This article is about the city in Mexico. For the province 1 History
in Spain, see Province of Guadalajara. For other uses,
see Guadalajara (disambiguation).
See also: Timeline of Guadalajara
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox settlement with
unknown parameter HDI (this message is shown only
The city was established in ve other places before
in preview).
moving to its current location. The rst settlement in
1532 was in Mesa del Cerro, now known as Nochistln,
Guadalajara (/wdlhr/,[3] Spanish pronunciation:
Zacatecas. This site was settled by Cristbal de Oate
[waalaxaa]) is the capital and largest city of the
as commissioned by Nuo de Guzmn, with the purpose
Mexican state of Jalisco, and the seat of the municipality
of securing recent conquests and defending them against
of Guadalajara. The city is in the central region of Jalisco
the still-hostile natives. The settlement did not last long at
in the Western-Pacic area of Mexico. With a poputhis spot due to the lack of water; in 1533 it was moved to
lation of 1,495,189 it is Mexicos fourth most populous
a location near Tonal. Four years later, Guzmn ordered
municipality.[4] The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area inthat the village be moved to Tlacotn. While the settlecludes seven adjacent municipalities with a reported popment was in Tlacotn, the Spanish king Charles I granted
ulation of 4,328,584 in 2009, making it the second most
the coat of arms that the city still has today.[12]
populous metropolitan area in Mexico, behind Mexico
City.[5][6] The municipality is the second most densely This settlement was ferociously attacked during the
populated in Mexico, the rst being Ciudad Nezahual- Mixtn War in 1543 by Caxcan, Portecuex and Zacateco
[12]
The war
cyotl in State of Mexico.[7] It is a strong business and peoples under the command of Tenamaxtli.
[8][9]
was initiated by the natives due to the cruel treatment of
economic center in the Bajio region.
Indians by Nuo de Guzmn, in particular the enslaveGuadalajara is the 10th largest city in Latin Amerment of captured natives. Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza
[10]
[10]
ica in population,
urban area
and gross domeshad to take control of the campaign to suppress the revolt
[11]
tic product.
The city is named after the Spanish
after the Spanish were defeated in several engagements.
city of Guadalajara, the name of which came from the
The conict ended after Mendoza made some concesAndalusian Arabic wd(i) l-ijra ( or
sions to the Indians such as freeing the Indian slaves and
), meaning river/valley of stones.[12] The citys granting amnesty.[13]
economy is based on services and industry, especially information technology, with a large number of interna- The village of Guadalajara barely survived the war, and
tional rms having regional oces and manufacturing fa- the villagers attributed their survival to the Archangel
cilities in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area, and several Michael, who remains the patron of the city. It was dedomestic IT companies headquartered in the city. Other, cided to move the city once again, this time to Atemajac,
more traditional industries, such as shoes, textiles and as it was more defensible. The city has remained there to
food processing are also important contributing factors. this day. In 1542, records indicate that 126 people were
living in Guadalajara and, in the same year, the status of
Guadalajara is a cultural center of Mexico, considered city was granted by the king of Spain. Guadalajara was
by most to be the home of mariachi music and host ocially founded on February 19, 1550 in the Valley of
to a number of large-scale cultural events such as the Atemajac. The settlements name came from the Spanish
Guadalajara International Film Festival, the Guadalajara hometown of Nuo de Guzmn.[12]
International Book Fair, and globally renowned cultural
events which draw international crowds. It is home to the In 1559, royal oces for the province of Nueva Galicia
C.D. Guadalajara, one of the most popular football clubs were moved from Compostela to Guadalajara, as well as
in Mexico. This city was named the American Capital the bishopric. Construction of the cathedral was begun in
of Culture for 2005. Guadalajara hosted the 2011 Pan 1563. In 1575, religious orders such as the Augustinians
and Dominicans arrived, which would make the city a
American Games.
