Mars/Fangruida

Posted on 10th September 2016 by enquire to annotate

Fangruida/Enc:Special multi-purpose anti-radiation suit 50 million

dollars
Aerospace Medical Emergency cabin 1.5 billion dollars
Multi-purpose intelligent life support system 10 billion dollars
Mars truck 300 million dollars
Aerospace / Water Planet synthesis 1.2 billion dollars

Cutting-edge aerospace technology transfer 50 million dollars of new

rocket radiation material 10 billion dollars against drugs microgravity $ 2
billion contact: Fangda337svb125@gmail.com,banxin123 @ gmail.com,
mdin.jshmith @ gmail.com technology entry fee / technical margin of 1
million dollars , signed on demand
Table of Contents
Fangruida: human landing on Mars 10 cutting-edge technology
[Fangruida- human landing on Mars 10 innovative and sophisticated
technologies] Aerospace Science and space science and technology
major innovation of the most critical of sophisticated technology R & D
project
Aerospace Science Space Science and Technology on behalf of the
worlds most cutting-edge leader in high technology, materials,
mechatronics, information and communication, energy, biomedical,
marine, aviation aerospace, microelectronics, computer, automation,
intelligent biochips, use of nuclear energy, light mechanical and
electrical integration, astrophysics, celestial chemistry, astrophysics and
so a series of geological science and technology. Especially after the
moon landing, the further development of mankind to Mars and other
planets into the powerful offensive, the worlds major powers eager to

Daxian hand of God, increase investment, vigorously develop new

sophisticated technology projects for space to space. Satellite, space
station, the new spacecraft, the new space suits, the new radiation
protection materials, intelligent materials, new manufacturing
technology, communications technology, computer technology, detector
technology, rover, rover technology, biomedical technology, and so one
after another, is expected to greater breakthroughs and leaps. For
example, rocket technology, spacecraft design, large power spacecraft,
spacesuits design improvements, radiation multifunctional composite
materials, life health care technology and space medicine, prevention
against microgravity microgravity applicable drugs, tracking control
technology, landing and return technology. Mars lander and returned
safely to Earth as a top priority. Secondly, Mars, the Moon base and the
use of transforming Mars, the Moon and other development will follow.
Whether the former or the latter, are the modern aerospace science,
space science basic research, applied basic research and applied
research in the major cutting-edge technology. These major cuttingedge technology research and innovation, not only for human landing on
Mars and the safe return of great significance, but for the entire space
science, impact immeasurable universe sciences, earth sciences and
human life. Here the most critical of the most important research
projects of several sophisticated technology research and development

as well as its core technology brief. Limit non-scientific techniques

include non-technical limits of technology, the key lies in technology
research and development of technology maturity, advanced technology,
innovative, practical, reliable, practical application, business value and
investment costs, and not simply like the idea mature technology
achievements, difficult to put into things. This is the high-tech research
and development, testing, prototype, test application testing, until the
outcome of industrialization. Especially in aerospace technology,
advanced, novelty, practicality, reliability, economy, maturity, commercial
value and so on. For technical and research purely science fiction and
the like may be irrelevant depth, but not as aerospace engineering and
technology practice. Otherwise, Mars will become a dream fantasy, and
even into settling crashed out of danger.
Regardless of the moon or Mars, many technical difficulties, especially a
human landing on Mars and return safely to Earth, technical difficulties
mainly in the following aspects. (Transformation of Mars and the Moon
and other planets and detect other livable technology more complex and
difficult, at this stage it is difficult to achieve and therefore not discussed
in detail in this study). In fact, Mars will be the safe return of a full set of
technology, space science, aerospace crucial scientific research
development, its significance is not confined to Mars simply a return to
scientific value, great commercial value, can not be measure.

1. Powered rocket, the spacecraft overall structural design not be too

complex large, otherwise, the safety factor to reduce the risk of failure
accidents. Fusion rocket engine main problem to be solved is the hightemperature materials and fuel ignition chamber (reaction chamber
temperatures of up to tens of millions of supreme billion degrees), fissile
class rocket engine whose essence is the miniaturization of nuclear
reactors, and placed on the rocket. Nuclear rocket engine fuel as an
energy source, with liquid hydrogen, liquid helium, liquid ammonia
working fluid. Nuclear rocket engine mounted in the thrust chamber of
the reactor, cooling nozzle, the working fluid delivery and control
systems and other components. This engine due to nuclear radiation
protection, exhaust pollution, reactor control and efficient heat
exchanger design and other issues unresolved. Electrothermal rocket
engine utilizing heat energy (resistance heating or electric arc heating)
working medium (hydrogen, amines, hydrazine ), vaporized; nozzle
expansion accelerated after discharged from the spout to generate
thrust. Static rocket engine working fluid (mercury, cesium, hydrogen,
etc.) from the tank enter the ionization chamber is formed thrust ionized
into a plasma jet. Electric rocket engines with a high specific impulse
(700-2500 sec), extremely long life (can be repeated thousands of times
a starter, a total of up to thousands of hours of work). But the thrust of
less than 100N. This engine is only available for spacecraft attitude

control, station-keeping and the like. One nuclear power rocket design
is as follows: Firstly, the reactor heats water to make it into steam, and
then the high-speed steam ejected, push the rocket. Nuclear rocket
using hydrogen as working substance may be a better solution, it is one
of the most commonly used liquid hydrogen rocket fuel rocket carrying
liquid hydrogen virtually no technical difficulties. Heating hydrogen
nuclear reactor, as long as it eventually reaches or exceeds current jet
velocity hydrogen rocket engine jet speed, the same weight of the rocket
will be able to work longer, it can accelerate the Rockets faster. Here
there are only two problems: First, the final weight includes the weight of
the rocket in nuclear reactors, so it must be as light as possible. Ultrasmall nuclear reactor has been able to achieve. Furthermore, if used in
outer space, we can not consider the problem of radioactive residues,
simply to just one proton hydrogen nuclei are less likely to produce
induced radioactivity, thus shielding layer can be made thinner, injected
hydrogen gas can flow directly through the reactor core, it is not easy to
solve, and that is how to get back at high speed heated gas is ejected.
Rocket engine with a nuclear fission reactor, based on the heating liquid
hydrogen propellant, rather than igniting flammable propellant
High-speed heavy rocket is a major cutting-edge technology. After all,
space flight and aircraft carriers, submarines, nuclear reactors differ
greatly from the one hand, the use of traditional fuels, on the one hand

can be nuclear reactor technology. From the control, for security

reasons, the use of nuclear power rocket technology, safe and reliable
overriding indicators. Nuclear atomic energy in line with the norms and
rules of outer space. For the immature fetal abdominal hatchery
technology, and resolutely reject use. This is the most significant
development of nuclear-powered rocket principle.
Nuclear-powered spaceship for Use of nuclear power are three kinds:
The first method: no water or air space such media can not be used
propeller must use jet approach. Reactor nuclear fission or fusion to
produce a lot of heat, we will propellant (such as liquid hydrogen)
injection, the rapid expansion of the propellant will be heated and then
discharged from the engine speed tail thrust. This method is most
readily available.
The second method: nuclear reactor will have a lot of fast-moving ions,
these energetic particles moving very fast, so you can use a magnetic
field to control their ejection direction. This principle ion rocket similar to
the tail of the rocket ejected from the high-speed mobile ions, so that the
recoil movement of a rocket. The advantage of this approach is to
promote the unusually large ratio, without carrying any medium,
continued strong. Ion engine, which is commonly referred to as "electric
rocket", the principle is not complicated, the propellant is ionized
particles,

