A Novel PWM Strategy of Bidirectional AC/DC

Converters for Micro Grid System

Yi-Hung Liao

Ming-Chieh Cheng

Dep. of Electrical Engineering

National Penghu Uni. of Sci. & Tech.
Penghu, Taiwan, R.O.C.
yhlmliao@gmail.com

Dep. of Electrical Engineering

National Tsing Hua University
Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.
mjay.cheng@gmail.com

AbstractIn this paper, a novel simplified PWM strategy is

proposed for the bidirectional ac/dc single-phase converter in
the micro-grid system. Then, the operation mechanism of the
novel simplified PWM is clearly explained. It is obvious that the
switching numbers of the novel simplified PWM strategy are
only one-fourth that of the conventional unipolar PWM and
bipolar PWM. Based on the novel simplified PWM strategy, a
feasible feed-forward control scheme is also developed to achieve
better performance in both rectifier mode and inverter mode
operation compared with the conventional dual control scheme.
In addition, the proposed simplified PWM strategy with
proposed feed-forward control scheme possesses lower total
harmonic distortion than bipolar PWM, and higher efficiency
than unipolar and bipolar PWM. Finally, a prototype system is
constructed, and the control scheme is implemented using FPGA
Spartan-3E XC3S250E. Both simulation and experimental
results verify the validity of the proposed PWM strategy and the
control scheme.

I.

INTRODUCTION

The single phase ac/dc PWM converter is widely used in

many applications such as adjustable-speed drives, switchmode power supplies, and uninterrupted power supplies.
Recently, due to the development of renewable resources, the
single-phase ac/dc PWM converters are usually employed as
utility interface in the grid-tied system as shown in Fig. 1. The
energy from DC Bus can be easily transferred to the AC grid
when distribution energy resources (DERs) have enough
power. On the other hand, when the power of DERs does not
have enough energy to provide electricity to the load in the
DC Bus, the bidirectional AC/DC converters can
simultaneously and quickly change the power flow direction
form AC grid to DC grid and give enough power to DC load
and energy storage system. Therefore, there are many
advantages in the ac/dc PWM converter involving unity power
factor, low distortion line currents, high quality dc output
voltage with a small size filter capacitor and bi-directional
power flow capability. Moreover, it is also suitable for
modular system design and system reconfiguration. In this
paper, a novel PWM control strategy with feed-forward

control scheme of a bidirectional single phase ac/dc converter

is presented in this paper.

Fig. 1 The distribution Energy system

In the existing PWM control strategies of a single phase

ac/dc converter, converters switches are all operated at higher
frequency than the ac line frequency so that the switching
harmonics can be easily removed by the filter. Therefore, the
ac line current waveform can be more sinusoidal at the
expense of switching losses. Until now, there are several
PWM strategies utilized in a single phase as/dc converter such
as bipolar PWM, unipolar PWM [1]-[3], HPWM [4]-[7] and
Hysteresis switching [8]. Unipolar PWM results in a smaller
ripple in the DC side current and significantly lower the AC
side harmonic content [3] compared to the bipolar PWM.
Moreover, the unipolar PWM effectively double the switching
frequency in the harmonic spectrum of the AC voltage
waveform and the switching harmonics can easily be removed
by the passive filter. The HPWM [5]-[7] utilizes two of the
four switches modulated at high frequency and utilizes the
other two switches commutated at the (low) output frequency
to reduce switching frequency for better quality output, but the
switching loss of HPWM is still the same as that of unipolar
PWM [5].
In this paper, a novel simplified PWM strategy is
presented. The proposed simplified PWM only requires one
active switch to change status during the period of switching
time. In contrast, the conventional UPWM and/or BPWM
require four active switches to change statuses during the

This study was supported by the National Science Council of Taiwan,

R.O.C. under Grant NSC101-ET-E-346 -001 ET and NSC 101-2221-E346 -006.

978-1-4673-1792-4/13/$31.00 2013 IEEE

1096

period of switching time. Based on the proposed simplified

PWM strategy, a novel feed-forward control scheme is also
developed so that both rectified mode and inverter mode can
be operated in a good manner.
II.

