MODELS OF TEACHING FAMILIES OF MODELS.

Simply put models of teaching deal with the ways in which learning environments and
instructional experiences can be constructed, sequenced, or delivered.
Families of models:
Basically there are two types of models of teaching ones that can be cleanly categorized and
placed into one of the classic philosophical orientation groupings social; informationprocessing; personal; or behavioral systems; or ones that are hybrid/mixed models that have
combined elements from different families of learning like those that can be labeled as
constructivist.
Descriptions of each of the traditional families:
Personal source (aka Personalist): This group of approaches acknowledges the uniqueness of
each learner. Methods in this category foster the importance of individuals in creating, directing,
and structuring personal meaning. Also models in this area are often targeted to foster things like
self-esteem, self-efficacy, emotional and personal understanding and acceptance. Carl Rogers
Non-directive Teaching Model would be a good example for this group.
Social interaction: This group of methods aims at building learning communities and purports to
develop productive ways of interacting in a democratic setting. These models also emphasize
that human learning occurs in social settings and through modeled behaviors and social
exchanges. The Schaftels Role Playing Model is one of the more popular models in this group.
Donald Olivers The Jurisprudence Model also exemplifies a form of social learning.
Information processing: This is the largest grouping of approaches aimed at emphasizing ways of
learning specific information and of acquiring and organizing data, solving problems, and
developing concepts and language. As the categorical title obviously implies, models confined to
this category deal with intellectual development, powers of reasoning and logic, aiding students

in organizing and retaining information, and in enhancing their metacognitive functions.

Primary examples designate in this area of might be David Ausubels Advanced Organizers, or
Jerome Bruners Concept Attainment models.
Behavioral: Behavioral techniques are amenable to highly structured outcomes that concentrate
on observable objectives such as learning to read, physical skills, behavioral and emotional
adaptations and restructuring. These models are highly structured with finite goals toward
specific pre-determined ends. B. F. Skinner is one of the more well know developers of
behavioral techniques like his Operant Conditioning.

TEAM TEACHING

Team teaching is a style of instruction in which resources well as interests and expertises of a
team of teachers are pooled in order to enhance the effectiveness of the instruction/ curriculum
transaction to the maximum possible by utalising all facilities available in school. The team has
been defined as , a type of instructional organization, involving teaching personal and students
assigned to them, in which two or more teachers are given responsibility of working together,
for all or significant part of the instruction of the same group of students. Team teaching as the
name suggests signifies the teaching work and activities organized by a team of individuals
comprising teachers, resource personals, clerical staff and other employees. Team teaching is a
co-operative endeavor where a group of teachers are jointly responsible for the planning and
instruction of a course. All pupils benefit the expertise of all teachers. The short coming of any
one of the teachers is made good. Although quite popular and prevalent in the western words, it
is relatively a new concept in our country. This innovative practice is now a days becoming
popular, as it would help to improve teaching learning process.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TEAM TEACHING

1. Team teaching is not a method of teaching but an organizational devise to plan, execute
and evaluate the teaching work in a experative way.
2. It represents the arrangement of teaching situation where two or more teachers join hands
for achieving the desired teaching learning objectives.
3. They team in team teaching consists of not only the teachers but other personals also like
laboratory assistant, librarian, clerk, experts from the relevant field; researches, etc. may
join hands to help the teachers in their tasks.
4. Team teaching works on the principle of joint responsibility shared by the members of the
team.
5. It is called cooperative teaching calling for the full willing cooperation of the members of
the team. Here the joint efforts of the team members in a co-operative way are more
important than the total individual effort made by individual members in an un related
way.
6. While calling for the responsibility and combined effort it provides full opportunities of
the individual member of the team to contribute its maximum according to this interest
ability and needs of the situation.
7. Here every teacher is provided appropriate time and opportunity for utilizing his specific
talent and competencies for teaching a topic or content to a group of students.
8. Team teaching helps the students in getting the best services of the best talent of the team
members at the proper time in a proper way.
9. Team teaching provides flexibility in teams of scheduling and grouping techniques to
meet the need of particular instruction. Accordingly it may allow the formation of the
students groups varying sizes ie.; large group class, small group discussion an individual
studies.
10. Team teaching calls upon the members of the team to work hard for bringing
improvement in the teaching learning process.
11. Team teaching inspires and motivates the individual teacher to improve his knowledge
and skills for contributing his share in the team work.
12. Team teaching provides autonomy and freedom to the members of the team to choose
their teaching activities and responsibilities according to their interests abilities.
13. Team teaching helps in utilizing available resources- human and materials in a proper
way at the proper time in the interest of the student and the interest of institution.

