The optical coupler is a venerable device that offers the design engineer new freedoms in designing circuits and systems. Problems such as ground loop isolation, common mode
noise rejection, power supply transformations, and many
more problems can be solved or simplified with the use of an
optical coupler.
Operation is based on the principle of detecting emitted
light. The input to the coupler is connected to a light emitter
and the output is a photodector, the two elements being separated by a transparent insulator and housed in a lightexcluding package. There are many types of optical couplers; for
example, the light source could be an incandescent lamp or
a light emitting diode (LED). Also, the detector could be photovoltaic cell, photoconductive cell, photodiode, phototransistor,
or a lightsensitive SCR. By various combinations of emitters
and detectors, a number of different types of optical couplers
could be assembled.
Once an emitter and detector have been assembled as a
coupler, the optical portion is permanently established so that
device use is only electronic in nature. This eliminates the
need for the circuit designer to have knowledge of optics.
However, for effective application, he must know something of
the electrical characteristics, capabilities, and limitations of
the emitter and detector.
COUPLER CHARACTERISTICS
The current limiting resistor can be calculated from the following equation:
R
where
INTRODUCTION
IN
I
2.0
TJ = 25C
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
1.0
2.0
5.0
10
20
50
100 200
IF, Instantaneous Forward Current (mA)
500 1000
The 4N25 is an optical coupler consisting of a gallium arsenide (GaAs) LED and a silicon phototransistor. (For more information on LEDs and phototransistors, see References 1
and 2.)
The couplers characteristics are given in the following sequence: LED characteristics, phototransistor characteristics,
coupled characteristics, and switching characteristics. Table
1 shows all four for the 4N25 series.
INPUT
Vin
IF
Motorola
Device Data
Motorola, Optoelectronics
Inc. 1995
AN571A
LED CHARACTERISTICS (TA = 25C unless otherwise noted)
Symbol
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
IR
0.05
100
*Forward Voltage
(IF = 50 mA)
VF
1.2
1.5
Volts
Capacitance
(VR = 0 V, f = 1.0 MHz)
150
pF
Characteristic
Symbol
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
ICEO
3.5
50
100
nA
ICBO
20
nA
V(BR)CBO
70
Volts
V(BR)CEO
30
Volts
V(BR)ECO
7.0
Volts
hFE
250
DC Current Gain
(VCE = 5.0 V, IC = 500 A)
Symbol
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
4N25, 4N26
4N27, 4N28
IC
2.0
1.0
5.0
3.0
mA
4N25
4N26, 4N27
4N28
VISO
2500
1500
500
Volts
1011
Ohms
VCE(sat)
0.2
0.5
Volts
1.3
pF
300
kHz
4N25, 4N26
4N27, 4N28
td
0.07
0.10
4N25, 4N26
4N27, 4N28
tr
0.8
2.0
4N25, 4N26
4N27, 4N28
ts
4.0
2.0
4N25, 4N26
4N27, 4N28
tf
7.0
3.0
Isolation Resistance(2)
(V = 500 V)
*CollectorEmitter Saturation
(IC = 2.0 mA, IF = 50 mA)
Isolation Capacitance(2)
(V = 0, f = 1.0 MHz)
Bandwidth(3)
(IC = 2.0 mA, RL = 100 ohms, Figure 11)
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS
Delay Time
Rise Time
Storage Time
Fall Time
* Indicates JEDEC Registered Data 1. Pulse Test: Pulse Width = 300 s, Duty Cycle 2.0%.
2.
For this test LED pins 1 and 2 are common and Photo Transistor pins 4, 5 and 6 are common.
3.
IF adjusted to yield IC = 2.0 mA and IC = 2.0 mAp p at 10 kHz.
1.0
COUPLING
To fully characterize the coupler, a new parameter, the dc
current transfer ratio or coupling efficiency () must be defined. This is the ratio of the transistor collector current to diode
current IC/IF. Figures 4A and 4B show the typical dc current
transfer functions for the couplers at VCE = 10 volts. Note that
varies with IF and VCE.
