e-ISSN: 2455-5703
I. INTRODUCTION
The modern power distribution network is constantly being faced with an ever-growing load demand and it is observed that under
certain critical loading conditions, the distribution system experience voltage collapse in certain areas. Moreover, at heavy loads,
the reactive power flow becomes very significant which cause an increase in real power losses. The basic reason behind these huge
power losses is resistive loss, as well as distribution system is operated at much lower voltages compared to transmission systems.
Traditionally, capacitor and distributed generator (DG) are installed in power networks to compensate for power loss reduction.
Among these devices, DG is most widely used in distribution network because it has a unique property of supplying active as well
as reactive power, whereas capacitor supplies only reactive power to the network. However, studies of DG over few years have
indicated that the inappropriate selection of location and size of DG, may lead to greater system losses than the losses without DG
[1]. Therefore, the optimal location and size of DG is an important task for the researchers. A mixed integer linear programming
(MILP) [2] was introduced by Keane et al.to solve optimal DG allocation problem. Borghetti proposed (MILP) model [3] to
minimize system real power loss of radial distribution network. Rueda-Medina et al.also proposed MILP [4] approach to solve
optimal DG allocation problem at different load levels for the radial distribution network. The sensitivity factor based on equivalent
current injection was employed in [5]for the determination of the optimum size and location of DG to minimize total power losses
of radial systems. Khan et al. presented an analytical approach [6] to improve voltage profile and to minimize power loss of radial
distribution network. The simulation results indicated that the proposed algorithm was capable of identifying the optimal location
and size of DG in distribution system effectively. However, this analytical study is based on phasor current injection method which
has unrealistic assumptions such as:uniformly, increasingly, centrally distributed load profiles. These assumptions may cause
erroneous solution for the real systems. Rezaei et al. used dynamic programming (DP) technique [7] to place DG in the distribution
system to minimize power loss, improve reliability and voltage profile of the system. Aman et al. presented power stability index
(PSI) [8] for DG placement and sizing for distribution systems. The proposed method was implemented on12-bus, modified 12bus and 69-bus systems, and its performance was compared with golden section search (GSS) algorithm. However, all above
mentioned classical methods suffer from the disadvantage of finding the optimal solution for the nonlinear optimization problem.
Placement of DG in the radial distribution system is highly nonlinear optimization problem. Conventional optimization techniques
are not suitable for solving such type of problems. Moreover, there is no criterion to decide whether a local solution is also a global
solution. Large computational time is another drawback of most of these techniques. The advent of stochastic search algorithms
has provided alternative approaches for solving optimal DG allocation problems. These population-based techniques exterminate
most of the difficulties of classical methods. Many of these stochastic search algorithms have already been developed and
successfully implemented to solve optimal DG placement problem. Vankatesh et al. proposed evolutionary programming (EP) [9]
for optimal reconfiguration of radial distribution system to maximize loadability index. Popovic et al.proposed genetic algorithm
(GA) [10] for optimal sitting and sizing of DG in distribution systems.
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Pi v i v j v ij cos( ij i j )
(1)
j1
Q i v i v j v ij sin( ij i j )
j1
(2)
Step 3: Linearize the system around the most recent voltage angle and magnitude Values.
Step 4: Solve for the change in voltage magnitude and angle.
Step 5: Update the Voltage Magnitude and Angle.
Step 6: Check the stopping conditions, if met then terminate, or else go to Step 2
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Optimal Location and Sizing of Distributed Generation Using Krill Herd Algorithm
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fuel cells and PV cells. Distributed energy resources involves power electronics interfaces, as well as communications and control
devices for effective dispatch and operation of single generating units, multiple system packages, and aggregated blocks of power.
A Renewable energy source that damages the nature and it come from the sun, from wind from water and from waves. Other
sources of renewable energy are available from organic matters, sometimes called bio-energy. Each of these energy sources has
unique characteristics and can play an important role in conservation and the reduction of pollutants. Most Renewable energy
resources can only be used on the power grid with the help of energy storage and power electronic support.
B. Types of distributed generation
Based on the DG technology and the terminal characteristics, they can be classified into four types.
Type 1) DG injects active power (P) only, eg. Photovoltaic
Type 2) DG injects reactive power (Q) only eg. Synchronous compensator
Type 3) DG injects active power but absorbs reactive power, eg. Induction generator .The reactive power Consumed by
an induction generator in a simple form is given in
QDG = - (0.5 +0.04P2)
(3)
Type 4) DG injects both active and reactive power, eg. Synchronous generators
The four types of DG units are employed to obtain the proper size and location, assuming fuel resources are evenly
distributed throughout the system in order to minimize the reactive power loss in the system. The maximum rating of DG that
can be connected to a distribution system depends on the capacity of that system, which is correlated to the voltage level within
the distribution system.
