CS101x S436B Programming Using Structures Part 2 IIT Bombay PDF

IIT Bombay
Computer Programming
Dr. Deepak B Phatak
Dr. Supratik Chakraborty
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIT Bombay
Session: Programming using structures Part 2
Dr. Deepak B. Phatak & Dr. Supratik Chakraborty, IIT Bombay
Quick Recap of Relevant Topics

IIT Bombay
Brief introduction to object-oriented programming

Defining structures in C++
Accessing members of structures
Initializing and copying structures
Programming using structures
Checking out a book in a library information management
system
Overview of This Lecture

IIT Bombay
More programming using structures

Implementing other functionalities in library information
management system
Acknowledgment
IIT Bombay
Some examples in this lecture are from

An Introduction to Programming Through C++
by Abhiram G. Ranade
McGraw Hill Education 2014
All such examples indicated in slides with the citation
AGRBook
Recall: Library Information Management System

[Ref. AGRBook]
IIT Bombay
Every patron has a numerical id

Every book has an accession number
Check out: A patron can check out upto 3 books at any time
Claim: If X has not already checked out 3 books, she can
claim a book checked out by Y
When Y returns the book, it is held for X and cannot be lent
to others
Return: A patron can return a book checked out by her at
any time
Recall: Relevant Structures and Arrays

IIT Bombay
struct Book {
char title[50];
char authors[500];
double price;
int accNum;
bool checkOutStatus;
int claimantId;
};
Book libraryShelf[1000]

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struct Book {
char title[50];
char authors[500];
double price;
int accNum;
int claimantId;
};
Assume checkOutStatus and

claimantId of all elements of array
libraryShelf initialized to
false and -1 respectively

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struct Patron {
char name[50];
char address[100];
int uniqueId;
int numBooksChkdOut;
int claimdBookAccNum;
};
Patron libraryPatrons[200]

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struct Patron {
Assume numBooksChkdOut and
char name[50];
claimdBookAccNum for all elements
char address[100];
of array libraryPatrons initialized to
int uniqueId;
0 and -1 respectively
};
C++ Function for Claiming a Book

IIT Bombay
currPatron (of type Patron) to claim currBook (of type Book)

Check if currPatron has already checked out 3 books or already has a
pending claim
- If so, print appropriate message and return
- Otherwise,
* If currBook is not checked out by anybody, print appropriate
message and return
* Otherwise, if currBook not already claimed by a different patron
- Store currBook.accNum in currPatron.claimdBookAccNum
- Store currPatron.uniqueId in currBook.claimantId
10

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// PRECONDITION: Members of currBook and currPatron are

//
properly initialized no garbage values
void claimBook(Patron &currPatron, Book &currBook)
{
Code for claiming a book

}
// POSTCONDITION: Register a claim of currPatron on currBook, if
// allowed. Update members of currPatron, currBook appropriately
11

IIT Bombay
void claimBook(Patron &currPatron, Book &currBook)

{
if ((currPatron.numBooksChkdOut == 3) ||
(currPatron.claimdBookAccNum != -1)) {
cout << Sorry! Patron << currPatron.name;
cout << no longer allowed to claim any book. << endl;
return;
}
Code for claiming a book (part 1)
}
12

IIT Bombay
if (currBook.checkOutStatus == false) {
cout << Book << currBook.title;
cout << (Acc. # << currBook.accNum << ) ;
cout << not yet checked out. No need for a claim. << endl;
return;
}
if ((currBook.claimantId != -1) &&
(currBook.claimantId != currPatron.uniqueId)) {
cout << Sorry! Book already claimed by a patron. << endl;
return;
}
Code for claiming a book (part 2)
13

IIT Bombay
currPatron.claimdBookAccNum = currBook.accNum;
currBook.claimantId = currPatron.uniqueId;
return;
A strange scenario:
What happens if a patron tries to claim the only book she has
already checked out? Why does this happen?
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C++ Function for Returning a Book

IIT Bombay
// PRECONDITION: Members of currBook and currPatron properly

//
initialized.
//
currPatron had indeed checked out currBook
void returnBook(Patron &currPatron, Book &currBook)
{
Code for returning a book .
}
// POSTCONDITION: Update members of currPatron, currBook
//
to register return of currBook by currPatron
15

IIT Bombay

{ if (currPatron.numBooksChkdOut > 0) {
currPatron.numBooksChkdOut--;
currBook.checkOutStatus = false;
}
else { cout << Something strange! ;
cout << Returning somebody elses book? << endl;}
return;
}
16

IIT Bombay

{ if (currPatron.numBooksChkdOut > 0) {
currPatron.numBooksChkdOut--;
currBook.checkOutStatus = false;
}
{ cout
<< Something
Aelse
second
strange
scenario:strange! ;
<< Returning
elsesabook?
<< endl;}out by
What cout
happens
if a patronsomebody
tries to return
book checked
somebody
return; else? Why does this happen?
}
17
Did We Keep Track of Everything?

