Generation Track
Overview Lecture
2/3/2015
Rotor
Shaft
Poles
Slip rings
Stator Core
Source: www.alstom.com/power/fossil/gas/
2/3/2015
2/3/2015
2/3/2015
Source: Maughan, Clyde. V., Maintenance of Turbine Driven Generators, Maughan Engineering Consultants
2/3/2015
Series connection
Source:www.ansaldoenergia.com/Hydro_Gallery.asp
Rotor
2/3/2015
Classification of Synchronous
Generators
Synchronous Generator Classification
Cylindrical rotor
Rotor design
Salient-pole rotor
Direct
Cooling: Stator and
rotor
Indirect
Field winding
Brush
connection to dc
Brushless
source
Rotor Design
Salient-Pole Rotor
Cylindrical Rotor
2/3/2015
Source: www.alstom.com
Source:www.ansaldoenergia.com/Hydro_Gallery.asp
2/3/2015
Directly Cooled
Cooling Ducts,
Water Cooled Bar
Directly Cooled
2/3/2015
10
2/3/2015
11
2/3/2015
Increasing Ground
Fault Current
12
2/3/2015
Ungrounded Neutral
High-Resistance Grounding
13
2/3/2015
Low-Resistance Grounding
Effective Grounding
14
2/3/2015
15
2/3/2015
Generator
Capability
Curve for a
Salient Pole
Generator
16
2/3/2015
P V I cos( )
E 0 sin( ) Xd I cos( )
V
E 0 sin( ) V I cos( )
Xd
V
( BC ) V I cos( )
Xd
E0
E0
P
Xd I
Q V I sin( )
( E 0 cos( )) V Xd I sin( )
V
(( E 0 cos( )) V ) V I sin( )
Xd
V
( AB) V I sin( )
Xd
17
2/3/2015
Xd I
Xd I
E 0
Xd I
E0
E0
V
B
Q
Xd 1.6
V 1.00
I 1 36.87 E 0 2.3433.15
I 1.6 60 E 0 3.46621.7
I 1.1345 E 0 1.3178.5
18
2/3/2015
E 0 2.3433.15
E 0 3.46621.7
E 0 1.3178.5
V-Curves
I ( p.u )
cos cap.
cos inductive
E 0 (p.u.)
Excitation Current
19
2/3/2015
E0
Xd I
Xd 1.6
V 1.00
I 1 36.87
E0
Xd I
C
E0
I
Xd I
20
2/3/2015
P (Real Power)
V
(( E 0 cos( )) V ) V I sin( )
Xd
E0 0
- VV
Q
Xd
V
E 0 sin( ) V I cos( )
Xd
E0 0
P0
max.
Xd 1.6
Q (Reactive Power) V 1.0
- VV
0.625
Xd
21
2/3/2015
22
2/3/2015
Dual-Slope Characteristic
23
2/3/2015
http://www.polycastinternational.com/old_cat/pdfs/Section4/Section4-Part2.pdf
24
2/3/2015
25
2/3/2015
Low-impedance-grounded generators
Ground overcurrent
Ground directional overcurrent
Restricted earth fault (REF) protection
26
2/3/2015
XG1
XT1
XS1
S
XG2
XC2
XS2
XT2
3R
XC0
XG0
XS0
XT0
Fault Location/
% of Winding
Voltage V
F1 / 3%
Vnom
3
Vnom
85%
3
F2 / 85%
3%
27
2/3/2015
Total Flux
Fundamental
Harmonics
Generator Flux Distribution in Air Gap
F1
(3)
59GN
OR (2)
27TN
Full Load
Full Load
No Load
VN3
No Load
VN3
VP3
VP3
No Fault
Fault at F1
28
2/3/2015
GSU
(3)
(3)
59GN
VN3
VP3
k VP3 VN 3
Pickup Setting
59THD
Winding pitch
Full pitch = 216/18 = 12 slots
Actual pitch = 128 120 = 8 slots
Actual pitch / full pitch = 8/12 = 2/3
29
2/3/2015
Full-Pitch Winding
30
2/3/2015
(3)
OR (2)
I
R
59GN
V
64S
Coupling
Filter
Low-Frequency
Voltage Injector
Protection
Measurements
31
2/3/2015