Plasma Engine
Electromagnetic acceleration, high-speed spray. From the development
trend, the US research scope covers almost all types of electric
thrusters, but mainly to the development of ion engines, NASA in which
to play the most active intake technology and preparedness plans. "
The third method: the use of nuclear explosions. It is a bold and crazy
way, no longer is the use of a controlled nuclear reaction, but to use
nuclear explosions to drive the ship, this is not an engine, and it is called
a nuclear pulse rocket. This spacecraft will carry a lot of low-yield atomic
bombs out one behind, and then detonated, followed by a spacecraft
propulsion installation disk, absorbing the blast pushing the spacecraft
forward. This was in 1955 to Orion (Project Orion) name of the project,
originally planned to bring two thousand atomic bombs, Orion later fetal
nuclear thermal rocket. Its principle is mounted on a small rocket
reactor, the reactor utilizing thermal energy generated by the propellant
is heated to a high temperature, high pressure and high temperature of
the propellant from the high-speed spray nozzle, a tremendous impetus.
Common nuclear fission technologies, including nuclear pulse rocket
engines, nuclear rockets, nuclear thermal rocket and nuclear stamping
rockets to nuclear thermal rocket, for example, the size of its land-based
nuclear power plant reactor structure than the much smaller, more
uranium-235 purity requirements high, reaching more than 90%, at the

request of the high specific impulse engine core temperature will reach
about 3000K, require excellent high temperature properties of materials.
Research and test new IT technologies and new products and new
technology and new materials, new equipment, things are difficult,
design is the most important part, especially in the overall design,
technical solutions, technical route, technical process, technical and
economic particularly significant. The overall design is defective,
technology there are loopholes in the program, will be a major technical
route deviation, but also directly related to the success of research trials.
so, any time, under any circumstances, a good grasp of the overall
control of design, technical design, is essential. otherwise, a done deal,
it is difficult save. aerospace technology research and product
development is true.
3, high-performance nuclear rocket
Nuclear rocket nuclear fission and fusion energy can rocket rocket two
categories. Nuclear fission and fusion produce heat, radiation and shock
waves and other large amounts of energy, but here they are
contemplated for use as a thermal energy rocket.
Uranium and other heavy elements, under certain conditions, will split
their nuclei, called nuclear fission reaction. The atomic bomb is the
result of nuclear fission reactions. Nuclear fission reaction to release
energy, is a million times more chemical rocket propellant combustion

energy. Therefore, nuclear fission energy is a high-performance rocket

rockets. Since it requires much less propellant than chemical rockets
can, so to its own weight is much lighter than chemical rockets energy.
For the same quality of the rocket, the rocket payload of nuclear fission
energy is much greater than the chemical energy of the rocket. Just
nuclear fission energy rocket is still in the works.
Use of nuclear fission energy as the energy of the rocket, called the
atomic rockets. It is to make hydrogen or other inert gas working fluid
through the reactor, the hydrogen after the heating temperature quickly
rose to 2000 , and then into the nozzle, high-speed spray to produce
thrust.
A vision plan is to use liquid hydrogen working fluid, in operation, the
liquid hydrogen tank in the liquid hydrogen pump is withdrawn through
the catheter and the engine cooling jacket and liquid hydrogen into
hydrogen gas, hydrogen gas turbine-driven, locally expansion. Then by
nuclear fission reactors, nuclear fission reactions absorb heat released,
a sharp rise in temperature, and finally into the nozzle, the rapid
expansion of high-speed spray. Calculations show that the amount of
atomic payload rockets, rocket high chemical energy than 5-8 times.
Hydrogen and other light elements, under certain conditions, their nuclei
convergent synthesis of new heavy nuclei, and release a lot of energy,
called nuclear fusion reaction, also called thermonuclear reaction.

Using energy generated by the fusion reaction for energy rocket, called
fusion energy rocket or nuclear thermal rockets. But it is also not only
take advantage of controlled nuclear fusion reaction to manufacture
hydrogen bombs, rockets and controlled nuclear fusion reaction needs
still studying it.
Of course there are various research and development of rocket
technology and technical solutions to try.
It is envisaged that the rocket deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen with
deuterium nuclear fusion reaction of helium nuclei, protons and
neutrons, and release huge amounts of energy, just polymerized ionized
helium to temperatures up to 100 million degrees the plasma, and then
nozzle expansion, high-speed ejection, the exhaust speed of up to
15,000 km / sec, atomic energy is 1800 times the rocket, the rocket is
the chemical energy of 3700 times.
Nuclear rocket engine fuel as an energy source, with liquid hydrogen,
liquid helium, liquid ammonia working fluid. Nuclear rocket engine
mounted in the thrust chamber of the reactor, cooling nozzle, the
working fluid delivery and control systems and other components. In a
nuclear reactor, nuclear energy into heat to heat the working fluid, the
working fluid is heated after expansion nozzle to accelerate to the speed
of 6500 ~ 11,000 m / sec from the discharge orifice to produce thrust.
Nuclear rocket engine specific impulse (250 to 1000 seconds) long life,

but the technology is complex, apply only to long-term spacecraft. This

engine due to nuclear radiation protection, exhaust pollution, reactor
control and efficient heat exchanger design and other issues not
resolved, is still in the midst of trials. Nuclear rocket technology is
cutting-edge aerospace science technology, centralized many
professional and technical sciences and aerospace, nuclear physics,
nuclear chemistry, materials science, the long term future ___ wide
width. The United States, Russia and Europe, China, India, Japan,
Britain, Brazil and other countries in this regard have studies, in
particular the United States and Russia led the way, impressive. Of
course, at this stage of nuclear rocket technology, technology
development there are still many difficulties. Fully formed, still to be. But
humanity marching to the universe, nuclear reactor applications is
essential.
Outer Space Treaty (International Convention on the Peaceful Uses of
Outer Space) ****
Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space Principle 15
General Assembly,
Having considered the report of its thirty-fifth session of the Committee
on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and the Commission of 16 nuclear
It can be attached in principle on the use of nuclear power sources in
outer space of the text of its report, 17

