Suppose a
total of N atoms can occupy either state jii or the state jfi. We often refer to a collection
of these atoms as an ensemble of two-level atoms. Suppose there are ni atoms with
electrons in state jii and there are nf in state jfi. The total number of atoms can therefore
be written as Nninf . The net rate of stimulated emission must be
Rf i nf Ri f ni=R f i (nf ni )
Ri f =
g' =
'
2
gf
2h
'
g .( nf ni ) E o
d
=g0 ( nf ni )
dt
7.4.1 A Summary of Results and Notation
Lagrange Density :
L=L ( , , i )
Lagrangian :
L=v dV L
Halmintonian Density :
H= ( r ,t ) ( r , t )L
Halmintonian :
H= dV H
Momentum Density :
( r , t )=
L ( , )
H
H
=
Metr
Metrik :
gv = , v =0,1,2,3
Vectors :
x = ( t , r ) x =g v x =( t ,r ) i, j=1,2,3
Derivative :
=
, =g v v =
,
t
x
Electromagnetics
Field Tensor :
F v = A v v A with F v =F v , F v=0
4-Vector Potensial :
A =( ,
A ) A =g v A =( ,
A)
Current Density :
j =( , j ) , j=chargecurrent density
A = ( ( ,
A ) =( A x , A y , A z ))
L=L ( A , v A )
( A / A v )= v
( A )
( v A )/
= v
L= d 3 x L
(7.4.2)
x2
x2
x2
I = dt L ( A , v A )= dt d 3 x L ( A , v A ) = dt d 4 x L ( A , v A )
x1
x 1
x 1
x2
x2
0=I= dt d x L ( A , v A ) = d 4 x
4
x 1
x 1
x2
L
L
A+
A
A
v A v
L
L
L
0=
A + dt d 4 x
v
A
v A
A
v A
x
L
L
v
=0
A
v A
7.4.4
7.4.3 4-Vec tor Form of Maxw ells Equations fro m the Lagrangi an
Pada bagian ini kita tunjukkan bahwa kerapatan Lagrang :
L=
1
F F v j A
4 v
(7.4.5)
Petunjuk persamaan Maxwell. Persamaan terahir merepresentasikan interaksi materi cahaya. Perlu
diingat bahwa indeks berulang dalam suatu produk harus dijumlahkan sebagai contoh, kita
harus menulis
F v F =
F v =F v
F = A A
(7.4.6)
Dan diberikan
L
L
v
=0
A
v A
(7.4.7)
v
( A v A ) j A
1 A A
(
v
v
)
4
L
1
=
F v F j A =
A A 4
A
=
j A = j v = j
A A
( A v v A )
j A
A
( A v v A )
L
1
=
A 4 A
v
( A v A )
( A v v A )
1
4 A
(7.4.8)
'
'
'
L
g gv v
=
A
4
Finally, using the metric and summing over repeated indices yields
( ' A v ' v A )
'
'
'
'
'
'
( g g v g g v )
( A v v A ) ( g g v g g v )
L
1
=
A 4
'
2
( A 2 A )
2
( A 2 A )
1
4
2
( A 2 A )= F
L
=
A
7.4.9
Combining 7.4.6, 7.4.5 and 7.4.2 provides Maxwells equations in the form
F = j
with one equation for each 0 , . . . , 3.
7.4.10
F v = A v v A
F = j
7.4.11
Gauss Law
F 0= j 0
A 0 v A 0= j 0
0 A =
2
.
t2
0 A =
dan
0 A =
][ (
+ .
A
t t
to
)]
.
+ .
A =
2
t t
t
with F 00 0 since F is antisymmetric. We recognize this last equation as Gauss law for
the electric field EE~. Therefore we now know
Amperes Law
(c=1, h=1)
Dimana q, m A muatan partikel (q<0 untuk elektron), m adalah massa partikel, potensial vector,
p merepresentasikan momentum
m v .
sistem. Pada medan yang sangat rendah, didapatkan hasil yang sama dari perhitungan vektor
Poynting. Bagian berikutnya menunjukkan bentuk umum dari
medan menggunakan Persamaan 7.5.1 sebagai titik awal. Sebagai soal notasi, kita akan
menggunakan H sebagai rapat Hamiltonian dan H sebagai medan magnet. Bagian ini
dimulai dengan rapat Lagrange