center for evangelization eorts.[12]
The historic city center encompasses what was four centers of population, as the villages of Mezquitn, Analco
and Mexicaltzingo were annexed to the Atemajac site in
1669.[12]
1
2
In 1791, the University of Guadalajara was established in
the city, which was then the capital of Nueva Galicia. The
inauguration was held in 1792 at the site of the old Santo
Tomas College. While the institution was founded during
the 18th century, it would not be fully developed until the
20th, starting in 1925. In 1794, the Hospital Real de San
Miguel de Beln, or simply the Hospital de Beln, was
opened The hospital was opened in 2016.[12]
Guadalajaras economy during the 18th century was
based on agriculture and the production of non-durable
goods such as textiles, shoes and food products.[14]
Guadalajara remained the capital of Nueva Galicia with
some modications until the Mexican War of Independence.[12] After Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla decided not to
attack Mexico City, despite early successes, he retreated
to Guadalajara in late 1810. Initially, he and his army
were welcome in the city, as living conditions had become dicult for workers and Hidalgo promised to lower
taxes and put an end to slavery. However, violence by the
rebel army to city residents, especially royalists, soured
the welcome.[15] Hidalgo did sign a proclamation ending
slavery, which was honored in the country since after the
war. During this time, he founded the newspaper El Despertador Americano, dedicated to the insurgent cause.[12]
1 HISTORY
side the city. Hidalgo had between 80,000 and 100,000
men and 95 cannons, but the better-trained royalists won,
decimating the insurgent army, forcing Hidalgo to ee
toward Aguascalientes. Guadalajara remained in royalist
hands until nearly the end of the war.[16][17]
After the state of Jalisco was erected in 1823, the city
became its capital.[12] In 1844, General Mariano Paredes
y Arrillaga initiated a revolt against the government of
President Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna, which the president managed to quell personally. However, while Santa
Anna was in Guadalajara, a revolt called the Revolution
of the Three Hours brought Jos Joaqun Herrera to the
presidency and put Santa Anna into exile.[18] During the
Reform War, President Benito Jurez had his government
here in 1856. French troops entered the city during the
French Intervention in 1864, and the city was retaken by
Mexican troops in 1866.[12]
Despite the violence, the 19th century was a period of
economic, technological and social growth for the city.[19]
After Independence, small-scale industries developed,
many of them owned by immigrants from Europe. Rail
lines connecting the city to the Pacic coast and north to
the United States intensied trade and allowed products
from rural areas of Jalisco state to be shipped. Ranch
culture became a very important aspect of Jaliscos and
Guadalajaras identity since this time.[14] From 1884 to
1890, electrical service, railroad service and the Observatory were established.[12]
Guadalajara again experienced substantial growth after
the 1930s,[20] and the rst industrial park was established in 1947.[12] Its population surpassed one million in
1964,[12] and by the 1970s it was Mexicos second largest
city[20] and the largest in western Mexico.[14] Most of the
modern citys urbanization took place between the 1940s
and the 1980s, with the population doubling every ten
years until it stood at 2.5 million in 1980.[21] The population of the municipality has stagnated, and even declined,
slowly but steadily since the early 1990s.[6]
Guadalajara Cathedral
Royalist forces marched to Guadalajara, arriving in January 1811 with nearly 6,000 men.[16] Insurgents Ignacio
Allende and Mariano Abasolo wanted to concentrate their
forces in the city and plan an escape route should they be University of Guadalajara in 1886
defeated, but Hidalgo rejected this. Their second choice
was to make a stand at the Puente de Calderon just out- The increase in population brought with it an increase
1.2
International recognition
3
to escape.[27]
Arrests were made to indict those responsible for the
blasts.[28] Four PEMEX (the state oil company) ocials
were indicted and charged, on the basis of negligence.
Ultimately, however, these people were cleared of all
charges.[29] Calls for the restructuring of PEMEX were
made but they were successfully resisted.[30]
1.1
HISTORICAL DOWNTOWN
The Rotonda de los Hombres Ilustres (Rotunda of Illustrious Men) is a monument made of quarried stone, built
in 1952 to honor the memory of distinguished people
from Jalisco. A circular structure of 17 columns surrounds 98 urns containing the remains of those honored.