Recognize that nuclear power sources due to small size, long life and
other characteristics, especially suitable for use even necessary
For some missions in outer space,
Recognizing also that the use of nuclear power sources in outer space
should focus on the possible use of nuclear power sources
Those uses,
Recognizing also that the use of nuclear power sources should include
or probabilistic risk analysis is complete security in outer space
Full evaluation is based, in particular, the public should focus on
reducing accidental exposure to harmful radiation or radioactive material
risk
risk,
Recognizing the need to a set of principles containing goals and
guidelines in this regard to ensure the safety of outer space makes
With nuclear power sources,
Affirming that this set principles apply exclusively on space objects for
non-power generation, which is generally characteristic
Mission systems and implementation of nuclear power sources in outer
space on similar principles and used by,
Recognizing this need to refer to a new set of principles for future
nuclear power applications and internationally for radiological protection
The new proposal will be revised

By the following principles on the use of nuclear power sources in outer

space.
Principle 1. Applicability of international law
Involving the use of nuclear power sources in outer space activities
should be carried out in accordance with international law, especially the
"UN
Principles of the Charter "and" States in the Exploration and Use of
Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Activities
Treaty "3
.
2. The principle terms
1. For the purpose of these principles, "launching State" and "launching
State " two words mean, in related
Principles related to a time of nuclear power sources in space objects
exercises jurisdiction and control of the country.
2. For the purpose of principle 9, wherein the definition of the term
"launching State" as contained in that principle.
3. For the purposes of principle 3, the terms "foreseeable" and "all
possible" two words are used to describe the actual hair
The overall likelihood of students that it is considered for safety analysis
is credible possibilities for a class of things
Member or circumstances. "General concept of defense in depth" when

the term applies to nuclear power sources in outer space refers to

various settings
Count form and space operations replace or supplement the operation
of the system in order to prevent system failures or mitigate thereafter
"Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-seventh Session,
Supplement No. 20" 16 (A / 47/20).
17 Ibid., Annex.
38
fruit. To achieve this purpose is not necessarily required for each
individual member has redundant safety systems. Given space
Use and special requirements of various space missions, impossible to
any particular set of systems or features can be specified as
Necessary to achieve this purpose. For the purpose of Principle 3 (d) of
paragraph 2, "made critical" does not include
Including such as zero-power testing which are fundamental to ensuring
system safety required.
Principle 3. Guidelines and criteria for safe use
To minimize the risk of radioactive material in space and the number
involved, nuclear power sources in outer space
Use should be limited to non-nuclear power sources in space missions
can not reasonably be performed
1. General goals for radiation protection and nuclear safety

(A) States launching space objects with nuclear power sources on

board shall endeavor to protect individuals, populations and the
biosphere
From radiation hazards. The design and use of space objects with
nuclear power sources on board shall ensure that risk with confidence
Harm in the foreseeable operational or accidental circumstances,
paragraph 1 (b) and (c) to define acceptable water
level.
Such design and use shall also ensure that radioactive material does
not reliably significant contamination of outer space.
(B) the normal operation of nuclear power sources in space objects,
including from paragraph 2 (b) as defined in foot
High enough to return to the track, shall be subject to appropriate antiradiation recommended by the International Commission on
Radiological Protection of the public
Protection goals. During such normal operation there shall be no
significant radiation exposure;
(C) To limit exposure in accidents, the design and construction of
nuclear power source systems shall take into account the international
Relevant and generally accepted radiological protection guidelines.
In addition to the probability of accidents with potentially serious
radiological consequences is extremely low, the nuclear power source

Design systems shall be safely irradiated limited limited geographical

area, for the individual radiation dose should be
Limited to no more than a year 1mSv primary dose limits. Allows the use
of irradiation year for some years 5mSv deputy agent
Quantity limit, but the average over a lifetime effective dose equivalent
annual dose not exceed the principal limit 1mSv
degree.
Should make these conditions occur with potentially serious radiological
consequences of the probability of the system design is very
small.
Criteria mentioned in this paragraph Future modifications should be
applied as soon as possible;
(D) general concept of defense in depth should be based on the design,
construction and operation of systems important for safety. root
According to this concept, foreseeable safety-related failures or
malfunctions must be capable of automatic action may be
Or procedures to correct or offset.
It should ensure that essential safety system reliability, inter alia, to
make way for these systems
Component redundancy, physical separation, functional isolation and
adequate independence.
It should also take other measures to increase the level of safety.

2. The nuclear reactor

(A) nuclear reactor can be used to:
39
(I) On interplanetary missions;
(Ii) the second high enough orbit paragraph (b) as defined;
(Iii) low-Earth orbit, with the proviso that after their mission is complete
enough to be kept in a nuclear reactor
High on the track;
(B) sufficiently high orbit the orbital lifetime is long enough to make the
decay of fission products to approximately actinides
Element active track. The sufficiently high orbit must be such that
existing and future outer space missions of crisis
Risk and danger of collision with other space objects to a minimum. In
determining the height of the sufficiently high orbit when
It should also take into account the destroyed reactor components
before re-entering the Earths atmosphere have to go through the
required decay time
between.
(C) only 235 nuclear reactors with highly enriched uranium fuel. The
design shall take into account the fission and
Activation of radioactive decay products.
(D) nuclear reactors have reached their operating orbit or interplanetary

trajectory can not be made critical state

state.
(E) nuclear reactor design and construction shall ensure that, before
reaching the operating orbit during all possible events
Can not become critical state, including rocket explosion, re-entry,
impact on ground or water, submersion
In water or water intruding into the core.
(F) a significant reduction in satellites with nuclear reactors to operate
on a lifetime less than in the sufficiently high orbit orbit
For the period (including during operation into the sufficiently high orbit)
the possibility of failure, there should be a very
Reliable operating system, in order to ensure an effective and controlled
disposal of the reactor.
3. Radioisotope generators
(A) interplanetary missions and other spacecraft out of Earths
gravitational field tasks using radioactive isotopes
Su generator. As they are stored after completion of their mission in high
orbit, the Earth can also be used
track. We are required to make the final treatment under any
circumstances.
(B) Radioisotope generators shall be protected closed systems, design
and construction of the system should