Low-Impedance-Grounded Generator
Ground Overcurrent and Directional Overcurrent
Low-Impedance-Grounded Generator
Ground Differential
32
http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot235.nsf/veritydisplay/beaaeb0123376541832573460062a765/$file/1vap428561-db_byz.pdf
2/3/2015
Low-Impedance-Grounded Generator
Self-Balancing Ground Differential
Zero-Sequence CTs
Zero-sequence CT
33
2/3/2015
34
2/3/2015
Source:www.ansaldoenergia.com/Hydro_Gallery.asp
35
2/3/2015
Source: www.alstom.com
36
2/3/2015
Source: www.alstom.com
Source: www.alstom.com
37
2/3/2015
Retaining Ring
Copper Winding
Winding Short
Winding Ground
Turn Insulation
End Windings
Winding Ground
Slot Armor
38
2/3/2015
Winding Short
Pole Collar
* Strip-On-Edge
39
2/3/2015
40
2/3/2015
Voltage Divider
Field Breaker
R3
+
R2
Exciter
Brushes
R1
Sensitive Detector
Grounding Brush
DC Injection
Field Breaker
+
Exciter
Brushes
Sensitive Detector
+
DC Supply
Grounding
Brush
41
2/3/2015
AC Injection
Field Breaker
+
Brushes
Exciter
Sensitive Detector
Grounding
Brush
AC Supply
+
Brushes
Exciter
R1
Grounding
Brush
R2
Rs
Measured Voltage
42
2/3/2015
Voscn
Vrs
Rx
Cfg
Vosc
R
Measured Voltage (Vrs)
Vrs
Rs
43
2/3/2015
44
2/3/2015
Overvoltage
Current
unbalance
Abnormal
frequency
Loss-of-field
Out-of-step
Motoring
Inadvertent
energization
Overexcitation
Backup
45
2/3/2015
I 2 I P2
T ln 2
2
I k I
NOM
46
2/3/2015
Rotor-Induced Currents
47
2/3/2015
I2 Max %
10
10
48
2/3/2015
I22t Max %
40
30
30
10
49
2/3/2015
NegativeSequence
Overcurrent
Protection
T
K2
I2
I
NOM
50
2/3/2015
Damper
Windings
51
2/3/2015
52
2/3/2015
53
2/3/2015
0.53%
0.22+%
525%
50+%
54
2/3/2015
P1
P2
Overexcitation Protection
V f NOM
f VNOM
55
2/3/2015
Source: Maughan, Clyde. V., Maintenance of Turbine Driven Generators, Maughan Engineering Consultants
Source: Maughan, Clyde. V., Maintenance of Turbine Driven Generators, Maughan Engineering Consultants
56
2/3/2015
Overexcitation Protection
Dual-Level, Definite Time Characteristic
Overexcitation Protection
Inverse- and Definite Time Characteristics
57
2/3/2015
Overvoltage Protection
Overvoltage most frequently occurs in
hydroelectric generators
Overvoltage protection (59):
Instantaneous element set at 130150
percent of rated voltage
Time-delayed element set at approximately
110 percent of rated voltage
58
2/3/2015
59
2/3/2015
60
2/3/2015
61
2/3/2015
Backup Protection
Directly Connected Generator
Voltage-Restrained Overcurrent
Element Pickup Current
62
2/3/2015
Synchronism-Check Element
63
2/3/2015
64
2/3/2015
+/10
Generator-side voltage
relative to system
100% to 105%
Frequency difference
+/0.067 Hz
Synchronism
Check relay
Synchronism
Check relay
65
2/3/2015
66