Across the street is the municipal palace which was built
in 1952. It has four faades of quarried stone. It is mostly
of Neoclassical design with elements such as courtyards,
entrances and columns that imitate the older structures of
the city.[12][33]
The Palace of the State Government is in Churrigueresque and Neoclassical styles and was begun in the
17th century and nished in 1774. The interior was completely remodeled after an explosion in 1859. This building contains murals by Jos Clemente Orozco, a native of
Jalisco, including Lucha Social, Circo Poltico, Las
Fuerzas Ocultas and Hidalgo which depicts Miguel Hihis head in
Construction began on the Metropolitan Cathedral in dalgo y Costilla with his arm raised above
[33]
anger
at
the
government
and
the
church.
1558 and the church was consecrated in 1616. Its two
towers were built in the 19th century after an earthquake The Cathedral is bordered to the east by the Plaza de la
destroyed the originals. They are considered one of the Liberacin, nicknamed the Plaza de las Dos Copas, recitys symbols. The architecture is a mix of Gothic, ferring to the two fountains on the east and west sides.
Baroque, Moorish and Neoclassical. The interior has Facing this plaza is the Teatro Degollado (Degollado Thethree naves and eleven side altars, covered by a roof sup- ater). It was built in the mid-nineteenth century in Neoported by 30 Doric columns.[33]
classical design. The main portal has a pediment with a
squares and public parks: Parque Morelos, Plaza de los
Mariachis, Plaza Fundadores, Plaza Tapatia, Plaza del
Agave, Parque Revolucion, Jardin del Santuario, Plaza de
Armas, Plaza de la Liberacion, Plaza Guadalajara and the
Rotonda de los Hombres Ilustres, the last four of which
surround the cathedral to form a Latin Cross.[34]
5
scene in relief called Apollo and the Muses sculpted in
marble by Benito Castaeda. The interior vaulted ceiling
is painted with a fresco by Jacobo Glvez and Gerardo
Surez which depicts a scene from the Divine Comedy.
Behind the theater is another plaza with a fountain called
the Fuente de los Fundadores (Fountain of the Founders).
The plaza is in the exact spot where the city was founded
and contains a sculpture depicting Cristobal de Oate at
the event (nsemana).[12]
3 Economy
3 ECONOMY
ware, electronic and digital components in Mexico. Telecom and computer equipment from Guadalajara accounts
for about a quarter of Mexicos electronics exports.[41]
Companies such as General Electric, IBM, Intel Corporation, Freescale Semiconductor, Hitachi Ltd., HewlettPackard, Siemens, Flextronics, Oracle, TCS, Cognizant
Technology Solutions and Jabil Circuit have facilities in
the city or its suburbs.[40] This phenomenon began after
the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). International rms started building facilities in Mexico, especially Guadalajara, displacing Mexican rms, especially in information technology. One of
the problems this has created is that when there are economic downturns, these international rms scale back.[42]
In 2007, fDi magazine stated that Guadalajara has the
second strongest economic potential of any major North
American city, behind only Chicago.[43] The same research noted Guadalajara as a city of the future due
to its youthful population, low unemployment and large
number of recent foreign investment deals; it was found
to be the third most business-friendly city in North
America.[43]
The city has to compete with China, especially for electronics industries which rely on high volume and low
wages. This has caused the it to move toward highmix, mid-volume and value-added services, such as automotives. However, its traditional advantage of proximity to the U.S. market is one reason Guadalajara stays
competitive.[41] Mexico ranked third in 2009 in Latin
America for the export of information technology services, behind Brazil and Argentina. This kind of service
is mostly related to online and telephone technical support. The major challenge this sector has is the lack of
university graduates who speak English.[44]
7
been built, such as Plaza Galerias, one of the largest shopping centers in Latin America, and Andares. Galeras
Guadalajara covers 160,000 m2 (1,722,225.67 sq ft) and
has 220 stores. It contains the two largest movie theaters in Latin America, both with IMAX screens. It hosts
art exhibits and fashion shows, and has an area for cultural workshops. Anchor stores includes Liverpool and
Sears and specialty stores such as Hugo Boss, Max Mara
and Lacoste.[46] Best Buy opened its rst Guadalajara
store here. Its has an additional private entrance on the
top oor of the adjacent parking lot. Another Best Buy
store was inaugurated in Ciudadela Lifestyle Center mall,
which was the chains third largest in the world, according
to the company.