Ensure that in the foreseeable conditions of the track to withstand the

heat and aerodynamic forces of re-entry in the upper atmosphere, orbit
Conditions including highly elliptical or hyperbolic orbits when relevant.
Upon impact, the containment system and the occurrence of parity
Physical morpheme shall ensure that no radioactive material is
scattered into the environment so you can complete a recovery
operation
Clear all radioactive impact area.
Principle 4. Safety Assessment
1. When launching State emission consistent with the principles defined
in paragraphs 1, prior to the launch in applicable under the
Designed, constructed or manufactured the nuclear power sources, or
will operate the space object person, or from whose territory or facility
Transmits the object will be to ensure a thorough and comprehensive
safety assessment. This assessment shall cover
All relevant stages of space mission and shall deal with all systems
involved, including the means of launching, the space level
Taiwan, nuclear power source and its equipment and the means of
control and communication between ground and space.
2. This assessment shall respect the principle of 3 contained in the
guidelines and criteria for safe use.
40

3. The principle of States in the Exploration and Use, including the

Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Outer Space Activities Article
Results of about 11, this safety assessment should be published prior to
each transmit simultaneously to the extent feasible
Note by the approximate intended time of launch, and shall notify the
Secretary-General of the United Nations, how to be issued
This safety assessment before the shot to get the results as soon as
possible.
Principle 5. Notification of re-entry
1. Any State launching a space object with nuclear power sources in
space objects that failed to produce discharge
When radioactive substances dangerous to return to the earth, it shall
promptly notify the country concerned. Notice shall be in the following
format:
(A) System parameters:
(I) Name of launching State, including which may be contacted in the
event of an accident to Request
Information or assistance to obtain the relevant authorities address;
(Ii) International title;
(Iii) Date and territory or location of launch;
(Iv) the information needed to make the best prediction of orbit lifetime,
trajectory and impact region;

(V) General function of spacecraft;

(B) information on the radiological risk of nuclear power source:
(I) the type of power source: radioisotopes / reactor;
(Ii) the fuel could fall into the ground and may be affected by the
physical state of contaminated and / or activated components, the
number of
The amount and general radiological characteristics. The term "fuel"
refers to as a source of heat or power of nuclear material.
This information shall also be sent to the Secretary-General of the
United Nations.
2. Once you know the failure, the launching State shall provide
information on the compliance with the above format. Information should
as far as possible
To be updated frequently, and in the dense layers of the Earths
atmosphere is expected to return to a time when close to the best
increase
Frequency of new data, so that the international community understand
the situation and will have sufficient time to plan for any deemed
necessary
National contingency measures.
3. It should also be at the same frequency of the latest information
available to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Principle 6. consultation
5 According to the national principles provide information shall, as far as
reasonably practicable, other countries
Requirements to obtain further information or consultations promptly
reply.
Principle 7. Assistance to States
1. Upon receipt of expected with nuclear power sources on space
objects and their components will return through the Earths atmosphere
After know that all countries possessing space monitoring and tracking
facilities, in the spirit of international cooperation, as soon as possible to
The Secretary-General of the United Nations and the countries they
may have made space objects carrying nuclear power sources
A fault related information, so that the States may be affected to assess
the situation and take any
It is considered to be the necessary precautions.
41
2. In carrying space objects with nuclear power sources back to the
Earths atmosphere after its components:
(A) launching State shall be requested by the affected countries to
quickly provide the necessary assistance to eliminate actual
And possible effects, including nuclear power sources to assist in
identifying locations hit the Earths surface, to detect the re substance

Quality and recovery or cleanup activities.

(B) All countries with relevant technical capabilities other than the
launching State, and with such technical capabilities
International organizations shall, where possible, in accordance with the
requirements of the affected countries to provide the necessary co
help.
When according to the above (a) and subparagraph (b) to provide
assistance, should take into account the special needs of developing
countries.
Principle 8. Responsibility
In accordance with the States in the Exploration and Use of Outer
Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies activities,
including the principles of Article
About Article, States shall bear international responsibility for their use
of nuclear power sources in outer space relates to the activities
Whether such activities are carried on by governmental agencies or
non-governmental entities, and shall bear international responsibility to
ensure that this
Such activities undertaken by the country in line with the principles of
the Treaty and the recommendations contained therein. If it involves the
use of nuclear power sources
Activities in outer space by an international organization, should be

done by the international organizations and States to participate in the

organization
Undertakes to comply with the principles of the Treaty and the
recommendations contained in these responsibilities.
Principle 9. Liability and Compensation
1. In accordance with the principle of States in the Exploration and Use,
including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Outer Space Activities
Article
And the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by
Space Objects covenant of Article 7
Provisions, which launches or on behalf of the State
Each State launching a space object and each State from which territory
or facility a space object is launched
Kinds of space object or damage caused by components shall bear
international liability. This fully applies to this
Kind of space object carrying a nuclear power source case. Two or more
States jointly launch a space object,
Each launching State shall in accordance with the above Article of the
Convention for any damages jointly and severally liable.
2. Such countries under the aforesaid Convention shall bear the
damages shall be in accordance with international law and fair and
reasonable

The principles set out in order to provide for damages to make a claim
on behalf of its natural or juridical persons, national or
International organizations to restore to the state before the occurrence
of the damage.
3. For the purposes of this principle, compensation should be made to
include reimbursement of the duly substantiated expenses for search,
recovery and clean
Cost management work, including the cost of providing assistance to
third parties.
10. The principle of dispute settlement
Since the implementation of these principles will lead to any dispute in
accordance with the provisions of the UN Charter, by negotiation or
Other established procedures to resolve the peaceful settlement of
disputes.
Here quoted the important provisions of the United Nations concerning
the use of outer space for peaceful nuclear research and international
conventions, the main emphasis on the Peaceful Uses of provisions
related constraints .2 the use of nuclear rockets in outer space nuclear
studies, etc., can cause greater attention in nuclear power nuclear
rocket ship nuclear research, manufacture, use and other aspects of the
mandatory hard indicators. this scientists, engineering and technical
experts are also important constraints and requirements. as IAEA

supervision and management as very important.

