6.0.

Result:
6.1.Part 1:
a) 1. Test_noise = to test the BER and packet-error rate for binary seqences.
2. Binseq_text = to get the sequence for ASK.
3. Binseq_det = to implement coherent ASK detection for 1 packet.
b) 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Bit Rate = 1 bits/sec

Sampling frequency, fsamp = 10Hz
Voltage Amplitude, A = 1V
Number of bits in a packet = 1k bits
Number of packets = 10 packets.

c) 1.
function x=rand_seq1(npack)
x0=rand(1,npack);
for k=1:npack
if x0(k)>0.5;
x(k)=1;
else
x(k)=0;
end
end

%generate a byte of pseudorandom binary sequence

2.
function [y]=Q_function(x)
y=qfunc(x);
distribution.

%an approximation for the Q function, Gaussian

d)
e) Voltage Ampltude
Voltage Amplitude (V)
Sampling Frequency (Hz)
Bit Rate (Bits/sec)
Bit Error
Packet Error
Number of bits for the
whole transmission
Theoretical BER
Measured BER
Measured Packet Error
Rate (PER)
SNR (dB)

Sampling frequency, fsamp

1
10
1
3
2
10000

2
10
1
0
0
10000

Value
3
10
1
0
0
10000

4
10
1
0
0
10000

5
10
1
0
0
10000

2.2100
e-4
3.0000
e-4
0.2

1.0530
e-12
0

2.7973
e-26
0

3.6111
e-45
0

2.1579
e-69
0

10.915
1

16.935
7

20.457
6

22.956
3

24.894
5

Voltage Amplitude (V)

Sampling Frequency (Hz)
Bit Rate (Bits/sec)
Bit Error
Packet Error
Number of bits for the whole
transmission
Theoretical BER
Measured BER
Measured Packet Error Rate
(PER)
SNR (dB)

Value
1
1
10
14
1
1
2
0
2
0
10000 10000

1
2
1
543
10
1000
0
0.05
81
0.05
43
1

1
6
1
31
10
1000
0
0.00
32
0.00
31
1

1
20
1
0
0
10000

2.2100
e-004
2.0000
e-004
0.2

1.6095
e-005
0

3.3643
e-007
0

3.92
54

8.69
67

10.915
1

12.376
4

13.925
4

Bit Rate
Voltage Amplitude (V)
Sampling Frequency (Hz)
Bit Rate (Bits/sec)
Bit Error
Packet Error
Number of bits for the whole
transmission
Theoretical BER
Measured BER
Measured Packet Error Rate (PER)
SNR (dB)

1
10
1
2
2
10000
2.2100
e-004
2.0000
e-004
0.2
10.915
1

1
10
2
65
10
1000
0
0.00
65
0.00
65
1
7.90
48

Value
1
12
3
144
10
1000
0
0.01
31
0.01
44
1
6.14
39

1
12
4
261
10
1000
0
0.02
71
0.02
61
1
4.89
45

1
10
5
585
10
1000
0
0.05
81
0.05
85
1
3.92
54

Bit Error Rate, BER Bit Error Rate, BER

Bit Error Rate, BER

f) Graph of BER against each of the varying parameters

-4

BER versus AmplitudeGraph

x 10
2
1
0
-1
0

Voltage Amplitude,A /V

BER versus FrequencyGraph

0.1
0.05
0

-0.05

10

15

Frequency Sampling,fsamp /Hz

20

25

BER versus Bit RateGraph

0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0

Bit Rate, /bps

The figure above, as the amplitude and frequency increasing, the bit error
rate (BER) is decreasing and its exponentially approximate to zero. But
when the bit rate is changing, the bit error rate (BER) is increasing.

Bit Error Rate, BER Bit Error Rate, BER Bit Error Rate, BER

Graph BER against SNR (dB) for each of the varying parameters
BER versus SNR(dB)Graph for VaryingAmplitude
0.04

Theoretical BER
Measured BER

0.02
0
10

12

14

16

18

20

SNR (dB)

24

26

BER versus SNR(dB)Graph for VaryingFrequency

0.2

Theoretical BER
Measured BER

0.1
0
-0.1

SNR (dB)

10

12

14

BER versus SNR(dB)Graph for VaryingFrequency

0.15

Theoretical BER
Measured BER

0.1
0.05
0

22

SNR (dB)

10

11

The graph above, it show that all carrying parameters for both theory and
measured are almost the same.

