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NinedashlineWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Ninedashline
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Theninedashline,previouslythe"elevendashline",isthe
demarcationlineusedinitiallybythegovernmentoftheRepublicof
China(ROC/Taiwan)andsubsequentlyalsobythegovernmentofthe
People'sRepublicofChina(PRC),fortheirclaimsofthemajorpartof
theSouthChinaSea.[1][2]ThecontestedareaintheSouthChinaSea
includestheParacelIslands,[3]theSpratlyIslands,[4][5]andvariousother
areasincludingthePratasIslands,theMacclesfieldBankandthe
ScarboroughShoal.TheclaimencompassestheareaofChineseland
reclamationknownasthe"greatwallofsand".[6][7][8][9]
AnearlymapshowingaUshapedelevendashlinewaspublishedinthe
thenRepublicofChinaon1December1947.[10]Twoofthedashesin
theGulfofTonkinwerelaterremovedatthebehestofChinesePremier
ZhouEnlai,reducingthetotaltonine.[11]Subsequenteditionsaddeda
dashtotheotherendoftheline,extendingitintotheEastChinaSea.[12]

Theninedashline(highlightedin
green)asformerlyclaimedbythe
PRC.

Despitehavingmadethevagueclaimpublicin1947,Chinahasnot(as
of2016)filedaformalandspecificallydefinedclaimtotheareawithin
thedashes.[13]ChinaaddedatenthdashlinetotheeastofTaiwanisland
in2013asapartofitsofficialsovereigntyclaimtothedisputedterritoriesintheSouthChinaSea.[12][14][15]
On12July2016,thePermanentCourtofArbitrationinTheHaguegavealandmarkrulingstatingthatthe
People'sRepublicofChinahasnolegalbasisforitsclaimovertheninedashlineinacasebroughtbythe
Philippines.ThecourtjudgedthattherewasnoevidencethatChinahadhistoricallyexercisedexclusivecontrol
overthewatersorresourceswithintheninedashline.ThePhilippines,Vietnam,Japan,andmostofthe
countriesaroundtheworldapprovedthisjudgement,howevertherulingwasrejectedbytheChinese
government.[16]

Contents
1 History
2 Ongoingdisputes
2.1 2016ruling
3 Seealso
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 Externallinks

History
FollowingthedefeatofJapanattheendofWorldWarII,theRepublicofChina(Taiwan)reclaimedthe
entiretyoftheParacels,PratasandSpratlyIslandsafteracceptingtheJapanesesurrenderoftheislandsbasedon
theCairoandPotsdamDeclarations.However,underthe1943CairoDeclarationand1945Potsdam
Proclamation,sovereigntyoverthearchipelagosandwatersofSouthChinaSeaisneverstated.

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InNovember1946,theRepublicofChinasentnavalshipstotakecontrolof
theseislandsafterthesurrenderofJapan.WhenthePeaceTreatywithJapan
wasbeingsignedattheSanFranciscoConference,onSeptember7,1951,both
ChinaandVietnamassertedtheirrightstotheislands.LaterthePhilippine
governmentalsolaidclaimtosomeislandsofthearchipelagoes.[17]

China's1947mapdepicting
the"elevendashline".

Theninedashlinewasoriginallyanelevendashlinefirstshownonamap
publishedbythegovernmentofthethenRepublicofChina(191249)in
December1947tojustifyitsclaimsintheSouthChinaSea.[11]The1947map,
titled"MapofSouthChinaSeaIslands,"originatedfromanearlieronetitled
"MapofChineseIslandsintheSouthChinaSea"(Zhongguonanhaidaoyutu)
publishedbytheRepublicofChina'sLandandWaterMapsInspection
Committeein1935.[14]AftertheCommunistPartyofChinatookovermainland
ChinaandformedthePeople'sRepublicofChinain1949,thelinewasadopted
andrevisedtonineasendorsedbyZhouEnlai.[11]AfterevacuatingtoTaiwan,
theRepublicofChinahascontinueditsclaims,andtheninedashlineremains
astherationaleforTaiwan'sclaimstotheSpratlyandParacelIslands.