2. radiation. Space radiation is one of the greatest threats to the safety
of the astronauts, including X-rays, -rays, cosmic rays and high-speed
solar particles. Better than aluminum protective effect of high polymer
composite materials.
3. Air. Perhaps the oxygen needed to rely on oxidation-reduction
reaction of hydrogen and ilmenite production of water, followed by water
electrolysis to generate oxygen. Mars oxygen necessary for survival but
also from the decomposition of water, electrolytically separating water
molecules of oxygen and hydrogen, this oxygen equipment has been
successfully used in the International Space Station. Oxygen is released
into the air to sustain life, the hydrogen system into the water system.
4. The issue of food waste recycling. At present, the International Space
Station on the use of dehumidifiers, sucked moisture in the air to be
purified, and then changed back to drinkable water. The astronauts
urine and sweat recycling. 5. water. The spacecraft and the space
station on purification system also makes urine and other liquids can be
purified utilization. 6. microgravity. In microgravity or weightlessness
long-term space travel, if protective measures shall not be treated, the
astronauts will be muscle atrophy, bone softening health. 7. contact. 8.
Insulation, 9 energy. Any space exploration are inseparable from the
energy battery is a new super hybrid energy storage device, the

asymmetric lead-acid batteries and supercapacitors in the same

compound within the system and the so-called inside, no additional
separate electronic control unit, this is an optimal combination. The
traditional lead-acid battery PbO2 monomer is a positive electrode plate
and a negative electrode plate spongy Pb composition, not a super
cell. : Silicon solar cells, multi-compound thin film solar cells, multi-layer
polymer-modified electrode solar cells, nano-crystalline solar cells,
batteries and super class. For example, the solar aircraft .10. To protect
the health and life safety and security systems. Lysophosphatidic acid
LPA is a growth factor-like lipid mediators, the researchers found that
this substance can on apoptosis after radiation injury and animal cells
was inhibited. Stable lysophosphatidic acid analogs having the
hematopoietic system and gastrointestinal tract caused by acute
radiation sickness protection, knockout experiments show that
lysophosphatidic acid receptors is an important foundation for the
protection of radiation injury. In addition to work under high pressure, the
astronauts face a number of health threats, including motion sickness,
bacterial infections, blindness space, as well as psychological problems,
including toxic dust. In the weightless environment of space, the
astronauts body will be like in preadolescents, as the emergence of
various changes.
Plantar molt

After the environment to adapt to zero gravity, the astronauts body will
be some strange changes. Weightlessness cause fluid flow around the
main flow torso and head, causing the astronauts facial swelling and
inflammation, such as nasal congestion. During long-term stay in space
Bone and muscle loss
Most people weightlessness caused by the impact may be known bone
and muscle degeneration. In addition, the calcium bones become very
fragile and prone to fracture, which is why some of the astronauts after
landing need on a stretcher.
Space Blindness
Space Blindness refers astronaut decreased vision.
Solar storms and radiation is one of the biggest challenges facing the
long-term space flight. Since losing the protection of Earths magnetic
field, astronauts suffer far more than normal levels of radiation. The
cumulative amount of radiation exposure in low earth orbit them
exceeded by workers close to nuclear reactors, thereby increasing the
risk of cancer.
Prolonged space flight can cause a series of psychological problems,
including depression or mood swings, vulnerability, anxiety and fear, as
well as other sequelae. We are familiar with the biology of the Earth, the
Earth biochemistry, biophysics, after all, the Earth is very different
astrophysics, celestial chemistry, biophysics and astrophysics,

biochemistry and other celestial bodies. Therefore, you must be familiar

with and adapt to these differences and changes.
Osteoporosis and its complications ranked first in the space of disease
risk.
Long-term health risks associated with flying Topics
The degree of influence long-term biological effects of radiation in
human flight can withstand the radiation and the maximum limit of
accumulated radiation on physiology, pathology and genetics.
Physiological effects of weightlessness including: long-term bone loss
and a return flight after the maximum extent and severity of the
continued deterioration of other pathological problems induced by the;
maximum flexibility and severity of possible long-term Flight Center in
vascular function.
Long-term risk of disease due to the high risk of flight stress, microbial
variation, decreased immune function, leading to infections
Radiation hazards and protection
1) radiation medicine, biology and pathway effects Features
Radiation protection for interplanetary flight, since the lack of protective
effect of Earths magnetic field, and by the irradiation time is longer, the
possibility of increased radiation hazard.
Analysis of space flight medical problems that may occur, loss of
appetite topped the list, sleep disorders, fatigue and insomnia, in

addition, space sickness, musculoskeletal system problems, eye

problems, infections problems, skin problems and cardiovascular
problems

Development of diagnostic techniques in orbit, the development of the

volume of power consumption, features a wide range of diagnostic
techniques, such as applied research of ultrasound diagnostic
techniques in the abdominal thoracic trauma, bone, ligament damage,
dental / sinus infections and other complications and integrated;
Actively explore in orbit disposal of medical technology, weightlessness
surgical methods, development of special surgical instruments, the role
of narcotic drugs and the like.
However, space technology itself is integrated with the use of the most
advanced technology, its challenging technical reserves and periodic
demanding
With the continuous development of science and technology, space
agencies plan a manned landing on the moon and Mars, space
exploration emergency medicine current concern.
Space sickness
In the weightless environment of space, in the weightless environment
of space, surgery may be extremely difficult and risky.

Robot surgeons
Space disease in three days after entering the space started to ease,
although individual astronauts might subsequently relapse. January
2015 NASA declared working on a fast, anti-nausea and nasal sprays.
In addition, due to the zero-gravity environment, and anti-nausea drugs
can only be administered by injection or transdermal patches manner.
Manned spaceflight in the 21st century is the era of interplanetary flight,
aerospace medicine is closely watched era is the era of Chinas manned
space flourish. Only the central issue, and grasp the opportunity to open
up a new world of human survival and development.
Various emergency contingency measures in special circumstances.
Invisible accident risk prevention. Enhancing drugs and other screening
methods immunity aerospace medicine and tissue engineering a
microgravity environment. Drug mixture of APS, ginseng
polysaccharides, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides, polysaccharides
and Lentinan, from other compounds. Drug development space
syndrome drug, chemical structure modification will be an important
part.
These issues are very sensitive, cutting-edge technology is a major
difficulty landing on Mars. Countries in the world, especially the worlds
major space powers in the country strategies and technical research,
the results of all kinds continue to emerge. United States, Russia,

China, Europe, India, Japan and other countries is different. United

States, Russia extraordinary strength. Many patented technology and
health, and most belong to the top-secret technology. Especially in
aerospace engineering and technological achievements is different from
the general scientific literature, practical, commercial, industrial great,
especially the performance of patents, know-how, technical drawings,
engineering design and other aspects. Present Mars and return safely to
Earth, the first manned, significance, everything is hard in the
beginning, especially the first person to land on Mars This Mars for
Human Sciences Research Mars, the moon, the earth, the solar system
and the universe, life and other significant. Its far greater than the value
of direct investments and business interests.
In addition, it is the development of new materials, suitable for deep
space operations universe, life, and other detection, wider field.
Many aerospace materials, continuous research and development of
materials are key areas of aerospace development, including material
rocket, the spacecraft materials, the suit materials, radiation materials,
materials and equipment, instruments, materials and so on
biochemistry.
Temperature metal-based compound with a metal matrix composite
body with a more primordial higher temperature strength, creep
resistance, impact resistance, thermal fatigue and other excellent high