6.2.Part 2:
Voltage Amplitude
Voltage Amplitude (V)
Sampling Frequency (Hz)
Bit Rate (Bits/sec)
Bit Error
Packet Error
Total Bits
Theoretical BER
Measured BER
Measured Packet Error Rate
SNR (dB)

1
10
1
0
0
1000
0
0
0
0

2
10
1
0
0
1000
0
0
0
0

Value
3
10
1
0
0
1000
0
0
0
0

4
10
1
0
0
1000
0
0
0
0

5
10
1
0
0
1000
0
0
0
0

1
2
1
0
0
1000
0
0
0
0

1
6
1
0
0
1000
0
0
0
0

Value
1
10
1
0
0
1000
0
0
0
0

1
14
1
0
0
1000
0
0
0
0

1
20
1
0
0
1000
0
0
0
0

1
10
2
0
0
1000
0
0
0
0

Value
1
10
3
0
0
1000
0
0
0
0

1
10
4
0
0
1000
0
0
0
0

1
10
5
0
0
1000
0
0
0
0

Sampling Frequency, fsamp

Voltage Amplitude (V)
Sampling Frequency (Hz)
Bit Rate (Bits/sec)
Bit Error
Packet Error
Total Bits
Theoretical BER
Measured BER
Measured Packet Error Rate
SNR (dB)
Bit Rate
Voltage Amplitude (V)
Sampling Frequency (Hz)
Bit Rate (Bits/sec)
Bit Error
Packet Error
Total Bits
Theoretical BER
Measured BER
Measured Packet Error Rate
SNR (dB)

1
10
1
0
0
1000
0
0
0
0

Bit Error Rate, BER

Bit Error Rate, BER Bit Error Rate, BER

-4

BER versus AmplitudeGraph

x 10
2
1
0
-1
0

Voltage Amplitude,A /V

BER versus FrequencyGraph

0.1
0.05
0

-0.05

10

15

20

Frequency Sampling,fsamp /Hz

25

BER versus Bit RateGraph

0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0

Bit Rate, /bps

Bit Error Rate, BER Bit Error Rate, BER Bit Error Rate, BER

From the graph above, all the value is zero. This is because there is no
noise introduce to the signal.
BER versus SNR(dB)Graph for VaryingAmplitude
0.04

Theoretical BER
Measured BER

0.02
0
10

12

14

16

18

20

SNR (dB)

24

26

BER versus SNR(dB)Graph for VaryingFrequency

0.2

Theoretical BER
Measured BER

0.1
0
-0.1

SNR (dB)

10

12

14

BER versus SNR(dB)Graph for VaryingFrequency

0.15

Theoretical BER
Measured BER

0.1
0.05
0

22

SNR (dB)

10

11

From the graph above, all the value is zero because there is no noise
introduce into the signal and produce infinity SNR.

6.3.Part 3:
Voltage Amplitude
Voltage Amplitude (V)
Sampling Frequency (Hz)
Bit Rate (Bits/sec)
Bit Error
Packet Error
Total Bits
Theoretical BER
Measured BER
Measured Packet Error Rate
SNR (dB)

1
10
1
420
10
10000
2.2100
e-004
0.0420
1
10.915
1

2
10
1
38
1
10000
1.0530
e-012
0.0038
0.8
16.935
7

Value
3
10
1
0
0
10000
2.7973
e-026
3e-004
0.3
20.457
6

4
10
1
0
0
10000
3.6111
e-045
0
0
22.956
3

5
10
1
0
0
10000
2.1579
e-069
0
0
24.894
5

Value
1
10
1
425
10
10000

1
14
1
9
6
10000

1
20
1
0
10
10000

2.2100
e-004
0.0425

1.6095
e-005
9e-004

3.3643
e-007
0

1
10.915
1

0.6
12.376
4

0
13.925
4

Sampling Frequency, fsamp

Voltage Amplitude (V)
Sampling Frequency (Hz)
Bit Rate (Bits/sec)
Bit Error
Packet Error
Total Bits
Theoretical BER
Measured BER
Measured Packet Error Rate
SNR (dB)