Andares is another important commercial center in Zapopan. This $530 million mixed-use complex opened in
2008, designed by renowned Mexican Sordo Madaleno
architecture rm features luxury residences and a highlevel mall anchored by two large department stores, Liverpool and El Palacio de Hierro. The 133,000 m2
(1,400,000+ sq ft) mall oers hundreds of stores, a big
food court located on the second oor and several restaurants at the Paseo Andares.
A large segment of the commercial sector caters to
tourists and other visitors. Recreational tourism is mainly
concentrated in the historic downtown.[12] In addition to
being a cultural and recreational attraction and thanks to
its privileged geographical location, the city serves as an
axis to nearby popular beach destinations such as Puerto
Vallarta, Manzanillo and Mazatln.[38] Other types of visitors include those who travel to attend seminars, conventions and other events in elds such as academic, entertainment, sports and business. The best-known venue for
this purposes is the Expo Guadalajara, a large convention
center surrounded by several hotels. It was built in 1987,
and it is considered the most important convention center
in Mexico.
Exports from the city went from 3.92 billion USD in 1995
to 14.3 billion in 2003.[38] From 1990 to 2000, socioeconomic indicators show that quality of life improved
overall; however, there is still a large gap between the
rich and the poor, and the rich have beneted from the
globalization and privatization of the economy more than
the poor.[45] International investment has aected the labor market in the metro area and that of the rural towns
and villages that surround it. Guadalajara is the distribution center for the region and its demands have led to a
shifting of employment, from traditional agriculture and
crafts to manufacturing and commerce in urban centers.
This has led to mass migration from the rural areas to the
metropolitan area.[47]
4 Politics
Like other municipalities in Mexico, Guadalajara is governed by a municipal president, who exercises executive
power for three consecutive years. This oce is currently
occupied by Enrique Alfaro (Movimiento Ciudadano).
The legislature has the cabildo, formed by the form cho3.2 Foreign investment and trade
sen by the candidate for mayor, made up of aldermen,
Most of Guadalajaras economic growth since 1990 has who are not elected by the people by direct or indirect
been tied with foreign investment. International rms voting, but the return happens automatically if the mayor
have invested here to take advantage of the relatively wins.
cheap but educated and highly productive labor, estab- The municipality is divided into ve electoral districts for
lishing manufacturing plants that re-export their products the purpose of election of representatives of the city in
to the United States, as well as provide goods for the inter- the federal legislature. These districts are the VIII, IX,
nal Mexican market.[47] A media report in early October XI, XIII and XIV of the state of Jalisco.
2013 stated that ve major Indian IT (information technology) companies have established oces in Guadalajara, while several other Indian IT companies continue to 4.1 Municipality and the metropolitan
explore the option of expanding to Mexico. Due to the
area
competitiveness in the Indian IT sector, companies are
expanding internationally and Mexico oers an aord- The city and the municipality of Guadalajara are essenable opportunity for Indian companies to better position tially co extensive with over 99% of the municipality livthemselves to enter the United States market. The trend ing within the city limits and nearly all of the municiemerged after 2006 and the Mexican government oers pality urbanized.[12][49] Urbanization centered on the city
spreads out over seven other municipalities; of Zapopan,
incentives to foreign companies.[48]
6 EDUCATION
6 Education
Technology
Guadalajara was selected as Smart City in 2013 by The University of Guadalajaras administrative building
IEEE, the worlds largest professional association for the
advancement of technology.
Guadalajara is an important nucleus of universities and
Several cities invest in the areas of research to design pilot educational centers with national prestige. The most improjects and as an example, in early March in 2013 was portant is the Universidad de Guadalajara, which was es[52]
The
the rst Cluster Smart Cities " in the world, composed tablished on October 12, 1791 by royal decree.
