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LAB INCHARGE
INTERNAL EXAMINER
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
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CONTENTS
S.No.
Date
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Page
No.
Signature
Ex. No: 01
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Ex. No: 05
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Mode 3
Mode 1
Mode 4
Mode 2
Mode 5
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Ex. No: 02
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Ex. No: 03
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Ex. No: 04
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STRESS
ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
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Cantilever Deflection
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Cantilever
Eccentric Load
Cantilever Deflection
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Ex. No: 06
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MODAL FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
OF A BEAM [Simply Supported, Cantilever, Fixed]
CANTILEVER BEAM
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
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FIXED BEAM
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode3
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SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode3
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Ex. No: 07
HARMONIC ANALYSIS
OF A 2D COMPONENT
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Harmonic Analysis
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Ex. No: 08
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Temperature Distribution
Temperature Distribution
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Ex. No: 09
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Temperature Distribution
Temperature Distribution
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Ex. No: 10
HARMONIC
ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
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[Simply Supported, Cantilever, Fixed]
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EX NO: 1
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Introduction to
ANSYS
Selecting the ANSYS icon will take you directly to the graphical user interface.
ANSYS Graphical User Interface:
After starting ANSYS, two windows will appear. The first is the ANSYS 8.1 Output
Window:
This window displays a listing of every command that ANSYS executes. If you encounter
problems, this is agood place to look to see what ANSYS is doing or has done. This is one
location where you will find all of thewarnings and error messages that appear and the
command that generated the warning/error.
The second window is the ANSYS ResearchFS graphical user interface. This is divided
into 4 sections(shownon next page):
1. ANSYS Utility Menu
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PlotCtrlsPull-Down Menu
This menu includes the controls to pan/zoom/rotate your model, select the numbering
options, change
styles and generate hard copies of the plots.
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ANSYS Toolbar
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Solution
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Post Processing
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RESULT :
Thus the introduction to Ansys software is studied
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1.Who should use Finite Element
Analysis?
As a powerful tool for engineering analysis, FEA is used to solve problems ranging from
very simple to very complex. Design engineers use FEA during the product development
process to analyze the design-in-progress. Time constraints and limited availability of
product data call for many simplifications of the analysis models. At the other end of
scale, specialized
analysts implement FEA to solve very advanced problems, such as vehicle crash
dynamics, hydro forming, or air bag deployment. This book focuses on how design
engineers use FEA as a design tool. Therefore, we first need to explain what exactly
distinguishes FEA performed by design engineers from "regular" FEA. We will then
highlight the most essential FEA characteristics for design engineers as opposed to those
for analysts.
2.FEA for Design Engineers: another design tool
For design engineers, FEA is one of many design tools among CAD, Prototypes,
spreadsheets, catalogs, data bases, hand calculations, text books,
etc. that are all used in the design process.
FEA for Design Engineers: based on CAD models
Modern design is conducted using CAD tools, so a CAD model is the starting point for
analysis. Since CAD models are used for describing geometric information for FEA, it is
essential to understand how to design in CAD in order to produce reliable FEA results,
and how a CAD model is different from FEA model.
3. FEA for Design Engineers: concurrent with the design process
Since FEA is a design tool, it should be used concurrently with the design process. It
should keep up with, or better yet, drive the design process. Analysis iterations must be
performed fast, and since these results are used to make design decisions, the results
must be reliable even when limited input is available.
4. Limitations of FEA for Design Engineers
As you can see, FEA used in the design environment must meet high requirements. An
obvious question arises: would it be better to have dedicated specialist perform FEA and
let design engineers do what they do best - design new products? The answer depends
on the size of the business, type of products, company organization and culture, and
many other tangible and intangible factors. A general consensus is that design engineers
should handle relatively simple types of analysis, but do it quickly and of course reliably.
Analyses that are very complex and time consuming cannot be executed concurrently
with the design process, and are usually better handled either by a dedicated analyst or
contracted out to specialized consultants.
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EX NO: 2
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2D
PLANE STRESS BRACKET
AIM:
To analyse the given bracket for deflection and Stress by treating it as plane
stress condition.
PROBLEM
DESCRIPTION:
This bracket is to be built from a 20 mm thick steel plate. A figure of the plate is
shown below.
