Ashoka's time) and
developed through the following periods to reach its peak under the Guptas. While the Northern
Indian art shows distinct characteristic features. The Southern part of India also excelled in
artistic traditions, specially under the Pallavas, Cholas, Chalukyans and Hoysalas.. While
profound influence of Saivism & Vaisnavism gave different dimensions to the Dravidian art &
architecture, in the Central Indian in Vesara style we find an interesting blend of South Indian
(Dravida) & North Indian (Nagara) style. Beside this, India developed a rich tradition of
miniature paintings under the Mughals, Rajput Kings & in the foot hills of Punjab, Garhwal &
Jammu under the local rulers.
Lesson 1
History and appreciation of Indian art (from 3000 B.C - 600 A.D)
Topic
Dancing Girl
Rampurva Bull Capital
Black Princes
Lesson 2
History and appreciation of Indian art (from 7th Century A.D - 12 Century A.D)
Topic
Arjunas Penance or Gangavataraan
Krishna supporting mount goverdhan
Sur Sundari from sun temple of Konark
Lesson 3
History and appreciation of art (from 13 Century A.D - 18 Century A.D)

Topic
Guler Minature
Jain Miniature
Raslila, Terracotta
95
Lesson 4
Introduction to Indian Folk Arts
Module 2
Kantha from eastern region

Phulkari from Northern region
Kolam from Southern region
Introduction of Western Art
12
Marks
Approach :
To understand contemporary Indian Art it is very relevant to follow the different art movements
of Western world from 16th Century to 20th Century. Renaissance in West brought an immense
change in the outlook and aesthetics in European art, which were mainly contributed by great
High Renaissance artists. The endless research and innovations in the western art continued and
the focus kept on moving from realism, representational approach to non-realistic art forms. The
technical and aesthetical outcome also changed with "isms" like Cubism, surrealism &
abstractionism. The impact of this western art movements are to be noticed all over International
art including India. Modern Indian painters worked under this influence, gradually tried moving
towards finding their own identity.
Lesson 5
Renaissance Period :Objects

Monalisa
Pieta
Night Watch
Lesson 6
Artist
Leonardo da Vinci
Michael Angelo
Rembrandt
Impressionism and Post Impressionism :Objects

Water Lilies
Maulin de Gallette
Still life with Onions
Sunflower
Lesson 7
Artist
Monet
Renoir
Cezanne
Vincent Van Gaugh
Cubism Sur-realism and Abstract Art :Objects