PRINCIPLE OF PROPOSED SIMPLIFIED PWM

STRATEGY

A bidirectional single-phase AC/DC converter is usually

utilized as the interface between the distributed energy
resources (DERs) and the AC grid system to deliver power
flows bidirectionally and maintain good ac current shaping
and dc voltage regulation as shown in Fig. 2. The good current
shaping can avoid harmonic pollution in ac grid system and
good dc voltage regulation can provide dc load with high
power quality.

A. Rectifier Mode
For a convenient explanation of how proposed simplified
PWM does work, consider the single-phase system shown in
Fig. 2, and assume the internal impedance of the AC grid
system is highly inductive and therefore is represented by L.
The equivalent series resistance (ESR) of L is neglected. First,
consider the converter is operated in the rectifier mode. While
ac grid voltage source is during the positive half-cycle, the
operation circuits of Status A and Status B listed in Table 1 of
the proposed simplified PWM are utilized. Using Kirchhoffs
voltage law in the operation circuits of Status A and Status B,
the voltage relationship can be obtained as follows:
d
iL = 0
(1)
dt
One can see that while vs > 0 , the inductor current is
increasing in the both Status A and Status B, and the across
vs L

voltage of input inductor is v s . Therefore, in this condition,

the inductor current is in the charging state.

Fig. 2 A bidirectional single-phase AC/DC converter in the renewable energy

system.

To achieve bidirectional power flows in the renewable

energy system, a PWM strategy may be applied for the singlephase full bridge converter to accomplish current shaping at
the AC side and voltage regulation at the DC side. Generally,
BPWM and UPWM strategies are often to be utilized in a
single-phase AC/DC converter. In this paper, a novel
simplified PWM strategy is proposed. The switching statuses
of the proposed simplified PWM are listed in Table 1 and
Table 2 for rectifier mode and inverter mode operation,
respectively. Both the rectifier mode and inverter mode
operation of the simplified PWM strategies are explained in
this section as follows.
Table 1 Rectifier Mode switching combination
in the proposed simplified PWM

vs > 0

vs < 0

vs < 0

d
iL Vdc = 0
(2)
dt
The cross voltage of the inductor is vs Vdc , which
decreases the inductor current. Therefore, in this condition, the
inductor current is in the discharging state.
vs L

Next, consider the ac grid voltage source is during the

negative half-cycle vs < 0 in Fig. 2. The operation circuits of
Status C and Status D of the proposed simplified PWM are
utilized. Using Kirchhoffs voltage law in the operation
circuits of Status C and Status D, the voltage relationship can
be obtained as follows:

d
iL = 0
(3)
dt
One can see that while ac grid voltage source is during the
negative half-cycle vs < 0 , the inductor current is decreasing
in both Status C and Status D. The across voltage of the
inductor L is v s . Therefore, in this condition, the inductor
current is in the discharging state.
vs L

Status

T A+

T A

TB +

TB

Inductor status

A
B

OFF
OFF

OFF
ON

ON
OFF

OFF
OFF

vL > 0

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

vL < 0

C
D

ON
OFF

OFF
OFF

OFF
OFF

OFF
ON

vL < 0

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

vL > 0

Table 2 Inverter Mode switching combination

in the proposed simplified PWM

vs > 0

On the other hand, while the converter is in Status E, i.e.

all the switches are turned OFF. Using Kirchhoffs voltage
law in the operation circuits of Status E, the voltage
relationship can be obtained as follows:

Status

T A+

T A

TB +

TB

Inductor status

F
G
H
I
J

ON
OFF
ON
OFF
OFF

OFF
OFF
OFF
ON
OFF

OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
ON

OFF
ON
ON
OFF
OFF

vL > 0

OFF

ON

ON

OFF

vL > 0

vL < 0

vL < 0

On the other hand, while the converter is in Status E, i.e.

all the switches are turned OFF. Using Kirchhoffs voltage
law in the operation circuit Status E, the voltage relationship
can be obtained as follows:
vs L

d
iL + Vdc = 0
dt

(4)

The voltage across the inductor is vs+Vdc, which increases

the inductor current. Therefore, in this condition, the inductor
current is in the charging state. With the foregoing
explanation, in summary, while ac grid voltage source is
during the positive half-cycle vs>0, both status A and status B
increase the inductor current and status E decreases the