temperature performance.
In B, C, SiC fiber reinforced Ti3Al, TiAl, Ni3Al intermetallic matrix
composites, etc.
W Fiber Reinforced with nickel-based, iron-based alloys as well as SiC,
TiB2, Si3N4 and BN particle reinforced metal matrix composites
High temperature service conditions require the development of ceramic
and carbon-based composite materials, etc., not in this eleven Cheung
said.
Fuel storage
In order to survive in space, people need many things: food, oxygen,
shelter, and, perhaps most importantly, fuel. The initial quality Mars
mission somewhere around 80 percent of the space launch humans will
be propellant. The fuel amount of storage space is very difficult.
This difference in low Earth orbit cause liquid hydrogen and liquid
oxygen rocket fuel vaporization.
Hydrogen is particularly likely to leak out, resulting in a loss of about 4%
per month.
When you want to get people to Mars speed to minimize exposure to
weightlessness and space radiation hazards
Mars
Landings on the Martian surface, they realized that they reached the
limit. The rapid expansion of the thin Martian atmosphere can not be

very large parachute, such as those that will need to be large enough to
slow down, carry human spacecraft.
Therefore, the parachute strong mass ratio, high temperature
resistance, Bing shot performance and other aspects of textile materials
used have special requirements, in order to make a parachute can be
used in rockets, missiles, Yu arrows spacecraft and other spacecraft
recovery, it is necessary to improve the canopy heat resistance, a high
melting point polymeric fiber fabric used, the metal fabric, ceramic fiber
fabrics, and other devices.
Super rigid parachute to help slow the landing vehicle.
Spacecraft entered the Martian atmosphere at 24,000 km / h. Even after
slowing parachute or inflatable, it will be very
Once we have the protection of the Earth magnetic field, the solar
radiation will accumulate in the body, a huge explosion threw the
spacecraft may potentially lethal doses of radiation astronauts.
In addition to radiation, the biggest challenge is manned trip to Mars
microgravity, as previously described.
The moon is sterile. Mars is another case entirely.
With dust treatment measures.
Arid Martian environment to create a super-tiny dust particles flying
around the Earth for billions of years.
Apollo moon dust encountered. Ultra-sharp and abrasive lunar dust was

named something that can clog the basic functions of mechanical

damage. High chloride salt, which can cause thyroid problems in
people.
Mars geological structure and geological structure of the moon, water on
Mars geology, geology of the Moon is very important, because he, like
the Earths geology is related to many important issues. Water, the first
element of life, air, temperature, and complex geological formations are
geological structure. Cosmic geology research methods, mainly through
a variety of detection equipment equipped with a space probe, celestial
observations of atmospheric composition, composition and distribution
of temperature, pressure, wind speed, vertical structure, composition of
the solar wind, the water, the surface topography and Zoning, topsoil the
composition and characteristics of the component surface of the rock,
type and distribution, stratigraphic sequence, structural system and the
internal shell structure.
Mars internal situation only rely on its surface condition of large
amounts of data and related information inferred. It is generally believed
that the core radius of 1700 km of high-density material composition;
outsourcing a layer of lava, it is denser than the Earths mantle some;
outermost layer is a thin crust. Compared to other terrestrial planets, the
lower the density of Mars, which indicates that the Martian core of iron
(magnesium and iron sulfide) with may contain more sulfur. Like

Mercury and the Moon, Mars and lack active plate movement; there is
no indication that the crust of Mars occurred can cause translational
events like the Earth like so many of folded mountains. Since there is no
lateral movement in the earths crust under the giant hot zone relative to
the ground in a stationary state. Slight stress coupled with the ground,
resulting in Tharis bumps and huge volcano. For the geological structure
of Mars is very important, which is why repeated explorations and
studies of Martian geological reasons.
Earths surface
Each detector component landing site soil analysis:
Element weight percent
Viking 1
Oxygen 40-45
Si 18-25
Iron 12-15
K8
Calcium 3-5
Magnesium 3-6
S 2-5
Aluminum 2-5
Cesium 0.1-0.5
Core

Mars is about half the radius of the core radius, in addition to the
primary iron further comprises 15 to 17% of the sulfur content of lighter
elements is also twice the Earth, so the low melting point, so that the
core portion of a liquid, such as outside the Earth nuclear.
Mantle
Nuclear outer coating silicate mantle.
Crust
The outermost layer of the crust.
Crustal thickness obtained, the original thickness of the low north 40 km
south plateau 70 kilometers thick, an average of 50 kilometers, at least
80 km Tharsis plateau and the Antarctic Plateau, and in the impact
basin is thin, as only about 10 kilometers Greece plains.
Canyon of Mars there are two categories: outflow channels (outflow
channel) and tree valley (valley network). The former is very large, it can
be 100 km wide, over 2000 km long, streamlined, mainly in the younger
Northern Hemisphere, such as the plain around Tyre Chris Canyon and
Canyon jam.
In addition, the volcanic activity sometimes lava formation lava channels
(lava channel); crustal stress generated by fissures, faults, forming
numerous parallel extending grooves (fossa), such as around the huge
Tharsis volcanic plateau radially distributed numerous grooves, which
can again lead to volcanic activity.

Presumably, Mars has an iron as the main component of the nucleus,

and contains sulfur, magnesium and other light elements, the nuclear
share of Mars, the Earth should be relatively small. The outer core is
covered with a thick layer of magnesium-rich silicate mantle, the surface
of rocky crust. The density of Earth-like planets Mars is the lowest, only
3.93g / cc.
Hierarchy
The crust
Lunar core
The average density of the Moon is 3.3464 g / cc, the solar system
satellites second highest (after Aiou). However, there are few clues
mean lunar core is small, only about 350 km radius or less [2]. The core
of the moon is only about 20% the size of the moon, the moons interior
has a solid, iron-rich core diameter of about 240 kilometers (150 miles);
in addition there is a liquid core, mainly composed of iron outer core,
about 330 km in diameter (205 miles), and for the first time compared
with the core of the Earth, considered as the earths outer core, like
sulfur and oxygen may have lighter elements [4].
Chemical elements on the lunar surface constituted in accordance with
its abundance as follows: oxygen (O), silicon (Si), iron (Fe), magnesium
(Mg), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), titanium ( Ti). The
most abundant is oxygen, silicon and iron. The oxygen content is

estimated to be 42% (by weight). Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) only
traces seem to exist only in trace amounts deposited in the solar wind
brings.
Lunar Prospector from the measured neutron spectra, the hydrogen (H)
mainly in the lunar poles [2].
Element content (%)
Oxygen 42%
Silicon 21%
Iron 13%
Calcium 8%
Aluminum 7%
Magnesium 6%
Other 3%
Lunar surface relative content of each element (% by weight)
Moon geological history is an important event in recent global magma
ocean crystallization. The specific depth is not clear, but some studies
have shown that at least a depth of about 500 kilometers or more.
Lunar landscape
Lunar landscape can be described as impact craters and ejecta, some
volcanoes, hills, lava-filled depressions.
Regolith
TABLE bear the asteroid and comets billions of years of bombardment.