Dublin, Ireland; San Jos, California; Cardi, Wales, and entity underwent a number of reorganizations since then,
Guadalajara, Jalisco, whose objective is the exchange of but the modern university as it exists today was estabinformation and experiences that can be applied in prin- lished in 1925, when the governor of Jalisco convened
professors, students and others to re-establish the univerciple to issues of agribusiness and health sciences.
sity. These precepts were organized into a law called the
The Secretariat of Communications and Transportation
Ley Organica.[53] It was ranked fth among the best
also reported that Guadalajara, Jalisco was chosen as the Mexican universities in 2012.[54]
ocial venue for the rst Digital Creative City of Mexico
and Latin America, what will be the spearhead for our Guadalajara is home to ITESO, a Jesuit university,
and has campuses of several private schools such as
country to consolidate the potential in this area.
the Universidad del Valle de Mxico, Tec de MonThe Cluster Smart Cities unprecedented in the world, terrey, Universidad Marista de Guadalajara,Universidad
will focus on what each of these cities is making in inno- Guadalajara LAMAR, Universidad Panamericana Sede
vation and the creation of an alliance to attract technol- Guadalajara, as well as the Universidad Autnoma
ogy. The Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technol- de Guadalajara (UAG), which was founded in 1935
ogy ( SICyT ) of Jalisco, said the combination of talent and is the oldest private university in Mexico,[55] and
development investments allow Jalisco enter the knowl- Universidad del Valle de Atemajac (UNIVA). In addiedge economy .
tion, the city hosts The American School Foundation of
From 25 to 28 October 2015, the city was the headquar- Guadalajara (ASFG) which has 1420 students in preters of the rst conference about the initiative of Smart school through twelfth grade; it is the only US-accredited
school in Guadalajara.[56]
Cities.[50][51]
Climate
Transportation
Chapala. This airport is the third most active in the country (after Mexico City and Cancn) with direct ights to
many Mexican and American cities.[62]
Within the city itself, there are many forms of public
transportation. The Guadalajara light rail/metro system, named SITEUR (Sistema de Tren Elctrico Urbano), Spanish for Urban Electrical Train System, provides rapid transit service within Guadalajara and the
neighboring municipalities of Zapopan and Tlaquepaque.
It consists of two lines: line 1, running from north to
south, with 19 stations, and line 2, running from downtown to the east, with 10 stations. The trains are electric
and have a top speed of 70 km/h (43 mph). Currently
there are 48 articulated cars in service,[63] built in Mexico by Concarril/Bombardier.[64] Construction of a third
line began in 2014. Line 3 will run from Zapopan, in the
northwest, to Tlaquepaque and Tonal, in the southeast,
via the city centre.[65] The Guadalajara Macrobus is a
public transportation system based on the concept of Bus
Rapid Transit, where buses run in lanes specically for
them and have stations for boarding. Phase I of the Macrobs project opened in 2009 with a 16-kilometre-long
(9.9 mi) corridor following Calzada Independencia and
serving 27 stations.[66] The Guadalajara trolleybus system
has been operating since the 1970s,[64][67] and there are
10
9 CULTURE
private companies operating regular city buses. It also Nandino, Idella Purnell, Jorge Souza, among others;
has a bustling network of pedestrianised streets.
classic repertoire composers like Gonzalo Curiel, Jos
Pablo
Moncayo, Antonio Navarro, Ricardo Zohn, Carlos
Mi Bici Pblica, PBSC Urban Solutions-based public
Snchez-Gutirrez
and Gabriel Pareyon; lm directors
bike share system, was launched in 2014. In 2016,
like
Felipe
Cazals,
Jaime Humberto Hermosillo, Erik
the city implemented 242 docking stations and 2116
Stahl,
Guillermo
del
Toro; and actors like Katy Jurado,
[68]
bikes.
Enrique Alvarez Felix, and Gael Garca Bernal.
Culture
Torta ahogada
The cuisine is a mix of pre-Hispanic and Spanish inuences, like the rest of Mexico, but dishes have their own
avors and are made with local techniques.
One of the main distinguishing dishes is birria. This is
goat or lamb meat cooked in a spicy sauce seasoned with
chili peppers, ginger, cumin, black pepper, oregano and
cloves.[73] The traditional way of preparing birria is to pit
roast the meat and spices wrapped in maguey leaves.[74] It
is served in bowls with minced onion, limes and tortillas.
Another dish that is strongly associated with Guadalajara
is tortas ahogadas, literally drowned tortas (sub sandwiches). This sandwich is an oblong bolillo bun (made
denser in Guadalajara than in the rest of the country)
lled with pork and other ingredients. Then the sandwich
is covered in a red tomato/chili pepper sauce.