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inductor current to achieve ac current shaping and dc voltage

regulation. While ac grid voltage source is during the negative
half-cycle vs<0, both status C and status D decrease the
inductor current and status E increases the inductor current to
also accomplish ac current shaping and dc voltage regulation.
No matter ac grid voltage source is during the positive halfcycle vs>0 or during the negative half-cycle vs<0, the inductor
current of the converter can be increased or decreased properly
in the proposed simplified PWM operated in rectifier mode.
B. Rectifier Mode
The switching combination of the proposed simplified
PWM operated in the inverter mode is listed in Table 2. When
the converter is operated in the inverter mode, the actual
inductor current is in the reverse direction compared to the ac
grid voltage. First, consider ac grid voltage source is during
the positive half-cycle vs > 0 , the input current is in the reverse
direction iL < 0 . Both status F and status G give inductor L
the positive voltage to charge the inductor current. On the
other hand, Status H gives inductor L the negative voltage to
discharge the inductor current.

Next, while ac grid voltage source is during the negative

half-cycle v s < 0 , the input current is also in the reverse
direction iL > 0 . Both status I and status J give inductor L the
negative voltage to discharge the inductor current. On the
other hand, Status K gives inductor L the positive voltage to
charge the inductor current. With foregoing understanding, no
matter ac grid voltage source is during the positive half-cycle
vs > 0 or during the negative half-cycle vs < 0 , the inductor
current of the converter can be increased or decreased properly
to achieve ac current shaping and dc voltage regulation in the
proposed simplified PWM operated in the inverter mode.
According to the previous discussion, the ac grid line
current of a single-phase ac/dc PWM converter could be
increased and decreased easily both in rectifier mode and
inerter mode to achieve bidirectional power flows and proper
line current shaping and voltage regulation in the proposed
simplified PWM strategy.
C. Comparisons of PWM Strategies
In order to understand the merits of the proposed
simplified PWM strategy, the comparison for BPWM, UPWM
and proposed simplified PWM strategies are conducted. For a
convenient comparison, the statuses of the active switch
combination of BPWM and UPWM are listed in Table 3 and
4, respectively. It can be seen that BPWM only has two
switching statuses, because if one switch, TA + , is determined,
then the other switches, T A , TB + and TB , are all determined,
too. In the UPWM, the switching signals of ( TA + , TA ) and (
TB + , TB ) are controlled separately by comparing carrier
waveform with original and reverse control signals. Therefore,
UPWM has four switching statuses listed in table 4.

Table 3 Statuses of the active switches in Bipolar PWM

Status

TA +

TA

TB +

A
B

OFF
ON

ON
OFF

ON
OFF

TB

OFF
ON

Table 4 Statuses of the active switches in Unipolar PWM

Status
A
B
C
D

TA +

ON
OFF
ON
OFF

TA
OFF
ON
OFF
ON

TB +

OFF
ON
ON
OFF

TB
ON
OFF
OFF
ON

In order to count the switching times of active switches for

BPWM, UPWM and proposed simplified PWM, Fig. 3 shows
the cumulated switching numbers of BPWM, UPWM, and
proposed simplified PWM. The simulation waveforms of VAB
and total harmonic distortion (THD) comparison of BPWM,
UPWM and proposed simplified PWM are also shown in Fig.
4. For further revealing the potential merits of the proposed
simplified PWM, Table 5 is provided to summarize
comparisons of the switching numbers, switching losses and
THD for the conventional BPWM, UPWM and the proposed
simplified PWM.

Fig. 3 Simulation results of cumulated switching number in BPWM, UPWM

and proposed simplified PWM

Fig. 4 Simulation results of VAB (a) BPWM (b) UPWM (c) Proposed
simplified PWM (d) Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) comparison

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Table 5 Comparisons of BPWM, UPWM and Proposed simplified PWM

operated in the single-phase bidirectional AC/DC converter
BPWM

UPWM

Simplified
PWM

Switching numbers
(N) in a carrier cycle

N=8

N=8

N=2

Switching
Losses

Large
( N)

Large
( N)

Small
( N)

Total Harmonic
Distortion

Large

Small

Small

v
Don = 1 s*
Vdc

III.