14. The need and interest of the students are fully cared in the joint responsibilities shared by
the teacher in team teaching.
15. Here in the team teaching the students are owned by tall the members of the team and not
only by an individual teacher.
While considering all the characteristic given above we can thing about team teaching as an
innovation in the field of teaching and learning, aiming to improve its process and products
by calling upon the joint cooperative efforts of a team of the personnels by utilizing the
resource available in a given teaching learning situation, at the proper time in a proper way.

OBJECTIVES OF TEAN TEACHING

Team teaching is generally directed to achieve the following objectives.
1. To make the best use of expertise of a number of teachers.
2. To improve the quality of teaching by utilizing the skills of more than one persons.
3. To develop positive attitude towards co-operation/ group-work in teaching learning
situations.
4. To help the students to satisfy the needs and solve the difficulties relating special
content areas.
5. To develop the sense of shared responsibility in teaching and evaluation.
6. To minimize the scope of teaching wrong things to the students by any individual
teacher.

TYPES OF TEAM TEACHING

Team teaching can be organized in various forms and styles. The common are the following:1. Team teaching in the same class period: Here, the team members discuss the various
aspects of the same topic to be covered in the same class period and share theses aspects
in tune with the special knowledge are in which each has expertise.

2. Team teaching based on ability: In this type, units are shared by different teachers not on
the basis of subject matter but on the basis of special competencies such as lecturing,
demonstrating, guiding discussions, etc.
3. Team teaching based on the specialization: Here, Members with different subject
specialization are jointly made responsible for instruction, starting from the course
formation to evaluation. They share the content according to their specialized are.
4. Team teaching on relay system: In this, one teacher starts the instructional process. When
he complete another follows so on. Here the division of work is not based on subject
competency or skill. Each teacher supplement enriches and support what others have
done.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF TEAM TEACHING

Team teaching is organized under some basic principles which provide guide line for planning
and organizing the task, they summarized as below:
1. Principles of pooling the recourses: Team teaching is based upon pooling and utilizing the
best available recourses and expertise in the field of teaching.
2. Principal of joint responsibility and cooperation: Team teaching is organized to teach a
specific group of students by a team of personnels headed by a leader. It requires that all
the members of the team should share joint responsibilities and work together for
achieving the ends.
3. Principle of attending the needs of the students: Team teaching is organized according to
the interests abilities and need of the learners. sense in team teaching is a team as a
whole shares the teaching task, it provides better opportunities to take care of the
difficulties and needs of the individual students.
4. Principles of flexibilities of grouping and scheduling: Organization of team teaching
requires adequate flexibility in terms of the students in the form of large classes, small
group of study at the individual level. It also needs flexibility with regard two time actor
and scheduling. Here times need to be adjusted according to the requirements of
teaching-learning situation.
5. Principles of appropriate selection of team members: Team teaching requires joint
responsibility and such responsibility can only be undertaken properly if members of the
team are selected judicially according to the needs of the instruction.

6. Principles of willingness and appropriate distribution of the responsibilities: The team

members should distribute duties among themselves properly for the realization of the set
objectives; however nothing should be thrust upon them by the head of the instruction or
rather team leader. They should willingly come forward or be persuaded for sharing their
responsibility according to their abilities, expenses and the needs of the situations.
7. Principles of appropriate teaching-learning environment: Team teaching for its require
success needs appropriate teaching-learning environment. Here nothing should left for
chance and leader along with the members of the team should try hard for achieving
appropriate teaching-learning environment, in teams of the readiness of the teachers to
learn, members to work, arraignment of the proper materials and recourses, suitable nondistractive environment, etc.
8. Principles of appropriate supervision and evaluation: Team teaching activities require
constant supervision and evaluation. This may be in the form of self-evaluation and check
on the ongoing activities by the individual members or the leader can take up the task.
Similarly, the learner should also be engage in the task of supervised study, drill work,
home work and other activity for their needed practice, revision and evaluation of the
learning carried out by them.