Over time, the impact of these processes have already broken into finegrained surface rock debris, called regolith. Young mare area, regolith
thickness of about 2 meters, while the oldest dated land, regolith
thickness of up to 20 meters. Through the analysis of lunar soil
components, in particular the isotopic composition changes can
determine the period of solar activity. Solar wind gases possible future
lunar base is useful because oxygen, hydrogen (water), carbon and
nitrogen is not only essential to life, but also may be useful for fuel
production. Lunar soil constituents may also be as a future source of
energy.
Here, repeatedly stressed that the geological structure and geological
structure of celestial bodies, the Earth, Moon, Mars, or that this human
existence and development of biological life forms is very important,
especially in a series of data Martian geological structure geological
structure is directly related to human landing Mars and the successful
transformation of Mars or not. for example, water, liquid water, water,
oxygen, synthesis, must not be taken lightly.
_________________________________________________________
___Mars landing 10 Technology
Aerospace Science and space science and technology major innovation
of the most critical of sophisticated technology R & D project

[
"1" rocket propulsion technology ion fusion nuclear pulse propulsion
rocket powered high-speed heavy rocket technology, space nuclear
reactors spacecraft] brought big problems reflected in the nuclear
reaction, nuclear radiation on spacecraft launch, control, brakes and
other impact.
In particular, for the future of nuclear power spacecraft, the need to
solve the nuclear reactor design, manufacture, control, cooling, radiation
shielding, exhaust pollution, high thermoelectric conversion efficiency
and a series of technical problems.
In particular, nuclear reactors produce radiation on astronauts health
will pose a great threat, which requires the spacecraft to be nuclear
radiation shielding to ensure astronaut and ship the goods from
radiation and heat from the reactor influence, but this will greatly
increase the weight of the detector.
Space nuclear process applications, nuclear reaction decay is not a
problem, but in a vacuum, ultra-low temperature environment, the
nuclear reaction materials, energy transport materials have very high
demands.
Space facing the reality of a nuclear reactor cooling cooling problems.
To prevent problems with the reactor, "Washington" aircraft carrier to
take four heavy protective measures for the radiation enclosed in the

warship. These four measures are: the fuel itself, fuel storage pressure
vessel, reactor shell and the hull. US Navy fuel all metal fuel, designed
to take the impact resistance of the war, does not release fission product
can withstand more than 50 times the gravity of the impact load; product
of nuclear fission reactor fuel will never enter loop cooling water. The
third layer of protection is specially designed and manufactured the
reactor shell. The fourth layer is a very strong anti-impact combat ship,
the reactor is arranged in the center of the ship, very safe. Engage in a
reactor can only be loaded up to the aircraft, so as to drive the motor,
and then drive the propeller. That is the core advantage of the heat
generated by the heated gas flow, high temperature high pressure gas
discharge backward, thereby generating thrust.
.
After installation AMPS1000 type nuclear power plant, a nuclear fuel
assembly: He is a core member of the nuclear fuel chain reaction.
Usually made into uranium dioxide, of which only a few percent
uranium-235, and most of it is not directly involved in the nuclear fission
of uranium 238. The uranium dioxide sintered into cylindrical pieces, into
a stainless steel or a zirconium alloy do metal tubes called fuel rods or
the original, then the number of fuel rods loaded metal cylinder in an
orderly composition of the fuel assembly, and finally put a lot of vertical
distribution of fuel assemblies in the reactor.

Nuclear reactor pressure vessel is a housing for containing nuclear fuel

and reactor internals, for producing high-quality high-strength steel is
made to withstand the pressure of dozens MPa. Import and export of
the coolant in the pressure vessel.
The top of the pressure vessel closure, and can be used to
accommodate the fixed control rod drive mechanism, pressure vessel
head has a semi-circular, flat-topped.
Roof bolt: used to connect the locking pressure vessel head, so that the
cylinder to form a completely sealed container.
Neutron Source: Plug in nuclear reactors can provide sufficient neutron,
nuclear fuel ignition, to start to enhance the role of nuclear reactors and
nuclear power. Neutron source generally composed of radium,
polonium, beryllium, antimony production. Neutron source and neutron
fission reactors are fast neutron, can not cause fission of uranium 235,
in order to slow down, we need to moderator - full of pure water in a
nuclear reactor. Aircraft carriers, submarines use nuclear reactor control
has proven more successful.
Rod: has a strong ability to absorb neutrons, driven by the control rod
drive mechanism, can move up and down in a nuclear reactor control
rods within the nuclear fuel used to start, shut down the nuclear reactor,
and maintain, regulate reactor power. Hafnium control rods in general,
silver, indium, cadmium and other metals production.

Control rod drive mechanism: He is the executive body of nuclear

reactors operating system and security protection systems, in strict
accordance with requirements of the system or its operator control rod
drives do move up and down in a nuclear reactor, nuclear reactor for
power control. In a crisis situation, you also can quickly control rods fully
inserted into the reactor in order to achieve the purpose of the
emergency shutdown
Upper and lower support plate: used to secure the fuel assembly. High
temperature and pressure inside the reactor is filled with pure water (so
called pressurized water reactors), on the one hand he was passing
through a nuclear reactor core, cooling the nuclear fuel, to act as a
coolant, on the other hand it accumulates in the pressure vessel in play
moderated neutrons role, acting as moderator.
Water quality monitoring sampling system:
Adding chemical system: under normal circumstances, for adding
hydrazine, hydrogen, pH control agents to the primary coolant system,
the main purpose is to remove and reduce coolant oxygen, high oxygen
water suppression equipment wall corrosion (usually at a high
temperature oxygen with hydrogen, especially at low temperatures
during startup of a nuclear reactor with added hydrazine oxygen); when
the nuclear reactor control rods stuck for some reason can not
shutdown time by the the system can inject the nuclear reactor neutron

absorber (such as boric acid solution), emergency shutdown, in order to

ensure the safety of nuclear submarines.
Water system: a loop inside the water will be reduced at work, such as
water sampling and analysis, equipment leaks, because the shutdown
process cooling water and reduction of thermal expansion and
contraction.
Equipment cooling water system:
Pressure safety systems: pressure reactor primary coolant system may
change rapidly for some reason, the need for effective control. And in
severe burn nuclear fuel rods, resulting in a core melt accident, it is
necessary to promptly increase the pressure. Turn the regulator
measures the electric, heating and cooling water. If necessary, also
temporary startup booster pump.
Residual Heat Removal System: reactor scram may be due to an
accident, such as when the primary coolant system of the steam
generator heat exchanger tube is damaged, it must be urgently closed
reactors.
Safety Injection System: The main components of this system is the
high-pressure injection pump.
Radioactive waste treatment systems:
Decontamination Systems: for the removal of radioactive deposits
equipment, valves, pipes and accessories, and other surfaces.