PROPOSED FEED-FORWARD CONTROL SCHEME

The operation mechanism of the proposed simplified
PWM is clearly explained in the section II. However,
conventional dual loop control scheme applied to the proposed
simplified PWM cannot possess good performance in a singlephase bidirectional AC/DC converter. In this section, based on
the proposed simplified PWM strategy, a feed-forward control
scheme is also developed to provide better line current
shaping and better output voltage regulation compared with
the conventional dual loop control scheme.
Based on the proposed simplified PWM, a novel feedforward control scheme is presented in this section. For a
convenient explanation, the converter operated in the rectifier
mode is first discussed. The switching combination of the
rectifier mode is listed in the Table 1. One can choose
operation Status A and Status E for the condition vs > 0 ,
Status C and Status E for the condition vs < 0 . It should be
noted that the selection of Status A or B for increasing
inductor current, and status C or D for decreasing inductor
current are all allowable in the proposed simplified PWM
strategy.
To derive the state-space averaged equation for the
proposed simplified PWM strategy, the duty ratio Don is
defined as D on = t on /T , where t on is the time duration when
the switch is turned on and T is the period time of triangular
waveform. The duty ratio Doff is defined as Doff = 1 Don ,
which is the duty ratio when the switch is turned off.
While ac grid voltage source is during the positive halfcycle vs > 0 , the switching duty ratio of status A is defined as
Don and the switching duty ratio of status E is defined as Doff
. The corresponding circuit equations of status A and status E
have been obtained in equation (1) and (2), respectively. By
introducing the state-space averaged technique and voltsecond balance theory, the state-space averaged equation is
derived as follows:

vs (1 Don )Vdc = 0

(5)

When the converter is operated in the steady state, the DC

voltage is equal to the desired command Vdc = Vdc* , the
equation (5) also can be expressed in the following form.

(6)

On the other hand, while ac grid voltage source is during

the negative half-cycle vs < 0 , the duty ratios corresponding
to Status E and Status C are Don and Doff , respectively. The
corresponding circuit equations of status E and status C have
been obtained in equations (4) and (3), respectively. Also, by
introducing the state-space averaged technique and voltsecond balance theory, the state-space averaged equation is
derived as follows while ac grid voltage source is during the
negative half-cycle vs < 0 .

vs + DonVdc = 0

(7)

Similarly, when the converter is operated in the steady

state, the output voltage is equal to the desired command
Vdc = Vdc* , and then the equation (7) can be expressed in the
following form.
Don =

vs
Vdc*

(8)

According to the property of PWM, the switch duty ratio

can be expressed in term of the control signal vcont and the
peak value vtri of triangular waveform
Don =

vcont
Vtri

(9)

Then, substituting equations (6) and (8) into equation (9),

the switch duty ratio in both conditions vs > 0 and vs < 0 are
derived

vcont

v s
1 - * Vtri , if v s > 0
Vdc
=
- v s V ,
if v s < 0
Vdc* tri

(10)

Next, consider the converter is operated in the inverter

mode whose switching combination is listed in Table 2. One
can choose Status F and Status H for increasing and
decreasing inductor current, respectively, during the
condition vs > 0 , and Status I and Status K for decreasing and
increasing inductor current, respectively, during the condition
vs < 0 . It is also noted that the selection of Status F or Status
G for increasing inductor current, and Status I or Status J for
decreasing inductor current are all allowable in the proposed
simplified PWM strategy. While the converter is operated in
the inverter mode, the control signal vcont also can be obtained
by the similar manner calculated in the rectified mode. After
calculation, the control signal vcont operated in the inverter
mode is the same as the rectified mode as described in
equation (10).

