Laboratory work Nr.

2
Research of the dependence of the cutting variables and geometry of a lathe tool on the coefficient of
chip contraction
Aim of the work
Practical acquaintance with chip formation process, establishment of the dependence of the cutting
speed, feed and cutting angle of lathe tool on the coefficient of chip contraction.
Devices for work
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Lathe;
Goniometers (universal and special);
Workpiece steel shaft 30-50350;
Caliper;
Thread;
Lead-angle turning tools with different side-rake angles - 4 ones;
Microscope -11.

Order of the work

1. Measure following angles of four lead-angle turning tools: plan approach angle , end-cutting edge angle
1 (by universal goniometer (see Laboratory work Nr.1, s.6, Fig. 1.5)), side (main) relief angle , side-rake
angle , end-relief angle 1 and angle of inclination of the side (main) cutting edge (by universal or
special goniometer (see Laboratory work Nr.1, s.6, Fig. 1.4)). Present results in Table 2.1;
2. Calculate cutting angle of four lead-angle turning tools by formula 1.2 (see Laboratory work Nr.1, s.7).
Group tools by cutting angle (in increasing order). Present results in the table 2.2
3. Clamp the workpiece in the lathe chuck. Support it with the center. Fix four lead-angle turning tools with
different cutting angles in the tool post;
4. Establish dependence of tool cutting angle on the coefficient of chip contraction. It have to carry out by
workpiece turning by lead-angle turning tools with different cutting angle, when cutting variables are
constant. Accept cutting speed v 80 m/min, longitudinal feed s 0.1 mm/rev, depth of cut t 1.5 mm.
Rotational frequency of the workpiece can be calculated by following formula:
n
(2.1)

1000v
D

where n is rotational frequency of the workpiece, rev/min; v is cutting speed, m/min (v = 80 m/min);
D is diameter of the workpiece, mm.
Then compare calculated rotational frequency with table of rotational frequencies on lathe and choose the
nearest real rotational frequency nr using condition nr n. Real cutting speed have to be recalculated by
formula 2.1. Present results in table 2.2;
Turn workpiece by tool with the smallest cutting angle , after that by tool with the bigger cutting angle
and etc. Measure chip length by thread and calliper for each tool (not less, than 3 chips for every tool) and
then calculate arithmetical mean of length of the chip for each tool using formula:
L1
(2.2)

L1' L'2 ... L'k

k

where L1 is mean length of the chip, mm; L1' , L'2 , L'3 is length of 1-th, 2-th and k-th chip, mm; k is
number of chips.
Calculate path of the tool with respect to the workpiece per one workpiece revolution by formula:
L D b
(2.3)
L is path of a tool with respect to the workpiece per one workpiece revolution, mm; D is diameter of the
workpiece, mm; b is width of shaft wedge for chip breaking, mm.

Calculate the coefficient of chip contraction for each tool by following formula:
K

L
L1

(2.4)

where K is coefficient of chip contraction; L is path of the tool with respect to the workpiece per one
workpiece revolution, mm; L1 is mean length of chip, mm.
Establish type of the chip for each tool. Present results in table 2.2;
5. Establish dependence of feed s on the coefficient of chip contraction. Limits of feed are
s 0.1 0.8 mm/rev. Choose six feeds from this range and select the nearest real feeds from table of
feeds on the lathe. For this experiment we use lead-angle turning tool with cutting angle 80 or the
nearest. Turn workpiece with constant cutting speed ( v 80 m/min) and depth of cut (t 1.5 mm).
Measure by the thread and caliper the length of chip (not less than 3 chips for each feed) and then
calculate arithmetical mean of length of the chip for each feed by formula 2.2. Then calculate the
coefficient of chip contraction for each of six selected feeds by formula 2.4. Establish type of the chip for
each tool. Present results in table 2.2;
6. Establish dependence of cutting speed v on the coefficient of chip contraction. Limits of cutting speed are
v 10 80 m/min. Choose six cutting speeds from this range, calculate rotational frequencies of the
workpiece n by formula 2.1 and select the nearest real rotational frequencies nr from the table of rotational
frequencies of the lathe using condition nr n and then recalculate real cutting speeds by formula 2.1. For
this experiment we use lead-angle turning tool with cutting angle 80 or the nearest. Turn workpiece
with constant feed (s 0.1 mm/rev) and depth of cut ( t 1.5 mm). Measure by the thread and caliper the
length of the chip (not less than 3 chips for each cutting speed) and then calculate the arithmetical mean
of length of the chip for each cutting speed by formula 2.2. Then calculate the coefficient of chip
contraction for each of six selected cutting speeds by formula 2.4. Establish type of the chip for each
tool. Present results in table 2.2;
7. Establish middle height of surface roughness of workpiece Rz for each experiment by means of
microscope -11. Present results in table 2.2;
8. Draw graphs of dependencies K = f(), K = f(s), K = f(vr).

Rake
angle
, deg

Side
(main)
relief
angle ,
deg

End-relief
angle
1, deg

Cutting
angle
, deg

Plan
approach
angle
, deg

Endcutting
edge
angle
1, deg

Angle of
inclination of
the side
(main) cutting
edge , deg

Remark

Type of lathe tool

lathe toolNumber of

Table 2.1 Geometry of lathe tools

Contents of Report
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Title of the work;

Aim of the work;
Devices for work;
Tables of results (Tables 2.1 and 2.2);
Graphs of dependencies K = f(), K = f(s), K = f(vt);
Conclusions.

Type of chip

Rz, m

L1, mm

L, mm

Elements of chip
vr, m/min

nr, rev/min

t, mm

Cutting variables
s, mm/rev

Diameter of the workpiece, mm

Angles of lathe tool,

deg

Number of lathe tool

Number of experiment

Table 2.2 Establishment of coefficient of chip contraction