Other dishes that are popular here include pozole, a
soup prepared with hominy, chicken or pork and various condiments and pipin, which is a sauce prepared
with peanuts, squash and sesame seed. Bionico is a
popular local dessert. The city hosts the Feria Internacional Gastronoma (International Gastronomy Fair) each
year in September showcasing Mexican and international
cuisines. A large number of restaurants, bars, bakeries
and cafs participate as well as producers of beer, wine
and tequila.[73]
The bread or bolillos mentioned above are usually called
birotes in Guadalajara. They are a crusty dense baguette
style bread like that associated with Italy or France and
are very dierent from the soft bolillos found in most of
the rest of Mexico.
Jericallas are a typical Guadalajara dessert that is similar
to an, that was created to give children proper nutrients
11
while it being delicious. It is made with eggs, milk, sugar,
vanilla, and cinnamon and baked in the oven where it is
broiled to the point that a layer of burnt layer is produced.
The burnt layer at the surface is what makes this dessert
special and delicious.[75]
One of the drinks that is popular in Guadalajara is
Tejuino, a refreshing drink that contains a corn fermented
base with sugarcane, lime, salt, and chili powder.[76]
Mariachi music is strongly associated with Guadalajara
both in Mexico and abroad even though the musical
style originated in the nearby town of Cocula, Jalisco.
The connection between the city and mariachi began in
1907 when an eight-piece mariachi band and four dancers
from the city performed on stage at the presidents residence for both Porrio Daz and the secretary of State
of the United States. This made the music a symbol of
west Mexico, and after the migration of many people
from the Guadalajara area to Mexico City (mostly settling near Plaza Garibaldi), it then became a symbol of
Mexican identity as well[77] Guadalajara hosts the Festival of Mariachi and Charreria, which began in 1994.
It attracts people in the elds of art, culture and politics
from Mexico and abroad. Regularly the best mariachis in
Mexico participate, such as Mariachi Vargas, Mariachi
de Amrica and Mariachi los Camperos de Nati Cano.
Mariachi bands from all over the world participate, coming from countries such as Venezuela, Cuba, Belgium,
Chile, France, Australia, Slovak Republic, Canada and
the United States.
was renovated for the 2011 Pan American Games in anticipation of the crowds visiting. Over 750 mariachi musicians play traditional melodies on the plaza, and along
with the restaurants and other businesses, the plaza supports more than 830 families.[81] A recent innovation has
been the fusion of mariachi melodies and instruments
with rock and roll performed by rock musicians in the
Guadalajara area. An album collecting a number of these
melodies was produced called Mariachi Rock-O. There
are plans to take these bands on tour in Mexico, the
United States and Europe.[82]
Hospicio Cabaas
12
10 ARCHITECTURE
The city is also host to several dance and ballet companies such as the Chamber Ballet of Jalisco, the Folkloric
Ballet of the University of Guadalajara, and University
of Guadalajara Contemporary Ballet.
Guadalajara is also known for several large cultural festivals. The International Film Festival of Guadalajara[84] is
a yearly event which happens in March. It mostly focuses
on Mexican and Latin American lms; however lms
from all over the world are shown. The event is sponsored
by the Universidad de Guadalajara, CONACULTA, the
Instituto Mexicano de Cinematographa as well as the
governments of the cities of Guadalajara and Zapopan.
The 2009 festival had over 200 lms shown in more than
16 theatres and open-air forums, such as the inatable
screens set up in places such as Chapultepec, La Rambla
Catalua and La Minerva. In that year, the event gave out
awards totaling 500,000 USD. The event attracts names
such as Mexican director Guillermo del Toro, Greek director Constantin Costa-Gavras, Spanish actor Antonio
Banderas and U.S. actor Edward James Olmos.[85]
Despite the Guadalajara area historically being an ethnically Caxcan region, the Nahua peoples form the majority of Guadalajaras indigenous population.[92] There
are several thousand indigenous language speakers in
Guadalajara although the majority of the indigenous population is integrated within the general population and can
speak Spanish.[92]
10 Architecture
The style of architecture prevalent in Europe during the
founding of Guadalajara is paralleled in the citys colonial
buildings. The Metropolitan Cathedral and Teatro Degollado are the purest examples of neoclassical architecture.