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Because the control signal vcont is proportional to Don ,

one can take the calculated signal vcont as the duty ratio feedforward control signal v ff to add into the dual loop feedback
control signal v fb . The feed-forward control signal v ff
enhances the control ability to provide fast output voltage
response as well as improve current shaping. Thus, the
developed control scheme for the proposed simplified PWM is
presented in the Fig. 5. It is worth mentioning that the
proposed feed-forward control scheme is suitable for both the
proposed simplified PWM strategy and the conventional
BPWM and UPWM strategies.

control signal vfb are shown in Fig. 6(a), Fig. 21 (b), Fig. 6(c),
Fig. 6(d), respectively. In order to facilitate comparison, Fig. 7
shows the simulation results with feed-forward control scheme
operated in rectifier mode in the distorted sinusoidal grid
voltage source. The simulation waveforms of input voltage vs
and inductor current iL, control signal vcont, feed-forward
control signal vff and feedback control signal vfb are shown in
Fig. 7(a), Fig. 7(b), Fig. 7(c), Fig. 7(d), respectively. From
Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, one can find that although the converter is
operated in the distorted ac grid voltage source, the proposed
feed-forward control scheme indeed improves the ac current
shaping of a AC/DC converter operated in rectifier mode
compared with the conventional dual loop control scheme.
Moreover, consider the converter is operated in the
inverter mode and assume that the distributed energy resource
provides 4A current into the DC bus. The simulation results
with dual loop control scheme are sown in Fig. 8. The
simulation waveforms of input voltage vs and inductor current
iL, control signal vcont, feed-forward control signal vff and
feedback control signal vfb are shown in Fig. 8(a), Fig. 8(b),
Fig. 8(c), and Fig. 8(d), respectively.

Fig. 5 The proposed control scheme for the proposed simplified PWM strategy

IV.

SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

To verify the validity of the proposed simplified PWM
strategy and the feed-forward control scheme, the well-known
software Power SIM is adopted to carry out the simulation
process. The simulation parameters of the bidirectional
AC/DC converter system as shown in Fig. 2 are listed in the
Table 6.
Table 6 Simulation Parameters of the AC/DC converter system
Parameters

Value

Inductance ( L )

1.65mH

Capacitance ( Co )

1400F

Output

*
voltage command V dc

In contrast, the simulation results with feed-forward

control scheme are sown in Fig. 9. The simulation waveforms
of input voltage vs and inductor current iL, control signal vcont,
feed-forward control signal vff and feedback control signal vfb
are shown in Fig. 9(a), Fig. 9(b), Fig. 9(c), Fig.9(d),
respectively.
From Fig. 8 and Fig. 9, one can find that although the
converter is operated in the distorted ac grid voltage source,
the proposed feed-forward control scheme indeed improves
the ac current shaping of a AC/DC converter operated in
inverter mode compared with the conventional dual loop
control scheme. It follows from Fig. 7 and Fig. 9 that in the
proposed simplified PWM using proposed feed-forward
control scheme, a single-phase AC/DC converter can be
operated in good manner both in rectifier mode and inverter
mode in the distorted ac input voltage source.

300(V)

AC grid voltage v s

110 2 sin t (V )

Load

150

Switching frequency

40kHz

DERs (only inverter mode)

4A

Consider the ac grid voltage source is a distorted

sinusoidal waveform with total harmonic distortion THDv=5%
which is measured from an actual AC grid source. Fig. 6
shows the simulation results with dual loop control scheme in
the rectifier mode operated in the proposed simplified PWM
in the distorted sinusoidal grid voltage source. The simulation
waveforms of input voltage vs and inductor current iL, control
signal vcont, feed-forward control signal vff and feedback

Fig. 6 Simulation results with distorted ac grid voltage (a) vs and iL (b) vcont
(c) vff (d) vfb using dual loop control scheme in the proposed simplified PWM
strategy operated in rectifier mode.

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To facilitate in understanding the merits and to serve as a

verification of the effectiveness of the proposed simplified
PWM strategy with feed-forward control scheme, a prototype
system is constructed with parameters which are the same as
the simulation. However, the implemented actual AC grid
voltage source is the distorted-sinusoidal-waveform voltage
source with total harmonic distortion THDv=5%. The adopted
active switches are the insulated gate bipolar transistor
(IXGH30G60) without body diode and the diodes
DSEP2906A are utilizing as the anti-paralleling diodes. The
system controller is implemented with a Spartan-3E
XC3S250E FPGA.

Fig. 7 Simulation results with distorted ac grid voltage (a) vs and iL (b) vcont
(c) vff (d) vfb usingfeed-forward control scheme in the proposed simplified
PWM strategy operated in rectifier mode.

Fig. 8 Simulation results with distorted ac grid voltage (a) vs and iL (b) vcont
(c) vff (d) vfb using dual loop control scheme in the proposed simplified
PWM strategy operated in rectifier mode.