This plate will be fixed at the two small holes on the left and have a load applied to the
larger hole on the right.
Defining the Basic Geometry
We are going to create this geometry using Boolean operations. These procedures make
it easy to combine simple geometric entities to create more complex bodies. Begin by
creating a planar rectangular area and then add other areas to modify it. Start with,
ANSYS Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> (-Modeling-) Create -> (-Areas-)
Rectangle -> By 2 Corners.
Enter the parameters in the dialog box
This creates a 80 by 100 rectangle with its origin at (0,0). Now create circular end on the
right hand side.
Close the Rectangle menu and open up the Circle Menu.
Select Solid Circle and fill it
Also create a second and third circle for the left hand side, One more thing to define...
we need a rectangle on the left hand end to fill between the two small circles.
Boolean Operations
We now want to add these five discrete areas together to form one area.
Back up to the Preprocessor menu and select Operate.
Then select (-Booleans-) Add -> Areas. A dialogue box then appears.
Now click on all five areas. Before pressing OK in the dialogue box, check to see that the
count parameter in the dialogue box is 5 (indicating 5 selected areas). If this not the
case, try again.
Once OK is pressed, some processing takes place and finally one large area is plotted.
The Bolt Holes
We now want to remove the bolt holes from this plate.
Back up to Preprocessor and select (-Modeling-) Create -> (-Areas-) Circle -> Solid
Circle.
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We will now create three circles
with the parameters
Again back up to the Preprocessor menu.
Now select (-Modeling-) Operate -> (-Booleans-) Subtract -> Areas.
Notice in the ANSYS Input window, that it is instructing you to pick or enter base areas
from which to subtract.
For our example, the base area is the first large plate that we created. Select it.
Then click OK.
Elements and Meshing
Now that the area has been defined, it is time to select the element type, its associated
properties and finally, mesh the area.
Once again, back up to the Preprocessor menu.
At the top of the menu, select Element Type -> Add/Edit/Delete...
In the dialog box that appears, hit the Add... button.
From this dialog box, you can select from a wide range of elements that are listed in
various groups. Use the scroll bars to take a look at the groupings.
For our problem, select solid (under the Structural heading) and the quad 82 element,
We will now assign some properties to the element.
Close up the Element Types window and once again back up to the Preprocessor menu.
Select Real Constants... and click the Add... button followed by the OK button.
In the thickness field, enter 20 (i.e. 20 mm).
The Meshing Process
The element properties are now defined. It is time to mesh the region.
Select (-Meshing-) Shape & Size -> Global Elem Size....
In the Size field enter the number 5. This indicates that the element edge length is to
have a nominal size of 5 mm.
Select (-Meshing-) Mesh ->Areas ....
Loads and Constraints
Now that the geometry has been defined, it is time to apply the loads and constraints to
the body and finally solve the problem.
To start this next stage, we need to back up to the ANSYS Main Menu.
Select Solution -> (-Analysis Type-)New Analysis .... Make sure that the type of analysis
is set to Static.
Click on OK.
We will now apply the constraints.,load
Solution
Before proceeding, well will plot the elements again (Plot -> Elements from the ANSYS
Utility Menu).
Post-Processing: Viewing the Results
In the Plot Results menu, select (-Contour Plot-) Nodal Solu....
Click the Stress field and then scroll down the right hand box to find von Mises SEQV.
RESULT:
Maximum Deflection :
Minimum Stress
:
Maximum Stress
:
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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Point collocation method
Sub-domain collocation method
Least squares method
Galerkins method.
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EX NO: 3
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ANALYSIS
OF CORNER BRACKET
AIM:
A simple static analysis of the corner bracket to control, if the bracket will yield under
loading.
PROBLEM DECRIPTION:
The dimensions of the corner bracket are given below. The bracket is made of steel with
a Young's modulus of E=205 GPa (GPa = 109 N/m2) and the Poisson's ratio of 0.27 and
a yield stress, including a safety factor, of 400 MPa.
We will assume plane state of stress, (plane stress is a state of stress in which the
normal and shear stress perpendicular to the plane is assumed to be zero).