The historical center hosts religious and civil colonial
buildings, which are noted for their architectural and historical signicance and are a rich mix of styles which are
rooted in indigenous cultural contributions (mainly from
Ute origin), incorporated in the Mozarabic and castizo,
and later in modern European inuences (mainly French
and Italian) and American (specically, from the United
States). The French-inspired Lafayette neighborhood
has many ne examples of early 20th-century residences
that were later converted into boutiques and restaurants.
Guadalajaras historical center has an excellent assortment of museums, theaters, galleries, libraries, auditoriums and concert halls, particular mention may be made to
Hospicio Cabaas (which dates from the 18th century),
the Teatro Degollado (considered the oldest opera house
in Mexico), the Teatro Galeras and the Teatro Diana.
The Hospicio Cabaas, which is home to some of the
paintings (murals and easel) by Jos Clemente Orozco,
was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997.
Among the many structures of beauty is the International
The Danza de los Tastoanes is an event hosted annually
Headquarters Temple of La Luz del Mundo in Colonia
on July 25th at the Municipal Presidents building, where
Hermosa Provincia, which is the largest in Latin Amerthe folklore dancers perform one of the oldest traditional
ica.
dances and combat battle performance to honor the com[89]
During the Porriato the French style invaded the city
bats against the Spanish.
because of the passion of former president Porrio Daz
The Festival Cultural de Mayo (May Cultural Festival)
in the trends of French style, also Italian architects were
began in 1988. In 2009, the event celebrated the 400th
responsible for shaping the Gothic structures that were
anniversary of relations between Mexico and Japan, with
built in the city. The passage of time reected dierent
many performances and exhibitions relation to Japanese
trends from the baroque to churrigueresque, Gothic and
culture. The 2009 festival featured 358 artists in 118 acneoclassical pure. Even the architectural lines typical of
tivities. Each year a dierent country is invited. Past
the decades of the 40s, 50s and 60s the Art Deco and
guests have been Germany (2008), Mexico (2007), Spain
bold lines of postmodern architects of the time. Some
[90]
(2006) and Austria (2005). France is the 2013 guest.
architectural styles found in the city are:
The Expo Ganadera is an event hosted annually in the
month of October where people from all over the coun Incipient Baroque
try attend to display the best examples of breed and their
quality that is produced in Jalisco. The event also works
Baroque
13
Viceregal
Neoclassical
Modern
Eclectic
Art Deco
Neo-Gothic
The modern architecture of Guadalajara has numerous
gures of dierent architectural production from the neoregionalism to the primitiveness of the 60s. Some of Jalisco Stadium
these architects are: Rafael Urzua, Luis Barragn, Ignacio
Daz Morales, Pedro Castellanos, Eric Coufal, Julio de la
most successful and the second most followed club in
Pea, Eduardo Ibez Valencia, Flix Aceves Ortega
the country,[93] Atlas also plays in the Mexican Primera
Divisin, due to their ne football game style of playing, they are known in the country as 'The Academy',
hence they have provided Mexicos nest football players,
among them: Rafael Mrquez, Oswaldo Snchez, Pvel
Panoramic of Guadalajara downtown Plaza de la Liberacin
Pardo, Andrs Guardado, and Mexico national teams top
scorer Jared Borgetti. Atlas, also won several Championships on Amateur Tournaments, and rst Football
11 Sports
Championship of a Guadalajara Team back in 1951. Atlas fans are collectively called La Fiel (the faithful) by
themselves; younger followers are gathered as Barra 51
; La Barra 51 is a strong organized supporter group. His
name recalls Atlas the year of rst championship in the
Primera Divisin de Mxico in 1951. Estudiantes was associated with the Universidad Autnoma de Guadalajara
A.C.. It played in the Primera Divisin, with home games
in the Estadio 3 de Marzo (March 3 Stadium, for the Universitys 1935 date of founding). They've won also a single Championship back in 1994 as they defeated Santos.
The team moved to Zacatecas and became the Mineros
de Zacatecas in May 2014.
14
16
REFERENCES
Lorena Ochoa, a retired and former #1 female golfer, Guadalajara is twinned with:
Formula One driver Sergio Prez who drives for Sahara
Force India F1 Team and Javier Hernndez, a forward
who currently plays for Bayer Leverkusen and the Mexico 14 See also
national team were also born in the city.