Consider the converter is operated in the rectifier mode.

Fig. 10 shows the measured grid voltage vs and line current iL,
when the converter is operated in the dual loop control
scheme in the proposed simplified PWM strategy. The
measured THD of the converter AC line current is 34.23%
and the power factor is 0.92. In contrast, Fig.11 shows the
corresponding measured grid voltage vs and line current iL
waveforms with proposed feed-forward control scheme in the
proposed simplified PWM strategy operated in the rectifier
mode. In the proposed feed-forward control scheme, the
measured AC line current THD of the converter is 3.34% and
the power factor is 0.99. From Fig. 10 and Fig. 11, obviously,
one can find that the proposed feed-forward control scheme
indeed improves the ac current shaping of the converter
compared to the dual loop control scheme in the actual
distorted ac grid voltage source condition.
Next, consider the converter is operated in the inverter
mode. Fig. 12 shows the measured grid voltage vs and line
current iL of the converter with the dual loop control scheme
in the proposed simplified PWM strategy. When the
converter is operated in the dual loop control scheme, one can
find that there exists zero cusp distortion near the zero
crossing. Even, the serious distortion may be occurs when the
controller is not well design. In contrast, Fig.13 shows the
corresponding measured grid voltage vs and line current iL
waveforms with feed-forward control scheme in the proposed
simplified PWM strategy operated in the inverter mode.
Compared Fig. 12 with Fig. 13, one can find that the
proposed feed-forward control scheme also improves the ac
current shaping of the AC/DC converter operated in inverter
mode compared to the conventional dual loop control scheme
in the distorted ac grid voltage source condition.
It is seen from Fig. 11 and Fig. 13 that no matter the
converter is operated in the rectifier mode or inverter mode
using the proposed feed-forward control scheme in the
simplified PWM strategy, the ac line current have good
shaping compared with the dual loop control scheme. The
measured power factor is higher than that of the dual loop
control scheme in both rectifier mode and inverter mode.

Fig. 9 Simulation results with distorted ac input voltage (a) vs and iL (b) vcont
(c) vff (d) vfb using feed-forward control scheme in the proposed simplified
PWM strategy operated in inverter mode.

To understand the merits of the proposed simplified PWM

with the feed-forward control scheme, the efficiency of the
AC/DC converter operated at full load 600W utilizing
BPWM, UPWM and simplified PWM are measured and the
results are shown in Fig. 14. From Fig. 14, one can find that

1101

the proposed simplified PWM strategy has higher efficiency

than the conventional UPWM and BPWM because the
proposed simplified PWM strategy only has one-fourth
switching losses than the conventional UPWM and BPWM.

Fig. 10 Measured grid voltage v s and line current i L waveforms of the

converter using the dual loop control scheme in the proposed simplified
PWM strategy operated in rectifier mode.

Fig. 11 Measured grid voltage v s and line current i L waveforms using feedforward control scheme in the proposed simplified PWM strategy operated in
rectifier mode.

Fig. 14 Measured efficiency of the AC/DC converter operated in BPWM,

UPWM and proposed simplified PWM.

V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a novel simplified PWM strategy using feedforward control scheme in the bidirectional single phase
AC/DC converter is first presented. The proposed simplified
PWM strategy only requires changing one active switch status
in the period of switching time instead of changing four active
switch statuses required in the unipolar and bipolar PWM
strategy. The efficiency of a AC/DC converter operated in the
proposed simplified PWM strategy is higher than that in the
unipolar and bipolar PWM strategy. Based on the proposed
feed-forward control scheme, both AC current shaping and
DC voltage regulation are achieved in the rectifier mode and
inverter mode operation. Finally, the prototype system is
constructed and tested. Both simulation and experimental
results verify the validity of the proposed PWM strategy and
control scheme.
REFERENCES
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[2]
Fig. 12 Measured grid voltage v s and line current i L waveforms of the
converter using the dual loop control scheme in the proposed simplified
PWM strategy operated in inverter mode.

[3]
[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]
Fig. 13 Measured grid voltage v s and line current i L waveforms using feedforward control scheme in the proposed simplified PWM strategy operated in
inverter mode.

[8]

1102

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