Man with Violine
Persistence of Memory
Black Lines
96
Artist
Pablo Picasso
Salvador Dali
Kandinsky
Module 3
7 Marks
Approach
Under the British rule in India, art schools were established in the cities of Calcutta, Bombay &
Madras to train art students mainly in European style. Raja Ravi Varma from Travancore became
most popular during this period. He painted popular mythological scenes in very realistic style of
the west. Abanindra Nath Tagore from Bengal, nephew of Legendary Poet RabindraNath Tagore,
developed an indegenous style of painting and became the pioneer of the Bengal School. While
this movement was spreading all over India, Amrita Shergill, trained in Paris entered the Indian
art scene. In her works we find a blend of western technique and Indian theme. Rabindranath
Tagore himself started painting in an unique expressionist style. Almost during the same period
Jamini rediscovered the beauty of Folk art.
This was followed by many young Indian artists with individual views towards life. While
sculptor Prodosh Das Gupta and painter Paritosh Sen contributed towards the formation of the
"Calcutta Group". The "Progressive artist group" was founded due to the efforts of painters F.N.
Souza, Raza & others.
Lesson-8
Pioneer of Contemporary Indian Art
Lesson- 9
Topic
Hans Damayanti
Bramhcharis
Atrium
Object
Whirl Pool
Words and symbols
Church in Paris
Mural at Kala Bhavan,
Shantiniketan
Artist
Raja Ravi Varma
Amrita Shergil
Gagenendranath Tagore
Artist
Krishna Reddy
K.C.S.Panikar
Suza
Binode Bihari Mukherjee
97
PRACTICAL
Total Marks - 60
Part I : Object and Nature study
Study hours : 55
Marks 20
Approach ;
It is easy to conceive shapes and forms of objects and Man made or nature by studying these with
pencil, colours etc. It inculcates the habit of sketching and keen observation power in the learner.
They should use easily available objects from their home. like cup, plate, glass, book, pencil box
etc. and tree, mountain, hills, vegetables flower etc. for Nature study.
Material to be used : - Pencil, colour - pastel, Poster colour, water colours etc. brushes, colour
Pencil (HB - 2 B, 4 B, 6B), Avoid sketch pens.
Part II :
Human and Animal figure
Study hours : 55
Marks 20
Approach :
It is very important to understand the basic shapes on which all animate & inanimate object could
be visualized. Three basic shapes are (circle, square and triangle) to be arrange to achieve these
forms by arranging and rearranging these on the paper both with and with out cutout shapes.
Human and animal form to be drawn by the help of Basic Geometrical shapes, like :- Square,
circle, triangle of different sizes and free hand exercise to be done without the help of geometrical
shapes.
Material to be used :- Cut outs of Card board of above mention shapes/geometrical shapes,
colours, Pencil (HB - 2 B, 4 B, 6B), brushes.
Part III : Composition
Study hours : 60
Marks 20
Approach :
Free hand drawing directly from life & Nature would give a sense of all the elements of a
composition. Starting with basic design and various experiments to understand the forms. Use of
different colour will bring the sense of composition. The making of collages will be very helpful
to understand to textural quality of a composition.
With the help of the knowledge of previous lessons compositions are to be created with the
Geometrical shapes in animate and inanimate forms, taking care of rhythm, balance, space,
colours and harmony.
Collage to be created with the help of coloured cutout papers, picture from a magazine or any
easily available materials and taking care of all the elements of composition.
98
Material to be used : - Pencil (HB - 2 B, 4 B, 6B), any hard paper, marble/glaze papers,
wrapping papers, colourful magazine papers and left out cloth pieces to be pasted with strong
adhesive.
Port-folio submission
Marks 10
Learners need to submit portfolios with minimum Eight own works, which includes dating,
mounting and maintaining of each work.
Part 1 Object and Nature study (Minimum three works)
imperial size paper
One in pencil line drawing
one in colours
One in Pen and ink (Gel Pen, Sketch pen or ball pen)
Part 2 Human and animal figure study (Minimum three woeks)
imperial size paper
One in pencil line drawing for both (human and animal)
One with tone in pencil for the both (human and animal)
One in colour drawing for the both (human and animal)
Part 3 Composition (Minimum four works)
imperial size paper
One composition with line and colours (Poster or water colour)
One in collage.
One in pastel colour
One in pencil or pen and ink
SCHEME OF EVALUATION
Mode of Evaluation
Theory (One paper)
Practical One paper (3 parts) + Portfolio
Assessment
Duration in
hours
1
Marks
1+1+1=3 hrs.
70
Part I : Object and Nature Study

Composition and Drawing
Treatment of Media
Presentation
Part II : Human and Animal Figure Study

Arrangement of forms and including emphasis
on the subject
Treatment of Media
Presentation
Parts
30
8
8
4
20
8
8
4
20
II
70
99
Part III : Composition

Design and Layout
Treatment of Media
Presentation
Portfolio Submission
Complete work
Quality of work
Presentation
Self paced
Total
1 +3
100
8
8
4
20
3
5
2
10
III
100
PAINTING
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER DESIGN
Subject : Painting
Theory : 30
Class: Secondary
Practical : 70
Objectives
Marks
Knowledge
10
35%
Understanding
15
50%
15%
30
100%
Application
Total
Percentage of Total Marks
WEIGHTAGE BY TYPES OF QUESTIONS

Types of question
No. of
questions
Marks of
each question
Estimated time a
candidate is expected
Long Answer type
(3x3) 9/9 min.
27 Ms
Short Answer
(2x7) 4/6 min.
42 Ms
Very short answer
(1x7) 7/3 min
21 Ms
17
30
90 Ms
101
Module
No. of Questions
Marks
Total Marks
1. Introduction of Indian Art

!
Lesson -1
2x2 = 4
Lesson 2
1x1 = 1
Lesson 3
1x3 = 3
Lesson 4
3x1 = 3
2. Introduction of World Art

!
Lesson 5
1x3 =3
Lesson -6
3x2 = 6
Lesson 7
3x1 = 3
1
2
3
2
1x3 = 3
2x2 = 4
3. Introduction of Contemporary
Indian Art
! Lesson 8
! Lesson 9
Total 30
102
DIFFICULTY LEVEL OF QUESTION PAPER

Level
!
No
%age of
Marks given
Difficult
(can be attempted
by top students)
20%
Average
(can be attempted by students who have
regularly studied the materials but
may not have given sufficient time to
writing practice
50%
Easy
(can be attempted satisfactorily by
students who have gone through the study
materials)
30%
100%
103
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER

Time : 1 hours
Marks : 30
Attempt all questions

!
!
The question having 1 mark should be answered in about 10 words

The question having 2 marks should be answered in about 30 words.
The question having 3 marks should be answered in about 50 words.
1.
Describe the Dancing Girl, metal Sculpture and mention its finding site.
2.
Choose a painting from Ajanta and appreciate its style and technique.
3.
Write very short note on any one of the following.
a. Arjunas Penance"
b. Konark
c. Krishna supporting Mount Govardhan
4.
How did Rajput painting develop? What are the contributions of Guler School in its
development?
3
5.
What is Kolam? What kinds of symbolic forms are used in it?
6.
What is the meang of Phulkari? Write few lines on Phulkari design.
7.
Mention the motifs and designs of Kantha art.
8.
Assess the role of Renaissance in formulation of new forms of painting style. How did it
affect the painters like Botticelli and Leonardo da Vinci.
3
or
Do you consider Michelangelo as the greatest sculptor of Renaissance? Justify your answer.
9.
Write about the main features of Impressionist Painting.
10. What were Renoir's preferences in choosing the themes of his paintings. Explain with example.
11. Write two important features of Cezanne's painting Still Life with Onions.
104
12. What is Cubism? Who are the artists to begin this style?
13. Why Salvador Dali is so famous? Name one of his famous paintings.
14. Write notes on any one of the following.
a. Kandinsky
b. Man with violin
c. Abstract Art.
15. Answer any one of the following questions.
a. Write in brief on the kind of art evolved in the beginning of British Raj in India.
b. Write an appreciative note on Gaganendranath Tagore.
16 What is Graphics or Print Making? Name some of the print making techniques.
17 Neither his poor eyesight in young age and blindness in later age could stop his creative urge.
Who is this painter? Describe one of his paintings.
2
105
MARKING SCHEME
Subject Painting
Q.No.
Expected answer
1.
This beautiful female metal statue was found in

Indus valley. It's curious posture is noticeable.
The figure shows the artist's accurate metal casting

with her right hand at her waist and her left hand on
her left thigh. The craftmanship and artistic skill has
been blended successfully.
Black Princess of Gupta period was found in one of

the caves of Ajanta near Aurangabad.
This lyrical painting made of tempara technique shows

the free flowing line and rhythm of the body
contour.
a.
2.
3.
b.
c.
4.
Distribution of
Marks
From Pallava Period at Mamallapuram. On a huge

boulder relief sculpture identified as the
story of Arjunas Penance and according to
some others "Gangavatarana".
or
The sun temple at Konark, Orissa. Beautiful
Sulputers of Surasundaris are carved.
or
This sculpture is from Hoysala period at
Belur. The carvings are delicate and intricate.
After the fall of many dynasties, a form of

art developed in the western part of India
in Rajasthan and Punjab hills. This is known as Rajput
painting. Rajput paintings flourished from the
16th Century A.D. to 19th Century A.D. This style is
106
Total
Marks
2
1
1
1
3
Q.No.
Expected answer
Distribution
Marks
Total
Marks
a combination of folk and classical paintings of India.

Later it was influenced by Mughal miniature painting.
Guler was a small State in the hills of Punjab
and a most important centre of Pahari painting.
The style flourished between 1450 A.D. to 1780 A.D.
It is characterized by Romance and myth of
Radhakrishna.
5.
7.
8.
Kolam is floor decoration with Rice paste.

It is painted on the floor by House wife during
festivals with symbolic forms like pitchers, lamps and
coconut trees.
It means flowered work. This term is

used for a type of embroidary in Punjab.
Basic motifs are geometric
Motifs and designs are taken from rural

landscape, ritualistic mandala and
objects of everyday life.
Renaissance is a word which means Rebirth.

This period is known for new experiments in every
field, including the art of painting and sculpture.
Through 14th C.A.D to 18th C.A.D experiments on use
of light, shadow, foreshortening and perspective were
carried by great masters like Leonardo Da Vinci,
Raphael, Botlicelli, Michel Angelo. Botlicelli showed
skill in the drawing of anatomy in his own style. He used
cool artificial light to achieve soft harmonious beauty
in his work. On the other hand, Vinci experimented
with dramatic contrast of light and shade.
He gave emphasis on the psychological aspect of
expression, for example Monalisa.
OR
107
Q.No.
Expected answer
Distribution
Marks
Michel Angelo is definitely the greatest sculptor of