Preprocessing
Define element types and options
Add..an element type Quad 8 node 82 element
Plane stress w/thk (with thickness)
Defining real constants, Define material properties
Modeling
Apply displacement constraints, Apply pressure load
Solve
Postprocessing
Result
Plot the deformed shape, Plot the von Mises equivalent stress, List reaction solution
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1. What are h and p versions
of finite element method?
In h version, the order of the polynomial approximation for all elements is kept
constant and the number of elements increased.
In p version the number of elements is maintained constant and the order of polynomial
approximation of element is increased.
2. Name
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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temperature or fluid pressure at each nodal point is
obtained. By using these values, properties such as heat flow, fluid flow, etc., for each
element can be calculated.
10. What is the difference b/w static and dynamic analysis?
Static Analysis:
The solution of the problem does not vary with time is known as static analysis.
Example: stress analysis on a beam.
Dynamic Analysis:
the solution of the problem varies with time is known as dynamic analysis.
Example: Vibration analysis problems.
11. What do you meant by constitutive law?
For a finite element, the stress-strain relations are expressed as follows:
De
Where, = Stress
e = Strain
D = Stress Strain Relationship matrix or Constitutive matrix.
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EX. No 4
STRESS ANALYSIS
OF A PLATE WITH A CIRCULAR HOLE.
AIM:
Consider the square plate of uniform thickness with a circular hole with dimensions
shown in the figure below. The thickness of the plate is 1 mm. The Young's modulus E
=107 MPa and the Poisson ratio is 0.3. A uniform pressure p=1 MPa acts on the
boundary of the hole. Assume that plane stress conditions prevail. The stress and
displacement fields are to be determined using ANSYS.
Main Menu > Preprocessor> Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete > Add...
Pick Structural Solid in the left field and Quad 4 node 42
Specify Element Constants
Specify material properties
Create the Square
Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling >Create > Areas >Rectangle > By Dimensions
Create the Circular Sector
Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Circle > Partial Annulus
Subtract Circular Sector from Square
Main Menu > Preprocessor >Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Subtract > Areas
Apply Pressure
Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure >
On Lines
Check Loads
Utility Menu > List > Loads > DOF constraints > On All Lines
Solve
Postprocess the Results
Animate the deformation:
Plot Nodal Solution of von Mises Stress
Exit ANSYS
Utility Menu > File > Exit
Results:
Animate The deformation
Von Mises stress
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1. What are the types loading
acting on a structure?
There are three type of loading acting on a structure. They are,
1. Body force (f)
2. Traction force (T)
3. Point load (P)
2. Define body force.
A body force is distributed force acting on every elemental volume of the body.
Unit: force per unit volume
3. Define traction force.
Traction force is defined as distributed force acting on the surface of the body.
Unit: Force per unit area
Examples: Frictional resistance, viscous
4. What is a point load?
Point load is load acting at a particular point which causes displacement.
5. What are the basic steps involved in the finite element modeling.
Finite element modeling consists of the following:
1. Discretisation of the structure
2. Numbering of the nodes.
6. What are the classifications of the co-ordinates?
The co-ordinates are generally classified as ,
1. Global co-coordinates
2. Local Co-ordinates
3. Natural co-ordinates
7. What are natural co-ordinates?
A natural co-ordinate system is used to define any point inside the element by a set of
dimensionless numbers, whose magnitude never exceeds unity. This system is useful in
assembling of stiffness matrices.
8. Define shape function.
In finite element method, field variables within an element are generally expressed by
the following approximate relation:
( x, y ) N1 ( x, y )1 N 2 ( x, y )2 N 3 ( x, y )3
where 1 , 2 , 3 are the values of the field variable at the nodes and N 1 N2 N3 are
interpolation function N1 N2 N3 are called shape functions because they are used to
express the geometry or shape of the element.
9. What are the characteristics of shape function?
The characteristics of the shape functions are follows:
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1. The shape function has unit
value at one nodal point and zero value at the other
nodes.
2. The sum of the shape function is equal to one.
10. Why polynomials are generally used as shape function?
Polynomials are generally used as shape functions due to the following reasons:
1. Differentiation and integration of polynomials are quite easy.
2. The accuracy of the results can be improved by increasing the order of the
polynomial.