Europe, the United States and Russia and other countries related to
aircraft carriers, submarines, icebreakers, nuclear-powered research
aircraft, there are lots of achievements use of nuclear energy, it is worth
analysis. However, nuclear reactor technology, rocket ships and the
former are very different, therefore, requires special attention and
innovative research. Must adopt a new new design techniques,
otherwise, fall into the stereotype, it will avail, nothing even cause harm
Aerospace.
[ "2" spacecraft structure] [ "3"] radiation technology is the use of deepsea sedimentation fabric fabrics deepwater technology development
precipitated silver metal fibers or fiber lint and other materials and
micronaire value between 4.1 to 4.3 fibers made from blends. For
radiation protection field, it greatly enhances the effects of radiation and
service life of clothing. Radiation resistant fiber) radiation resistant fiber
fiber polyimide polyimide fibers
60 years the United States has successfully developed polyimide fibers,
it has highlighted the high temperature, radiation-resistant, fire-retardant
properties.
[ "4" cosmic radiation resistant clothing design multifunctional anti-aging,
wear underwear] comfort layer: astronauts can not wash clothes in a
long flight, a lot of sebum, perspiration, etc. will contaminate underwear,
so use soft, absorbent and breathable cotton knitwear making.

 warm layer: at ambient temperature range is not the case, warm layer
to maintain a comfortable temperature environment. Choose warm and
good thermal resistance large, soft, lightweight material, such as
synthetic fibers, flakes, wool and silk and so on.
ventilation and cooling clothes clothes
Spacesuit
In astronaut body heat is too high, water-cooled ventilation clothing and
clothing to a different way of heat. If the body heat production more than
350 kcal / h (ventilated clothes can not meet the cooling requirements,
then that is cooled by a water-cooled suit. Ventilating clothing and watercooled multi-use compression clothing, durable, flexible plastic tubing,
such as polyvinyl chloride pipe or nylon film.
airtight limiting layer:
insulation: astronaut during extravehicular activities, from hot or cold
insulation protection. It multilayer aluminized polyester film or a
polyimide film and sandwiched between layers of nonwoven fabric to be
made.
protective cover layer: the outermost layer of the suit is to require fire,
heat and anti-space radiation on various factors (micrometeorites,
cosmic rays, etc.) on the human body. Most of this layer with aluminized
fabric.
New space suits using a special radiation shielding material, double

design.
And also supporting spacesuit helmet, gloves, boots and so on.
[ "5" space Aerospace biomedical technology, space, special use of
rescue medication Space mental health care systems in space without
damage restful sleep positions drugs, simple space emergency
medical system
] [ "6" landing control technology, alternate control technology, highperformance multi-purpose landing deceleration device (parachute)]
[ "7" Mars truck, unitary Mars spacecraft solar energy battery super
multi-legged (rounds) intelligent robot] multifunction remote sensing
instruments on Mars, Mars and more intelligent giant telescope
[8 <> Mars warehouse activities, automatic Mars lander Automatic
start off cabin
] [ "9" Mars spacecraft docking control system, return to the system
design] Space flight secondary emergency life support system
Spacecraft automatic, manual, semi-automatic operation control, remote
control switch system
Automatic return spacecraft systems, backup design, the spacecraft
automatic control operating system modular blocks of] [10 lunar tracking
control system
Martian dust storms, pollution prevention, anti-corrosion and other
special conditions thereof

Electric light aircraft, Mars lander, Mars, living spaces, living spaces
Mars, Mars entry capsule, compatible utilization technology, plant
cultivation techniques, nutrition space space soil] Aerospace
technology, space technology a lot, a lot of cutting-edge technology.
Human landing on Mars technology bear the brunt. The main merge the
human landing on Mars 10 cutting-edge technology, in fact, these 10
cutting-edge technology, covering a wide range, focused, and is the key
to key technologies. They actually shows overall trends and technology
Aerospace Science and Technology space technology. Human triumph
Mars and safe return of 10 cutting-edge technology is bound to
innovation. Moreover, in order to explore the human Venus, Jupiter
satellites and the solar system, the Milky Way and other future
development of science and laid the foundation guarantee. But also for
the transformation of human to Mars, the Moon and other planets livable
provides strong technical support. Aerospace Science and Technology
which is a major support system.
Preparation of oxygen, water, synthesis, temperature, radiation, critical
force confrontation. Regardless of the moon or Mars, survive three
elements bear the brunt.
Chemical formula: HO
Formula: H-O-H (OH bond between two angle 104.5 ).
Molecular Weight: 18.016

Chemical Experiment: water electrolysis. Formula: 2HO = energized =

2H + O (decomposition)
Molecules: a hydrogen atom, an oxygen atom.
Ionization of water: the presence of pure water ionization equilibrium
following: HO == == H + OH reversible or irreversible HO + HO =
= HO + OH.
NOTE: "HO" hydronium ions, for simplicity, often abbreviated as H,
more accurate to say the H9O4, the amount of hydrogen ion
concentration in pure water material is 10mol / L.
Electrolysis of water:
Water at DC, decomposition to produce hydrogen and oxygen, this
method is industrially prepared pure hydrogen and oxygen 2HO = 2H
+ O .
. Hydration Reaction:
Water with an alkaline active metal oxides, as well as some of the most
acidic oxide hydration reaction of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
NaO + HO = 2NaOH
CaO + HO = Ca (OH)
SO + HO = HSO
PO + 3HO = 2HPO molecular structure
CH = CH + HO CHOH
6. The diameter of the order of magnitude of 10 water molecules

negative power of ten, the water is generally believed that a diameter of

2 to 3 this organization. water
7. Water ionization:
In the water, almost no water molecules ionized to generate ions.
HO H + OH
Heating potassium chlorate or potassium permanganate preparation of
oxygen
Pressurized at low temperatures, the air into a liquid, and then
evaporated, since the boiling point of liquid nitrogen is -196 deg.] C,
lower than the boiling point of liquid oxygen (-183 ), so the liquid
nitrogen evaporated from the first air, remaining the main liquid oxygen.
Of course, the development of research in space there is a great
difference, even more special preparation harsh environments on Earth
and sy