KINERJA SISTEM

KOMUNIKASI
PENDAHULUAN

Penilaian

Tugas + Quis
Proyek Akhir
UTS
UAS

: 10%
: 20%
: 35%
: 35%

Why Project is Important ?

I hear and I forget, I see and I
remember, I do and I
understand

Confucius

Referensi

???

Whats Communication

Communication involves the transfer of information from one

point to another.
All communication systems contain three main sub systems:
Transmitter : converts message into a form suitable for
transmission.
Channel : the physical medium, introduces distortion,
noise, interference.

Wireless : atmosphere (free space)

Wired : coaxial cable, twisted wired, optical fibre

Receiver : reconstruct a recognizable form of the message.

Whats Communication

Milestones in Communications

1837, Morse code used in telegraph

1864, Maxwell formulated the eletromagnetic (EM) theory
1887, Hertz demonstrated physical evidence of EM waves
1890s-1900s, Marconi & Popov, long-distance radio telegraph
from Cornwall to Canada, across Atlantic ocean
1875, Bell invented the telephone
1906, radio broadcast
1918, Armstrong invented superheterodyne radio receiver (and
FM in 1933)
1921, land-mobile communication

Milestones in Communications

1928, Nyquist proposed the sampling theorem

1947, microwave relay system
1948, information theory
1957, era of satellite communication began
1966, Kuen Kao pioneered fiber-optical communications (Nobel
Prize Winner)
1970s, era of computer networks began
1981, analog cellular system
1988, digital cellular system debuted in Europe
2000, 3G network

Types of Communication

Simplex
Simplest type, requires one transmitter and one receiver.
A
B
Radio, TV broadcasting, CD/DVD ROM.
Simplex A can talk to B
Duplex
Complex, requires two transmitter and two receiver at
both ends.
A
B
Needs two different channels for simultaneous
transmission.
Duplex A and B, both can talk
Telephone, telegraph.
to each other simultaneously
Half-Duplex
dont require separate transmitter and receiver
A
B
Same antenna and circuitry may be used for both
transmission and reception.
A transceiver is a small unit that combines a transmitter Half-Duplex A and B, both can
talk to each other but not
and a receiver.
simultaneously
Fax, CD/DVD RW, Needs one single channel for
transmission.

Block Diagram of
Communication System
Estimate of message
signal m~ (t)

Message
signal m(t)

Source of
Information
Speech
Music
Image
Data

Transmitter
Transmitted
signal s(t)

Channel

Receiver
Received
signal r(t)

User of
Information

Transmitter & Receiver

The transmitter modifies the message signal into a form suitable

for transmission over the channel. The modification often
involves MODULATION.
Moving the signal to a high-frequency carrier (up-convertion)
and varying some parameters of the carrier wave.
Analog : AM, FM, PM
Digital : ASK, FSK, PSK
The receiver recreates the original message by
DEMODULATION.
Recovery is not exact due to noise/distortion
The resulting degradation is influenced by the type of
modulation

Digital Communication System

Baseband
audio
video
(analogue)

Source

Channel
Code

A/D
anti-alias
filter

Nyquist
sampling

FEC
ARQ
block
convolution

Source
code

data
(digital)

Passband
pulse
shaping
filter
ISI

ASK
Modulation
FSK
PSK
binary
Mary

Communications
Channel

Transmit

loss
interference
noise
distortion

Receive
data
(digital)

Source
decode

Sink
audio
video
(analogue)

channel
filter

D/A
low pass
filter

quantisation
noise

Channel
Decode

Regeneration

matched filter
FEC
decision threshold
ARQ
timing recovery
Block
Convolution

Demodulation

envelope
coherent
carrier recovery

channel
filter

Modulation & Demodulation

Analog
baseband signal
Digital data
101101001

digital
modulation

analog
modulation
radio transmitter

radio
carrier

101101001
Digital data

synchronization
decision

analog
baseband
signal

analog
demodulation
radio
carrier

radio receiver

Communication Channel

The channel is central to operation of a communication system.

Linear (e.g., mobile radio) or nonlinear (e.g., satellite)
Time invariant (e.g., fiber) or time varying (e.g., mobile radio)
The information-carrying capacity of a communication system is
proportional to the channel bandwidth.
Pursuit for wider bandwidth :
Cooper wire : 1 MHz
Coaxial cable : 100 MHz
Microwave : GHz
Optical fiber : THz

What Makes Communication

Systems GOOD ?
We can measure the GOODNESS of a communication system in many
ways:
~
How close is the estimate m(t ) to the original signal m(t)
Better estimate = higher quality transmission
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) for analog m(t)
Bit Error Rate (BER) for digital m(t)
How much power is required to transmit s(t) ?
Lower power = longer battery life, less interference
How much bandwidth B is required to transmit s(t)?
Less B means more users can share the channel
Exception: Spread Spectrum -- users use same B.
How much information is transmitted ?
In analog systems information is related to B of m(t).
In digital systems information is expressed in bits/sec.

Frequency Bands

Regulations specify, modulation type, bandwidth, power, type of

information and etc. that a user can transmit over designed frequency
bands.
Frequency assignments and technical standards are set internationally
by International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
Each nation of ITU retains sovregnity over spectral usage and standards
adopted in its territory.
Each nation is expected to abide by the overall frequency plan adopted
by ITU.

Electromagnetic Spectrum
104

102

100

10-2

Radio
Spectrum
104

106

108

10-4

Micro
wave
1010

1MHz ==100m
100MHz ==1m
10GHz ==1cm

1012

10-6

IR

10-8

UV

1014

1016

Visible light

10-10

10-12

X-Rays

1018

1020

10-14

10-16 ()

Cosmic
Rays
1022

1024 (Hz)

< 30 KHz
VLF
30-300KHz
LF
300KHz 3MHz MF
3 MHz 30MHz HF
30MHz 300MHz VHF
300 MHz 3GHz UHF
3-30GHz
SHF
> 30 GHz
EHF

Spectrum Allocation
twisted
pair

coax cable

1 Mm
300 Hz

10 km
30 kHz

VLF

optical transmission

100 m
3 MHz

LF

MF

HF

VLF = Very Low Frequency

LF = Low Frequency
MF = Medium Frequency
HF = High Frequency
VHF = Very High Frequency

1m
300 MHz

VHF

UHF

10 mm
30 GHz

SHF

EHF

100 m
3 THz

infrared

UHF = Ultra High Frequency

SHF = Super High Frequency
EHF = Extra High Frequency
UV = Ultraviolet Light

Relationship between frequency f and wave length :

= c/f
where c is the speed of light 3x108m/s

1 m
300 THz

visible light UV

Frequencies Allocated for Mobile

Communication

VHF & UHF ranges for mobile radio

allows for simple, small antennas for cars
deterministic propagation characteristics
less subject to weather conditions more reliable connections
SHF and higher for directed radio links, satellite communication
small antennas with directed transmission
large bandwidths available
Wireless LANs use frequencies in UHF to SHF spectrum
some systems planned up to EHF
limitations due to absorption by water and oxygen molecules
weather dependent fading, signal loss caused by heavy rainfall, etc.