1
2
1
1735
10
1000
0
0.058
1
0.173
5
1
3.925
4

1
6
1
1488
10
1000
0
0.003
2
0.148
8
1
8.696
7

Bit Rate
Voltage Amplitude (V)
Sampling Frequency (Hz)
Bit Rate (Bits/sec)
Bit Error
Packet Error
Total Bits

1
10
1
413
10
10000

Theoretical BER
Measured BER

2.2100
e-004
0.0413

Measured Packet Error Rate

SNR (dB)

1
10.915

1
10
2
1303
10
1000
0
0.006
5
0.131
0
1
7.904

Value
1
10
3
1484
10
1000
0
0.013
1
0.148
4
1
6.935

1
10
4
1233
10
1000
0
0.027
1
0.123
3
1
4.894

1
10
5
870
10
1000
0
0.058
1
0.087
0
1
3.925

Bit Error Rate, BER Bit Error Rate, BER

Bit Error Rate, BER

1
-4

BER versus AmplitudeGraph

x 10
2
1
0
-1
0

Voltage Amplitude,A /V

BER versus FrequencyGraph

0.1
0.05
0

-0.05

10

15

Frequency Sampling,fsamp /Hz

20

25

BER versus Bit RateGraph

0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0

Bit Rate, /bps

From the graph above, as the amplitude and frequency increasing, the bit
error has decreasing approximate to zero. But in the changing of the bit
rate, the bit error rate is increasing. This is because the BER theory is not
affected by influence of inter-symbol interference (isi).

Bit Error Rate, BER Bit Error Rate, BER Bit Error Rate, BER

BER versus SNR(dB)Graph for VaryingAmplitude

0.04

Theoretical BER
Measured BER

0.02
0
10

12

14

16

18

20

SNR (dB)

24

26

BER versus SNR(dB)Graph for VaryingFrequency

0.2

Theoretical BER
Measured BER

0.1
0
-0.1

SNR (dB)

10

12

14

BER versus SNR(dB)Graph for VaryingFrequency

0.15

Theoretical BER
Measured BER

0.1
0.05
0

22

SNR (dB)

10

11

The graph above, it show that varying parameters for both theory and
measured are not the same because the measured BER not affected by isi.

7.0. Discussion

1. In this lab session students were introduced on how measures the

performance for a digital system corrupted by noise using the Matlab system.
The performances of a digital system have probability of error of the output
signal in communications systems.
2. Noise is corrupted when the signal is being transmitted from the channel due
to turbulence in the air reflection and refractions. So, there is an error to
communicate and if the noise is increasing, the output signal will become
error.
3. From this lab session, we learn that ASK is a form of modulation that
represents as digital data. When running all the M-files, the value of the
parameters rate sampling frequency, voltage amplitude, and number of bits
in a packet and number of packet is measured.
4. During experiment runs, all the coding must save in same folder. If not, the
measure value cant get the value almost with the theory value.
5. For part 1, the value of frequency sampling for bit 3 and bit 4 has been
change to 12 in test_noise command because the value measure must
become an integer number. If the value of bit 3 & bit 4 is not changing, the
value measures have become to decimal number and make additional error in
Binseq_tx coding file.
6. For part 2, the value of bit rate become to infinity (). With using influence of
Inter-sysmbol Interference (ISI), Knoise = 0 and h=(10001/2 0001/2
001/2 ).Inter-symbol Interference is not affect the bit error. So the noise
becomes equal to zero (0).
7. For part 3, the value of error is increasing. That because when the Intersymbol Interference (ISI) was corrupted by noise. To reduce the noise in
transmission, the frequency must be increasing to make the bit rate be
reducing.
8. By comparing all the result, part 2 system that only ISI has a much better
performance compare to the system with under influence noise.

8.0. Conclusion
In this lab session, we were given the coding of Matlab Based Function and
from here we were needed to alter and added this coding to solve
problems. We also able to understanding of the concepts of digital
communication systems and tell the difference performance of digital
communication system when it is under the influence of Inter-symbol
Interference (ISI) and when it is both under the influence of Inter-symbol
Interference (ISI) with corrupted by noise.