3. It is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations.
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EX NO: 5
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ANALYSIS
OF BEAM WITH DISTRIBUTED LOAD
AIM:
A distributed load of 1000 N/m (1 N/mm) will be applied to a solid steel beam with a
rectangular cross section as shown in the figure below. The cross-section of the beam is
10mm x 10mm while the modulus of elasticity of the steel is 200GPa. Find reaction,
deflection and stresses in beam.
Create Keypoints
Preprocessor
>
Modeling
>
Create
>Keypoints>
In
Active
CS
Define Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line
Define Element Types
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete...
Define Real Constants
Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add...
Define Element Material Properties
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic >
Isotropic
Define Mesh Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls>ManualSize> Lines > All Lines...
Mesh the frame
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'
Plot Elements
Utility Menu > Plot > Elements
Solution:
Define Analysis Type
Solution
>
Analysis
Type
>
New
Analysis
>
Static
ANTYPE,0
Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints
Apply Loads
Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On Beams
Solve the System
Solution
>
Solve
>
Current
LS
Plot Deformed Shape
General
Postproc>
Plot
Results
>
Deformed
Shape
Plot Principle stress distribution
Select General Postproc> Element Table > Define Table
enter 'SMAXI' in the 'User Label for Item' section
'By sequence num', select 'NMISC, ' 1
Select: General Postproc> Plot Results > Line Elem Res...
Select 'SMAXI' from the 'LabI' pull down menu and 'SMAXJ' from the 'LabJ' pull down
menu
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RESULT:
Maximum Deflection
Minimum Stress
Maximum Stress
Bending Moment Diagram
:
:
:
:
L 1 1
Where, A is the area of the bar element
E is the youngs modulus of the bar element
L is the length of the bar element
3.State the properties of a stiffness matrix.
The properties of the stiffness matrix [K] are,
1. It is a symmetric matrix
2. The sum of the elements in any column must be equal to zero.
3. It is an unstable element, so the determinant is equal to zero.
4.State the principle of minimum potential energy.
The total potential energy of an elastic body is defined as the sum of total strain
energyU and the potential energy of the external forces, (W)
5.Distinguish between essential boundary condition and natural boundary
condition.
There are two types of boundary conditions. They are,
1. Primary boundary condition (or) essential boundary condition:
The boundary condition which in terms of the field variables is known as
primaryboundary condition
2. Secondary boundary condition or natural boundary condition:
The boundary conditions which are in the differential form of field variables is known
assecondary boundary condition.
6.What are the difference between boundary value problem and initial value
problem?
The solution of differential equation obtained for physical problems which satisfies
somespecified conditions known as boundary conditions.
If the solution of differential equation is obtained together with initial conditions then it
isknown as initial value problem.
If the solution of differential equation is obtained together with boundary conditions
thenit is known as boundary value problem.
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EX NO: 6
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TWO DIMENSIONAL
ANALYSIS OF FRAME
AIM:
To analyze the give frame model for Deflections, stress and Bending Moment.
Problem Description:
The simplified version that will be used for this problem is that of a cantilever beam
shown in the following figure
Procedure:
Preprocessor.
Define the element types Pipe 16
Define Geometric Element
Outer Diameter :25
Wall Thickness :2
Material Properties
Isotropic
E = 700000 MPa.
PRXY = 0.33
Define Key Points
Create Lines.
Apply Constraints
Post Processor:
Plot Deflection, Stresses, Bending Moment Diagram.
RESULT:
Maximum Deflection:
Minimum Stress
:
Maximum Stress
:
Bending Moment Diagram
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1. What are two dimensional
elements?
Two dimensional elements are defined by three or more nodes in a two dimensional
plane (i.e., x, y plane). The basic element useful for two dimensional analysis is the
triangular element.
u ( x, y ) N1
u
v
(
x
,
y
)
N2
N3
N1
N2
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u1
v
1
0 u2
N 3 v2
u3
v3
EX NO: 7
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MODAL ANALYSIS
OF A CANTILEVER BEAM
AIM:
To find the various modes of frequencies for the given cantilever beam.
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
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f ( x ) x wi f ( xi )
i 1
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EX NO: 8
AIM:
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MODAL ANALYSIS
OF A 2D COMPONENT
PROBLEMDESCRIPTION:
20.0
40.0
200.0
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1. Write a strain displacement
matrix for CST element.