UnderPresidentLeeTenghui,Taiwanstatedthat"legally,historically,geographically,orinreality",allofthe
SouthChinaSeaandSpratlyislandswereTaiwan'sterritoryandunderTaiwanesesovereignty,anddenounced
actionsundertakentherebyMalaysiaandthePhilippines,inastatementon13July1999releasedbythe
foreignministryofTaiwan.[18]TaiwanandChina'sclaimsmirroreachother.[19]Duringinternationaltalks
involvingtheSpratlyislands,ChinaandTaiwanhavecooperatedwitheachothersincebothhavethesame
claims.[19][20]
TheRepublicofChina(Taiwan)rejectedallrivalclaimstotheParacelislands,repeatingitspositionthatallof
theParacel,Spratly,Zhongsha(MacclesfieldBankgroupedwithScarboroughShoal)andPratasIslandsIslands
belongtotheRepublicofChinaalongwith"theirsurroundingwatersandrespectiveseabedandsubsoil",and
thatTaiwanviewsotherclaimsasillegitimate,inastatementreleasedbyTaiwan'sMinistryofForeignAffairs
whichadded"ThereisnodoubtthattheRepublicofChinahassovereigntyoverthearchipelagosand
waters."[21]
TheninedashlinehasbeenusedbyChinatoshowthemaximumextentofitsclaimwithoutindicatinghowthe
dasheswouldbejoinedifitwascontinuousandhowthatwouldaffecttheextentoftheareaclaimedby
China.[11]ThePhilippines,Vietnam,Malaysia,BruneiandIndonesiahaveallofficiallyprotestedovertheuse
ofsuchaline.[22]ImmediatelyafterChinasubmittedamaptotheUNincludingtheninedashlinesterritorial
claimintheSouthChinaSeaon7May2009,thePhilippineslodgedadiplomaticprotestagainstChinafor
claimingthewholeofSouthChinaSeaillegally.VietnamandMalaysiafiledtheirjointprotestadayafter
ChinasubmitteditsninedashlinemaptotheUN.Indonesiaalsoregistereditsprotest,eventhoughitdidnot
haveaclaimontheSouthChinaSea.[5]
In2013thePRCextendedtheirclaimswithanewtendashmap.The"new"dash,however,istotheeastof
TaiwanandnotintheSouthChinaSea.[12]
AlthoughChinahasnotprovidedanofficialaccount,thefirstdashedlinemapiswidelyreportedbyscholars
andcommentatorstopredatetheexistenceofthePeoplesRepublicofChina,havingbeenpublishedin1947
bytheNationalistgovernmentoftheRepublicofChina.Thatmap,whichshows11dashes.Scholarlyaccounts
indicatethatthe1947map,titledMapofSouthChinaSeaIslands,originatedfromanearlieronetitledMap
ofChineseIslandsintheSouthChinaSea(Zhongguonanhaidaoyutu)publishedbytheRepublicofChinas
LandandWaterMapsInspectionCommitteein1935,andthatChinesemapsproducedaftertheestablishment
ofthePeoplesRepublicofChinain1949appeartofollowtheoldmaps.ThemapspublishedbythePeoples
RepublicofChina,however,removedthetwodashesoriginallydepictedinsidetheGulfofTonkin.Although
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notvisibleonthe2009map,modernChinesemapssinceatleast1984,
includingtheverticallyorientedmapspublishedbyChinain2013and
2014alsoincludeatenthdashlocatedtotheeastofTaiwan.[23]

Ongoingdisputes
AccordingtoformerPhilippinePresidentBenignoAquinoIII,"China's
ninedashlineterritorialclaimovertheentireSouthChinaSeaisagainst
internationallaws,particularlytheUnitedNationsConventionofthe
LawsoftheSea(UNCLOS)".[24]Vietnamalsorejectedtheninedash
lineclaim,citingthatitisbaselessandagainsttheUNCLOS.[25]In
2010,ataregionalconferenceinHanoi,SecretaryofStateHillary
Clintonannouncedthat"TheUnitedStateshasanationalinterestin
freedomofnavigation,openaccesstoAsia'smaritimecommons,and
respectforinternationallawintheSouthChinaSea".[26]TheUnited
StateshasalsocalledforunfetteredaccesstotheareathatChinaclaims
asitsown,andaccusedBeijingofadoptinganincreasinglyaggressive
stanceonthehighseas.[26]

Dash4locationinChinese2009
(solidred)&1984maps.Dash4is
24nmfromthecoastofMalaysiaon
theislandofBorneoand133nm
fromLouisaReef. [23]JamesShoal
(ZengmuAnsha),the"Southernmost
pointofChina",lay21metersunder
thesea,accordingtothe1984map.