12
Notable people
15 Notes
[1] Not according Milans website
16 References
[1] Diccionario de la lengua espaola |Real Academia Espaola
[2] guadalajarense - Denicin - WordReference.com.
Word Reference.
[3] Guadalajara, entry in Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1),
accessed March 18, 2008, retranscribed into IPA
[4] Guadalajara, Jalisco. Mxico en Cifras: Informacin
Nacional, Por Entidad Federativa y Municipios (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadstica y Geografa. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
[5] Consejo Nacional de Poblacin, Mxico; Proyecciones de
la Poblacin de Mxico 20052050 Archived October 12,
2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-1018.
[6] Consejo Nacional de Poblacin, Mxico; Delimitacin de
las zonas metropolitanas de Mxico 2005 Archived May
6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-1018.
[7] Juan Carlos Aceros Gualdron. Scripta Nova. Ub.es.
Retrieved 2010-06-07.
[8] Aumenta la demanda de las ocinas suburbanas en Bajo. elnanciero.
15
[25] Dugal, James (1999). Guadalajara Gas Explosion Disaster. In Disaster Recovery Journal. 5 (3).
16
16
REFERENCES
17
[98] NOTCIAS DO LEGISLATIVO (in Portuguese). Cmara Municipal de Curitiba. July 24, 2006. Retrieved
March 14, 2013.
[99] Sister Cities of Kyoto City. City of Kyoto. Archived
from the original on 2014-01-21. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
[82] ""Mariachi Rock-O, un nuevo sonido de Jalisco [Mariachi Rock-O, a new sound from Jalisco]. El Informador [100] Chairman of the Committee for External Relations of St.
Petersburg, Business Petersburg, issue 54, 2007-03-30
(in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. 2009-08-25. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
[101] San Jose, California Gov. (Sister Cities)". Retrieved
2014. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
[83] Orquesta Filarmnica de Jalisco [Philharmonic Orchestra de Jalisco] (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico:
Orquesta Filarmnica de Jalisco. Retrieved January 27,
2010.
[84] 22nd Guadalajara International Film Festival. Guadalajaracinemafest.com. Retrieved 2010-06-07.
[85] Gonzlez, Mario (2008-11-16). Exhibirn 220 pelculas en 9 das; 12 mexicanas [Will exhibit 220 lms in 9
days; 12 Mexican]. Milenio (in Spanish). Mexico City.
Retrieved January 27, 2010.
[86] Feria Internacional del Libro de Guadalajara (FIL)" (in
Spanish). Mexico: CONACULTA. Retrieved January
27, 2010.
[87] Feria Internacional del Libro de Guadalajara 2009 (in
Spanish). Mexico: Monitor Educativo Instituto de Investigacin Innovacin y Estudios de Posgrado para la Educacin. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
[88] Feria Internacional del Libro de Guadalajara (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Mexicano de la Radio. 2009-1027. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
[89] Fiestas y Tradiciones | Vive. vive.guadalajara.gob.mx.
Retrieved 2016-11-14.
[90] Festival Cultural de Mayo (in Spanish). Guadalajara,
Mexico: Municipality of Guadalajara. Retrieved January
27, 2010.
[91] Pp. Unin Ganadera Regional de Jalisco - Expo
Ganadera - Quienes somos. www.ugrj.org.mx. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
[92] Enciclopedia de los Municipios de Mxico.
Elocal.gob.mx. Archived from the original on 2006-12-05.
Retrieved 2012-12-02.
[93] Chivas, el preferido de Mxico. Infomador.
[94] The ocial Web site of XVI PAN AMERICAN
GAMES. Guadalajara2011.org.mx. Archived from the
original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved 2010-06-07.
[95] Glover, Michael (June 13, 2009). Guadalajara Prepares
for 2011 PanAmerican Games. Banderas News. Puerto
Vallarta. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
[96] Sister Cities, Public Relations. Guadalajara municipal government. Archived from the original on March 2,
2012. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
[97] Sister Cities International (SCI)". Sister-cities.org. Retrieved 2013-04-21.
17 External links
H. City Council of Guadalajara (Spanish)
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