&
RUNWAY ENGINEERING
Payload-Range
Range- distance the aircraft can fly is called
range
Range increases as payload decreases
Point A: range at maximum payload, fuel tank
not completely filled.
Point B: fuel tank completely filled. Aircraft take
off at MTOW
Point C: maximum distance without payload
(ferry range). Take off weight less than
maximum
Payload-Range
For the maximum structural landing
weight, path DE is followed. ( How long
the aircraft can fly with maximum structural
payload)
Limitation of Payload
Cant get lighter than empty operational
empty weight (OEW)
Pavement structure designed on
maximum taxi, take-off and landing
weights. Provides upper limits
Need fuel for reserves and trip, limited by
tank size
What is left over is for useful pay load
Problem
Aircraft Weight Characteristics
Weight (lbs)
220000
198000
182513
125513
57000
Fuel capacity
75400
Reserve fuel
1.25 h
Average speed
540 mile/h
Fuel burning
22.8 lbs/mile
Example B777-300
Assume you need to fly 100,000 lbs about
3250 nautical miles at 6000 ft elevation
runways
1500 m or over
1200 m to 1499 m
< 1200 mm
Design Template
Draw three equidistant parallel lines on
transparent template. The middle line is
the runway centre line and the distance
between outside lines represents the cross
wind component
Template placed on the wind rose such
that the centre line passes through the
centre of the wind rose
35
25
20
15
15 mph
15 mph
23
24
26
28
LANDING
CASE
32
Takeoff (ft)
Landing (ft)
B747-200 B
10500
6150
DC-10-30
10490
5960
Concorde
10280
8000
B727-200
10080
4800
A300 B4
8740
5590
B737-200
6550
4290
DC-9-50
7880
4680
F28-2000
5490
3540
F27-500
5470
3290
SD3-30
3900
3400
33
Components of Runway
Clear Way (CL)
Rectangular area beyond the runway not less
than 500 ft wide and not longer than 1000 ft.
Extend from the end of runway with a slope
not exceeding 1.25% above which no object
protrude except for threshold lights on two
sides of the runway (not higher than 26 in)
Allows aircraft to climb to a height of 11 m.
34
35
CLEARWAY
36
STOPWAY (SW)
Area beyond the runway width not less
than runway.
Paved surface that allows aircraft to stop
in situation of abandoned takeoff (engine
failure in turbine aircraft is not very
common)
Permit use of lesser strength pavement for
turbine powered, while for piston aircraft require
FS for entire SW
37
STOPWAY
38
41
42
44
45
Landing Case-IV
The landing distance should be 66.7%
longer than the demonstrated distance to
stop (SD) an aircraft.
Crosses the threshold at 15 m in height.
FL4= LD4
where LD =SD /0.6
FS4= LD4
46
Field Length
STOPWAY
Note:
If both ends of runway are to be used by aircraft,
the field length component (FS, SW and CL)
must exist in each direction
48
Problem
Normal Take off Case
Lift off distance = 7000 ft
Distance to clear 35 ft height = 8000 ft
Engine Failure
Lift off distance = 8200 ft
Distance to clear 35 ft height = 9100 ft
Normal Landing
Stop distance = 5000 ft