Asearlyas1958,theChinese
governmentreleaseda
documentpertainingtoits
territoriallimits,[27]stating
thatChina'sterritorialwaters
covertwelvenauticalmiles,
andannouncingthatthis
provisionappliesto"allthe
territoryofPeople'sRepublic
ofChina,includingthe
Chinesemainlandand
offshoreislands,Taiwanand
itssurroundingislands,the
PenghuIslands,theDongsha
Islands,XishaIslands,
ZhongshaIslands,theNansha
Islandsandotherislands
belongingtoChina".[28][29]
Somepartieshavequestioned
thejurisdictionoftheUnited
NationsConventionofthe
LawsoftheSeaonthe
dispute,arguingthatthe
conventiondoesnotsupport
claimsbasedonsovereignty
ortitle,andinsteadraisesthe
righttocontinueusingthe
watersfortraditionalpurpose.[30][31]
WhileChinahasneverusedtheninedashlineasaninviolablebordertoitssovereignty,thisstrategytogether
withthefactthatChina'sgovernmenthasneverofficiallyexplainedthemeaningoftheninedashlinehaveled
manyresearcherstotrytoderivetheexactmeaningsoftheninedashlinemapintheChinesestrategyinthe
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SouthChinaSea.Somescholarsbelievethatthislinecannotbe
consideredasamaritimeboundarylinebecauseitviolatesmaritime
laws,whichstatesthatanationalboundarylinemustbeastableand
definedone.Theninedashlineisnotstablebecauseithasbeenreduced
fromeleventoninedashesintheGulfofTonkinasendorsedbyZhou
Enlaiwithoutanyreasonsgiven.Itisalsonotadefinedlinebecauseit
doesnothaveanyspecificgeographiccoordinatesanddoesnottellhow
itcanbeconnectedifitwasacontinuousline.[33]

China'sninedashmapsubmissionto
theUNin2009heightenedthe
dispute.Thefirstpageaddresses
China'sclaimtothe"islandsinthe
SouthChinaSeaandtheadjacent
waters",thesecondpage,thenine
dashmap,isnotclearastothe
meaningofthemap[32]

Onpage4of2012Chineseeighthgradegeographytextbookisamapof
Chinawiththe9dashlineandapopupboxwiththetextThe
southernmostpointofourcountrysterritoryisZengmuAnsha(James
Shoal)intheNanshaIslands.Chinesestudentswereaskedtomeasure
thedistanceof5500kmfromMoheCounty,ontheAmurRiverto
JamesShoal,80km(50mi)offtheMalaysiancoast.[34]ShanZhiqiang,
theexecutivechiefeditoroftheChineseNationalGeographymagazine,
wrotein2013:"Theninedashed[...]isnowdeeplyengravedinthe
heartsandmindsoftheChinesepeople."[34]
AstudyoftheOfficeofOceanandPolarAffairs,U.S.Departmentof
Statein2014saidaboutapossibleinterpretationthat"theplacementof
thedasheswithinopenoceanspacewouldsuggestamaritimeboundary
orlimit".[23]

InOctober2008,thewebsiteWikiLeakspublishedacablefromtheUS
EmbassyinBeijingreportingthatYinWenqiang,aseniorChinesegovernmentmaritimelawexpert,had
"admitted"hewasunawareofthehistoricalbasisfortheninedashes.[35]
AccordingtotheKyodoNews,inMarch2010PRCofficialstoldUSofficialsthattheyconsidertheSouth
ChinaSeaa"coreinterest"onparwithTaiwan,TibetandXinjiang,[36]butsubsequentlybackedawayfromthat
assertion[37][38][39]InJuly2010theCommunistPartycontrolledGlobalTimesstatedthat"Chinawillnever
waiveitsrighttoprotectitscoreinterestwithmilitarymeans"[40]andaMinistryofDefensespokesmansaid
that"ChinahasindisputablesovereigntyoftheSouthSeaandChinahassufficienthistoricalandlegalbacking"
tounderpinitsclaims.[41]
AttheConferenceonMaritimeStudyorganisedbytheUSbasedCenterforStrategicandInternationalStudies
(CSIS)inJune2011,SuHaooftheChinaForeignAffairsUniversityinBeijingdeliveredaspeechonChinas
sovereigntyandpolicyintheSouthChinaSea,usinghistoryasthemainargument.However,Termsak
Chalermpalanupap,AssistantDirectorforProgramCoordinationandExternalRelationsoftheASEAN
Secretariat,said:Idontthinkthatthe1982UnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSea(UNCLOS)
recognizeshistoryasthebasistomakesovereigntyclaims.PeterDuttonoftheUSNavalWarCollegeagreed,
saying,Thejurisdictionoverwatersdoesnothaveconnectiontohistory.ItmustobservetheUNCLOS.
DuttonstressedthatusinghistorytoexplainsovereigntyerodestherulesoftheUNCLOS.[42]Itisunderstood
thatChinaratifiedtheUNCLOSin1996.[43]
MaritimeresearcherCarlyleThayer,EmeritusProfessorofPoliticsoftheUniversityofNewSouthWales,said
thatChinesescholarsusinghistoricalheritagetoexplainitsclaimofsovereigntyshowsthelackoflegal
foundationundertheinternationallawfortheclaim.[44]CaitlynAntrim,ExecutiveDirector,RuleofLaw
CommitteefortheOceansoftheUSA,commentedthat"TheUshapedlinehasnogroundunderthe
internationallawbecause[the]historicalbasisisveryweak".Sheadded"IdontunderstandwhatChinaclaims
forinthatUshapedline.Iftheyclaimsovereigntyoverislandsinsidethatline,thequestioniswhethertheyare
abletoprovetheirsovereigntyovertheseislands.IfChinaclaimedsovereigntyovertheseislands500yearsago
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andthentheydidnotperformtheirsovereignty,theirclaimof
sovereigntybecomesveryweak.Foruninhabitedislands,theycanonly
claimterritorialseas,notexclusiveeconomiczones(EEZ)fromthe
islands.[42]