IIT Bombay
Observations
When a patron checks out a book, the unique id of the
patron is not recorded with the book.
Neither are the accession numbers of books checked out
by a patron recorded with the patron
If we kept track of the above information, can we detect if
- a patron is indeed returning a book she borrowed?
- a patron is trying to claim a book she has checked out?
18
A Desirable (Late) Change

IIT Bombay
Add another member to struct Book

int borrowerId;
Add another member to struct Patron
int borrowedAccNum[3];
How do we change things now, after having implemented

checkOutBook, claimBook and returnBook?
Object-oriented modular programming to our rescue!
19
Incrementally Changing Structure Definitions

IIT Bombay
struct Book {
struct Patron {
char title[50];
char name[50];
All initialized
char address[100];
char authors[500];
to -1
int uniqueId;
double price;
int accNum;
int borrowedAccNum[3];
int claimantId;
};
int borrowerId;
};
20
Incrementally Modifying checkOutBook

IIT Bombay
After ascertaining that currPatron can indeed check out currBook
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

if (currPatron.borrowedAccNum[i] == -1)
{currPatron.borrowedAccNum[i] = currBook.accNum; break;}
}
currBook.borrowerId = currPatron.uniqueId;
currBook.checkOutStatus = true; currPatron.numBooksChkdOut ++;
if (currBook.claimantId == currPatron.uniqueId)
{currPatron.claimdBookAccNum = -1; currBook.claimantId = -1;}
21
Incrementally Modifying claimBook

IIT Bombay
After ascertaining that currPatron can claim currBook

if (currBook.borrowerId == currPatron.uniqueId) {
cout << Claimed book checked out by same patron. << endl;
}
else {
currPatron.claimdBookAccNum = currBook.accNum;
currBook.claimantId = currPatron.uniqueId;
}
22
Incrementally Modifying returnBook

IIT Bombay

{ if (currBook.borrowerId == currPatron.uniqueId) {
currPatron.numBooksChkdOut--; currBook.checkOutStatus = false;
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
if (currPatron.borrowedAccNum[i] == currBook.accNum) {
currPatron.borrowedAccNum[i] = -1; break;

}
}
currBook.borrowerId = -1;
}
return ;}
23
Summary
IIT Bombay
More on programming using structures

claimBook and returnBook in library information
management system
Incrementally changing structure definitions and

functions using them
Modular, incremental software development
24

CS101x S436B Programming Using Structures Part 2 IIT Bombay PDF

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IIT Bombay

Dr. Deepak B. Phatak & Dr. Supratik Chakraborty, IIT Bombay

Quick Recap of Relevant Topics

Brief introduction to object-oriented programming

Dr. Deepak B. Phatak & Dr. Supratik Chakraborty, IIT Bombay

Overview of This Lecture

More programming using structures

Dr. Deepak B. Phatak & Dr. Supratik Chakraborty, IIT Bombay

Some examples in this lecture are from

Dr. Deepak B. Phatak & Dr. Supratik Chakraborty, IIT Bombay

Recall: Library Information Management System

Every patron has a numerical id

Recall: Relevant Structures and Arrays

Recall: Relevant Structures and Arrays

Assume checkOutStatus and

Recall: Relevant Structures and Arrays

Recall: Relevant Structures and Arrays

C++ Function for Claiming a Book

currPatron (of type Patron) to claim currBook (of type Book)

C++ Function for Claiming a Book

// PRECONDITION: Members of currBook and currPatron are

Code for claiming a book

C++ Function for Claiming a Book

void claimBook(Patron &currPatron, Book &currBook)

C++ Function for Claiming a Book

C++ Function for Claiming a Book

C++ Function for Returning a Book

// PRECONDITION: Members of currBook and currPatron properly

C++ Function for Returning a Book

void returnBook(Patron &currPatron, Book &currBook)

C++ Function for Returning a Book

void returnBook(Patron &currPatron, Book &currBook)

Did We Keep Track of Everything?

A Desirable (Late) Change

Add another member to struct Book

How do we change things now, after having implemented

Incrementally Changing Structure Definitions

Incrementally Modifying checkOutBook

After ascertaining that currPatron can indeed check out currBook

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

{currPatron.claimdBookAccNum = -1; currBook.claimantId = -1;}

Dr. Deepak B. Phatak & Dr. Supratik Chakraborty, IIT Bombay

Incrementally Modifying claimBook

After ascertaining that currPatron can claim currBook

Incrementally Modifying returnBook

void returnBook(Patron &currPatron, Book &currBook)

currPatron.borrowedAccNum[i] = -1; break;

More on programming using structures

Incrementally changing structure definitions and

Dr. Deepak B. Phatak & Dr. Supratik Chakraborty, IIT Bombay

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