Figure 1.
I. I NTRODUCTION
TMR
332
Figure 2.
N oF = 0
V OT ER M Is sets F (As , B, Cs )
N oF = 1,
Consensus All Clear (all set N )
M Is has N M As sets F
M Is resets (sets N )
M Is has F M Is sets F
M As resets (sets N )
N oF = 2,
Consensus remain
M Is has N M As sets F ,
M Is resets (sets N )
M Is has F M Is sets F ,
M Is resets (sets N )
Stateful TMR
Figure 3.
decision of state
333
Figure 5.
Permanent failure
Figure 6.
Transient failure
B. Permanent failure
Figs.7 to 9 show the simulation results for permanent
failure. Fig. 7 shows the simulation results for a failure rate
of 0.001.
In this simulation, TMR initially has higher reliability than
the single module, but this decreases over time. Stateful
TMR has higher reliability and better fault tolerance than
both TMR and the single module.
Fig. 8 shows the simulation results for a failure rate of
0.005. In this simulation, the reliability of TMR is initially
slightly higher than the single module, but in the end the
reliability is lower. Stateful TMR has higher reliability than
the single module and TMR.
Fig. 9 shows the simulation results for a failure rate of
0.01. In this simulation, TMR initially has higher reliability
than the single module, but in the end, the reliability of TMR
is lower. Stateful TMR has higher reliability than both the
single module and TMR.
According to the simulation results, TMR has low fault
tolerance in each pattern, but towards the end, it has lower
NONE
TMR
Stateful TMR
0.9
0.8
Reliability (R)
0.7
A. Evaluation method
In this study, we evaluated both permanent and transient
failures through our simulations. Permanent failure occurs if
a failed module never recovers, while transient failure occurs
if a failed module can recover to some degree. Taking this
into consideration, the failure rate (p, 0 p 1) is dened
as the number of failed modules per unit time. The recovery
rate (q, 0 q 1) is dened as the number of failed
modules recovered per unit time. Figs.5 and 6 illustrate the
denition of permanent and transient failure, respectively.
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Time (t)
Figure 7.
334
800
900
1000
NONE
TMR
Stateful TMR
NONE
TMR
Stateful TMR
0.9
0.8
0.8
Reliability (R)
Reliability (R)
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
100
200
300
Figure 8.
400
500
Time (t)
600
700
800
900
1000
100
200
Figure 10.
300
400
500
Time (t)
600
700
900
1000
NONE
TMR
Stateful TMR
800
NONE
TMR
Stateful TMR
0.9
0.8
Reliability (R)
Reliability (R)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.7
0.6
0.2
0.5
100
200
300
Figure 9.
400
500
Time (t)
600
700
800
900
0.4
1000
100
200
Figure 11.
300
400
500
Time (t)
600
700
800
900
1000
V. E VALUATION
In this section, we evaluate fault tolerant performance with
permanent and transient faults. Table I gives an evaluation
of the simulation results for permanent faults. In evaluating
335
VI. C ONCLUSION
NONE
TMR
Stateful TMR
0.99
0.98
Reliability (R)
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.9
100
200
Figure 12.
300
400
500
Time (t)
600
700
800
900
1000
TMR
Stateful TMR
permanent
Failure Rate: high
Failure Rate: low
middle
low
high
high
R EFERENCES
[1] D. K. Pradhan, Fault-Tolerant Computer System Design,
Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1996
[2] M. Abd-El-Barr, Design and Analysis of Reliable and Fault
Tolerant Computer Systems, Imperial College Press, London,
2007
[3] J. Vial, A. Bosio, P. Girard, C. Landrault, S.Pravossoudovitch,
and A.virazel, Using TMR Architectures for Yield Improvement, Proceeding of IEEE Defect and Fault Tolerance in
VLSI Systems, pp. 7-15, 2008
[4] K. Matsumoto, M. Uehara, and H. Mori, Proposal of Stateful
Relilability Counter Small-World Cellular Nueral Networks,
In Proc. of the 3rd International Conference on Complex,
Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems (CISIS2009),
pp.154-161, 2009
[5] K. Matsumoto, M. Uehara, and H. Mori, Evaluation of
Stateful Reliabilit Counter in Small-World Cellular Neural
Networks, In Proc. of 2009 Intrenational Conference on
Network-Based Information Systems (NBiS2009), pp. 417423, 2009
Table II
T RANSIENT FAILURES
TMR
Stateful TMR
transient
Recovery Rate: low Recovery Rate: high
low
high
middle
high
336