C. Objective functions and constraints
1) Minimization of total real power losses
Min f x min
G V
i, j B
2
i
ij
(4)
B
- Susceptance of network
(i,j)B
- (i,j)are two nodes of a branch
V and V - voltage magnitude of node i and j
G
- Conductance between nodes i and j
- Difference b/w nodal phase angle i & j
ij
2) Minimization of total reactive power losses
Min f x1 min
B V
i, jG
ij
2
i
(5)
G
-Conductance of network
(i,j)G
-(i,j)are two nodes of a branch
Vi and Vj -voltage magnitude of node i and j
Bij
-Susceptance between nodes i and j
- Difference b/w nodal phase angle i & j
ij
3) Constraints
Equality constraints
(6)
(7)
j1
N
j1
Inequality constraints
QGi Q
max
Gi
(8)
(9)
Vimin Vi Vimax
Vimax andVimin
N
PGi and QGi
(10)
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Optimal Location and Sizing of Distributed Generation Using Krill Herd Algorithm
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PdiandQd
Gij and Bij
new
i
Ns
fi f j
j1
fw fb
inew
(12)
target
i
(13)
xi x j
x i x j rand(0,1)
i best best
f i x i
itarget 2 rand 0,1
i max
sdi
1
5Np
Np
f
j1
(14)
(15)
fj
(16)
C. Foraging action
Each individual krill adjusts its foraging velocity based on both of its own current food location and that of its previous experience
about the food location which is mathematically expressed as follows
Vf i 0.02 i x Vfold
i
i
i 21
i max
f i
Ns
(17)
xj
j1
fj
f ibest x ibest
Ns 1
j1 f
j
(18)
D. Random diffusion
The diffusion process of the krill individuals is considered as a random phenomenon. It may be expressed in terms of a maximum
diffusion speed and a random directional factor. It may be formulated as follows:
Vdi Vdmax
E. Position update
The position of the ith krill during the interval t to
(19)
t may be given by
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Optimal Location and Sizing of Distributed Generation Using Krill Herd Algorithm
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j
j
j
P j Pmin
r * Pmax
Pmin
(21)
The location and rating of all the installed DGs comprise a vector which represents the initial position of each krill of the
population set and it also represents a candidate solution for the optimal DG allocation problem.
Mi=[loci,1,loci.2,loci,j.loci,ND,P i,1,P i,2,...P i,j,.Pi,ND] (22)
Depending upon the population size, initial solution M is created which is given by:
M=[M 1,M 2,..M i,MNP]
(23)
Step3: Run the load flow to find the power losses/energy losses of the distribution network. In this article, a direct load flow
algorithm based on the bus-injection to branch-current (BIBC)matrix and the branch-current to bus-voltage(BCBV)matrix are
used.
Step 4: Update the motion of each krill individuals by adding the three motion index namely motion induced by other individual,
foraging motion and random diffusion.
Step 5: Modify the position of each krill individual.
Step 6: Applying crossover and mutation to update the position of each individual krill. The position of each krill individual
represents a potential solution as defined by optimal DG allocation problem.
Step 7: Check whether the control variables violate the operating limits or not. If any independent variable is less than the minimum
level it is made equal to minimum value and if it is greater than the maximum level it is made equal to the maximum level.
Step 8: Go to Step 3 until the current iteration number reaches the pre specified maximum iteration number.
Without
DG
Base case
33bus
With DG
Krill herd algorithm
best
mean
Standard
deviation
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Optimal Location and Sizing of Distributed Generation Using Krill Herd Algorithm
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Reactive
power loss
in KVAR
Optimal
location of
DG
Sizes of DG
in KW
143.1775
81.701
82.114
0.000032
6
0.2589
B. Convergence characteristics
Fig1.shows the convergence characteristics of total real power loss.The best value obtained in real power loss is 111.02
by using Krill herd algorithm. The average value converged is 111.41.
Fig2. Shows the convergence characteristics of total reactive power loss.The best value obtained in reactive power loss is
81.701 by using Krill herd algorithm. The average value converged is 82.114.
VII.
CONCLUSION
In this paper, a complex combinatorial problem of locating and sizing of DG for real power loss/reactive power loss minimization
of electric radial distribution networks is investigated. The KHA algorithm is employed to determine the optimal size and location
of DG. In order to prove the validity and superiority of the proposed method, it is applied on small, medium and large scale
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distribution network .The numerical results and the convergence profiles of the objective function value of all the test systems
confirm the effectiveness and dominancy of the proposed approach over other established algorithms.
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