ADVANTAGES OF TEAM TEACHING

Team teaching as an organizational device has many things on its credit side mentioned
as below;
1. Best utilization of the available talents: Team teaching provides opportunities of
the best utilization of the talents and expertise of the experienced and devoted
teachers in their respective fields. Here teacher discharge their responsibilities
according to their own interest and abilities, hence they can play their role quiet
effectively and efficiently. In this way the learners are greatly benefitted by the
talents of the best available to them for the difficult teaching-learning situation.
2. Best utilization of the available material recourses: It results in the optimum use
of available resources, human, material and finance. A number of teachers can
work together and make the best use of their specialized knowledge.

3. Provides better learning opportunities to the learners: Team teaching helps in

getting better learning opportunities to the student in comparison to the traditional
teaching. They are providing proper opportunities for raising questions, getting
their difficulties solved and having free discussion on the topics of their interest.
They get large exposure in the general assembly and have proper time and
attention from their teachers in their smaller group discussion and self studies
sessions.
4. Effective use of teaching techniques: Team teaching leads to the integration of the
curriculum. Teaching becomes more meaning full and effective. Teachers observe
each other and thus improve teaching technique.
5. Provide proper flexibility: Team teaching proves quiet flexible in teams of flexible
in teams of scheduling and grouping techniques the need of a particular teachinglearning situation. Accordingly the learners may be taught in large and small
groups or alone as individual. Here the time table is also never rigid. It allows
quiet flexibility for the organization of team teaching.
6. Better motivation: It provides better motivation for good teachers to become team
leaders. Students too are better motivated while they are being taught by a number
of teachers. Teachers with greater technical skills influence the performance of
their colleagues.
7. Provide opportunity for interaction with experts: The teachers and learns both get
opportunities to interact with the experts in a subject or a specialized field. It
gives them a useful exposure not only in the form of learning so many new and
specialized things but also provides due inspiration and motivation for reaching at
the top in the field of learning, instruction and research.
8. Better follow-up work: It ensures better follow-up works as a number of
specialists teach the same subject to the same class.
9. Provide opportunity for proper super vision: There is a number of teacher and
other personnel involved in team teaching. Their for, there is no difficulty of
having a quiet planned scheme for the supervision of the independent and self
study maid by the individual students.
10. Proves an effective training techniques: Team teaching may prove a good and
effective technique for the training of would we teachers. Here only one or many

student teacher can work under the leadership of an expert and experienced
teacher for learning the art and technique of the teaching provision.

DRAW BACK AND LIMITATION OF TEAM TEACHING

Team teaching suffers from some serious draw back and limitations as pointed out below
1. Difficulty in the distribution the responsibilities: Team teaching requires proper sharing
of responsibilities on the part of the team members. For this purpose, members should
willingly come forward for the sharing of responsibilities.
2. Difficulties in maintaining harmony and understanding: Team teaching requires proper
understanding and co-operation among the members of the team. The goal is same, that
is, to achieve the set objectives and for this purpose every member should have proper
team spirit and positive attitude towards the assigned work.
3. Too much expectation from the teachers: Team teaching for its success demands a lot
from the teachers. Every teacher of the team should have a thorough knowledge of the
subject along with the necessary skills to handle the small group discussion,
individualized study and many other experimental and project work.
4. Undue importance of the teachers at the cost of the learners: The entire scene of the team
teaching is dominated by a team of a teacher. The activities concerning planning,
execution and evaluation are entirely the teacher task and thus the learners are given quiet
an insignificant role in the teaching-learning process.
5. Difficulty regarding lack of material faculties in school: Organization of team teaching
requires proper space and materials facilities in the form of a big hall, large room,
furniture, laboratory, library, workshops, teaching aids materials and communication
equipments, lack of these material facilities proves a big obstacle for the success of team
teaching.
6. Not suitable for the present educational set up: Team teaching for the required
effectiveness necessarily demands some changes in the existing school organization.
7. Limitation in terms of planning and execution: Team teaching for its success requires

quiet appropriate planning and execution of the planned things. The planning itself is not
a simple task. It needs full cooperation of the team members and planning skills of the
leader.