Strain displacement equation for CST element is,
q1
1
B 0
2A
r1
Where, A = Area of the element
q1 = y2-y3
q2= y3-y1
q3= y1-y2
0
r1
q1
q1
0
r2
0
r2
q2
r1 = x3-x2
q1
0
r3
0
r3
q3
r2= x1-x3
r3= x2-x1
2. Write down the stress strain relationship matrix for plane stress condition.
For plane stress problems, stress strain relationship matrix is,
1
0
1
0
D
1 2
1
0 0
2
Where, E = youngs modulus
= Poissons ratio
3. Write down the stress-strain relationship matrix for plane strain condition.
For plane strain problems, stress strain relationship matrix is,
(1 )
E
(1 )
0
D
(1 )(1 2 )
(1 2 )
0
0
2
4.Write down the stiffness matrix equation for two dimensional CST element.
Stiffness matrix
K B D B At
T
N1
Where,
p3 q3 r3 y
p1 q1 r1 y
p2 q2 r2 y
N
, 2
, 3
2A
2A
2A
p1 x2 y3 x3 y2 , p2 x3 y1 x1 y3 , p3 x1 y2 x2 y1
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K 2 rA B D B
T
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r1 r2 r3
3
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EX NO:9
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HARMONIC ANALYSIS
OF A CANTILEVER BEAM
AIM:
The frequency of the load will be varied from 1 - 100 Hz. The figure below depicts
the beam with the application of the load.
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
The simple cantilever beam is used in all of the Harmonic Analysis
SOLUTION:
Define 1. Analysis Type (Harmonic)
Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Harmonic
ANTYPE,3
Set options for analysis type:
Select: Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options..
The following window will appear
As shown, select the Full Solution method, the Real + imaginary DOF printout
format anddo not use lumped mass approx.Click 'OK'
The following window will appear. Use the default settings (shown below).Apply
Constraints
Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Nodes
The following window will appear once you select the node at x=0 (Note small
changes in thewindow compared to the static examples):
Constrain all DOF as shown in the above window
Apply Loads:
Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On
NodesSelect the node at x=1 (far right)
The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to apply a load with a real
value of 100and an imaginary value of 0 in the positive 'y' direction
Set the frequency range
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The essential idea in this
scheme is to simply use only diagonal elements of the
consistentmass matrix but to scale them in such a way that total mass of the element is
preserved.
4. Give the consistent mass matrix for bar element:
Al 2 1
e
m
6 1 2
5. Give the consistent mass matrix for Beam
N1
N
e
m Al N2 N1
3
0
N4
l
N2
N3
N 4 dx
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EX NO: 10a
PLATE
AIM:
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2D CONDUCTION
ANALYSIS OF A RECTANGULAR
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
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EX NO: 10b
PLATE
AIM:
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CONDUCTION
ANALYSIS OF
RECTANGULAR
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
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1.
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Write down the stiffness
matrix equation for two dimensional CST
element.
Stiffness matrix
K B D B At
T
N1
p q r y
p1 q1 r1 y
p q2 r2 y
N2 2
N3 3 3 3
2A
2A
2A
,
,
Where,
p1 x2 y3 x3 y2 , p2 x3 y1 x1 y3 , p3 x1 y2 x2 y1
K 2 rA B D B
T
r1 r2 r3
3
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EX NO: 11 ANALYSIS Thermal
- Mixed Boundary
(Conduction/Convection/Insulated)
AIM:
To determine the nodal temperature distribution and create contour plot.
Problem Description:
We assume that our block is a rectangle made entirely of steel.
All units are S.I.
Preprocessing:
1. Start ANSYS.
2. Create areas.
3. Define the material properties.
4. Define element type. (Quad 4node 55 element, which is a 2-D element
for heat transfer analysis.)
5. Specify meshing controls / Mesh the areas to create nodes and
elements.
Solution:
6. Specify boundary conditions.
7. Solve.
Postprocessing:
8. Plot the temperature distribution.
9. Exit the ANSYS program, saving all data.
Results:
Nodal temperature distribution
Contour Plot:
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1. Define super parametric
element.
If the number of nodes for defining the geometry is more than the
number of nodes used for defining the displacements is known as super
parametric element.
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