Renaissance period. He was a master in handling
marble. One of his master pieces is Pieta. It is
the most highly finished work of Michel Angelo. The
sculpture has unique drapery movement and strong
anatomy details.
His other famous works, 'Moses,'
'David' etc. are enough to regard him as the
great master.
9.
Impressionism was an artistic movement. The exhibition

was held in 1874. The painters followed a style
concerned with effect of life and colours.
It came to represent a great change between
classical and modern painting. The pioneers
of this style are Monet, Renoir and Dega.
10.
Renoir was a French Impressionist artist. He painted

mainly sentimental and charming paintings. He preferred
to paint group composition, portraits and female
model studies.
He used shades of purple, white and blue tones to
unite modelling of figures, dressed in fashionable clothes
in the painting like Moulin de-la Galette.
11.
Cazenne was a post impressionist painter who emphasized

on expression. He showed simplification of forms.
Total
Marks
1
2
In his painting Still Life with Onions he used plain

colour strokes. Composition shows vertical and
horizontal breaks with arrangement of three
dimensional space.
12.
Cubism the a style of painting and sculpture in which

everthing in nature is treated as cylinder and sphere.
13.
Dali is famous for surrealist painting. He used his

paintings to depict the world of absurd and unusual
strange elements.
108
Q.No.
14.
15.
Expected answer
Distribution
Marks
(a)
Kandinsky is pioneer of abstract painting. His

works are combination of abstract and
geometric.
(b)
This cubist painting is done by Picasso. It is

a fine example of analytical cubism.
(c)
Abstract art is a general term of

non-representional art, which rejects depiction of
contemporary world in a realistic way.
At the beginning of British Raj, Indian art displayed

general decline. Fresco painting, miniature painting ceased
to exist. Indian artist started to follow European style
and technique of art with oil and water colour medium.
Raja Ravi Verma painted Indian themes from Mythology
and Epics. Abanindranath invented his personal style of
Bengal school. Rabindranath brought abstraction and
introduced post impressionist style. Jamini Roy gave a
sophisticated form to Folk Art.
OR
16.
Total
Marks
Gaganendranath was a leading figure in Contemporary

Indian art. He showed inclination towards cubism, but
developed individual style with abstract geometric
structure.
He was also a great critic of his time and his social

cartoons were popular. One of his paintings Atrium
is a remarkable work of Cubist influence.
Graphics is a process of multiplying pictures through

printing.
There are different kinds of print making technique viz.

Etching, Dry point, aquatint, intaglio, lithography,
oliography, silk screen etc.
109
Q.No.
Expected answer
Distribution
Marks
17.
Benode Behari Mukherjee was the artist, who kept on

creating in spite of his blindness.
He created a huge mural at Kala Bhavan, Santiniketan, in

West Bengal, after he became completely blind.
110
Total
Marks

NIOS Sec Painting

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

NIOS Sec Painting

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Learner Guide

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING

National Institute of Open Schooling

Dr. Kuldeep Agarwal

Prof. K.M. Chaudhuri

Mrs. B.M. Chaudhuri

Mr. Vinod Kumar

Mr. Sumitav Pal

Mrs. Sanchita Bhattacharjee

Dr. Sunil Kumar

Dr. Bindulika Sharma

Mrs. Susmita Das Pal

Mrs. Sumita Chawhan

Prof. Niren Sengupta

Mrs. Sanchita Bhattacharjee

Ms. Babita Chauhan

Mr. Joy Roy Chaudhury

Mr. Dinesh Thapliyal

Ms. Richa Jain

From the Director (Academic)....

Dr. Kuldeep Agarwal

Time Management before and during examination

How to Answer Questions

History and Appreciation of Art

History and Appreciation of Art

History and Appreciation of Art from

Folk Art of India

Cubism, Surrealism and Abstract Art

Pioneers of Contemporary Indian Art

Contemporary Indian Art

Human and Animal Figures

Objective of the Learners Guide

To facilitate revision of the study materials in

To strengthen the learning of the content

To support the learners to enhance their

To highlight the important concepts and points

While preparing assignments focus on the

Tutor Marked Assignments (TMA)

How to prepare a Good Assignments

Responding to the comments of Tutors

Significance of Tutor Marked Assignments

Needless to say that there is great significance

concerned subject and also the level of his

Do reach your Examination Centre well

Myth about Examinations

Keep in mind that you have to complete

The myth about the Examinations is that it is

Revising for Examinations

Tips for preparing for Examinations

Do revise your lesson/study material

Maintain the required level of self

Do not allow yourself to suffer from

Tips for preparing for Practical

The Practical Examination involves

Sufficient practice in advance by the

Do not forget to bring items of material

Time management before and during examination

Indicate exactly what you plan to achieve

Painting Theory 2-4pm;

Benefits of time management

Makes life balanced

Preparing over a period

Studying all the time

Working long hours