2016ruling
InJanuary2013,thePhilippinesformallyinitiatedarbitration
proceedingsagainstChina'sterritorialclaimonthe"ninedashline",
whichitsaidisunlawfulundertheUnitedNationsConventiononthe
LawoftheSea(UNCLOS)convention.Chinahoweverrefusedto
participateinthearbitration.[45][46]Aarbitrationtribunalwasconstituted
underAnnexVIIofUNCLOSanditwasdecidedinjuly2013thatthe
PermanentCourtofArbitrationwouldfunctionasregistryinthe
proceedings.[47]
OnJuly12,2016,thefivearbitratorsofthetribunalagreedunanimously
withthePhilippines.Theyconcludedintheawardthattherewasno
evidencethatChinahadhistoricallyexercisedexclusivecontroloverthe
watersorresources,hencetherewas"nolegalbasisforChinatoclaim
historicrights"overtheninedashline.[48][49]Thetribunalalsojudged
thatChinahadviolatedthePhilippines'sovereignrightsandcaused
"severeharmtothecoralreefenvironment".[16][50]Chinahowever
rejectedtheruling,callingit"illfounded"theChinesePresidentXi
Jinpingsaidthat"China'sterritorialsovereigntyandmarinerightsinthe
SouthChinaSeawillnotbeaffectedbythesocalledPhilippinesSouth
ChinaSearulinginanyway",butChinawasstill"committedto
resolvingdisputes"withitsneighbours.[16][51]Taiwan,whichcurrently
administersTaipingIslandwhichisthelargestoftheSpratlyIslands,
alsorejectedtheruling.[52]

ThemapfromChina's2009Note
VerbalesubmittedtotheUN[32]
containssomeerrors:
*Thescaleatthebottomiswrong1
kmismisrepresentedas635meters
yielding200nauticalmiles(370km)
versustheactual127NM(235km)
*LSnDistrictislandsisvirtually
invisiblewhilesimilarsizedislands
suchCuLaoChamareclearly
represented
*TritonIslandintheParacel
archipelagoisnotonthemap

Seealso
BaselinesoftheChineseterritorialsea
Firstislandchain
Listofirredentistclaimsordisputes
TerritorialdisputesintheSouthChinaSea

References
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eachclaimeitherpartoralltheislands,whichare
believed(hoped)tositonvastmineralresources,
includingoilandgas.
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Sea:AChinesePerspective.ChandosAsianStudiesSeries.ElsevierReed.ISBN1780633556.

Externallinks
China's2009twopagedocumentsubmissiontotheU.N.introducingtheninedashlinemap(http://www.
un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mysvnm33_09/chn_2009re_mys_vnm_e.pdf)(archivedhere
(http://web.archive.org/web/20090529204756/http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/
mysvnm33_09/chn_2009re_mys_vnm_e.pdf))
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ninedash_line&oldid=729750812"
Categories: TerritorialdisputesofthePhilippines TerritorialdisputesofChina
TerritorialdisputesofMalaysia TerritorialdisputesofVietnam
TerritorialdisputesoftheRepublicofChina SouthChinaSea DisputedterritoriesinSoutheastAsia
Irredentism
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon14July2016,at08:53.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmay
apply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisaregistered
trademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

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