V CE (sat), Collector-Emitter
Saturation Voltage (Volts)
OUTPUT
IF = 25 IC
IF = 50 IC
TJ = 25C
0.8
0.6
4N25
4N26
0.4
0.2
0
0.05
4N27
4N28
0.1
0.2
0.5 1.0
2.0
5.0
IC, Collector Current (mA)
10
20
50
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TURNON TIME
20
IF = IC/h,
4N25, 4N26
2.0
1.0
0.5
100
0.2
50
0.1
VCE = 10 V
10
TJ = 55C
5.0
td
0.05
20
4N25, 4N26
4N27, 4N28
2.0
25C
1.0
100C
VCC = 10 V
IF = 20 IC
TJ = 25C
tr
5.0
t, Time (s)
where
10
2.0 3.0
5.0 7.0 10
IC, Collector Current (mA)
20
50
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.5
TURNOFF TIME
1.0
2.0
5.0
10
20
50 100
IF, Forward Diode Current (mA)
200
500
200
VCC = 10 V
IF = 20 IC
TJ = 25C
100
50
t, Time (s)
tf
4N27, 4N28
100
50
IC, Collector Current (mA)
30
VCE = 10 V
10
5.0
2.0
20
1.0
10
5.0
20
ts
0.5
TJ = 55C
4N25, 4N26
4N27, 4N28
2.0 3.0
5.0 7.0 10
IC, Collector Current (mA)
0.2
0.5 0.7 1.0
2.0
1.0
25C
0.5
100C
20
30
50
0.2
0.1
0.5
1.0
2.0
5.0
10
20
50 100
IF, Forward Diode Current (mA)
200
500
RESPONSE TIME
3.0
2.0
TA = 25C
1.0
RL = 100
0.7
0.5
500
0.3
1000
0.2
0.1
30
50
70
100
200
f, Frequency (kHz)
300
500
700 1000
AN571A
IC = IF
VCC = 10 Volts
47
Pulse
Input
IF
Modulation
Input
IF(m)
Constant
Current
Input
Photo
Transistor
LED
IF(DC)
1.0 F 47
IC
5
Pulse
Output
RL
VCC = 10 Volts
IC = IF
4
Output
IF
RL
IC (DC) = 2.0 mA
6
ic (AC Sine Wave) = 2.0 mA PP
IF = IF(DC) + IF(m)
VCC
VCC
RL
Vin
Vin
RL
OPERATING MODE
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
IF
+5
IB A
IB
10
20
30
40
50
60
IF in (mA)
70
80
90
100
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+5 V
V
+V
1
R*
Induct.
Load
RL
1
IF
MCR1066
1N4005
AC
2
4
4N26
2
4N26
Gate
Signal
1k
4
MTTL
FlipFlop
IF = 50 mA
R*
+ 0.05V A
250
APPLICATIONS
The following circuits are presented to give the designer
ideas of how the 4N26 can be used. The circuits have been
breadboarded and tested, but the values of the circuit components have not been selected for optimum performance
over all temperatures.
Figure 11 shows a coupler driving a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR). The SCR is used to control an inductive load, and
the SCR is driven by a coupler. The SCR used is a sensitive
gate device that requires only 1 mA of gate current and the
coupler has a minimum current transfer ratio of 0.2 so the input
current to the coupler, IF, need only be 5 mA. The 1 k resistor
connected to the gate of the SCR is used to hold off the SCR.
The 1N4005 diode is used to supress the selfinduced voltage
when the SCR turns off.
Figure 12 is a circuit that couples a high voltage load to a low
voltage logic circuit. To ensure that the voltage to the MTTL
+5 V
+15 V
22 F
510
47
IAC (peak)
5 mA
IDC = 10 mA
4N26
1
2
100 k
6
100
1 F 10 k
MC1741
+
Vout
Av = 10
AN571A
The circuit of Figure 14 shows the 4N26 being used as a diodediode coupler, the output being taken from the collectorbase
diode. In this mode of operation, the emitter is left open, the load resistor is connected between the base and ground, and the
collector is tied to the positive voltage supply. Using the coupler in this way reduces the switching time from 2 to 3 s to 100 ns.
+6
47
1
4N26
Input
4
+6 V
2
Input
Pulse
0.1 F
1.0 s
IL
3V
Output
Vout
AV = 200
50
1k
50
6 V
MC1733
0.6 V
90
0
10
tr 1090 100 ns
The circuit of Figure 15 is a standard twotransistor oneshot, with one transistor being the output transistor of the coupler.
The trigger to the oneshot is the LED input to the coupler. A pulse of 3 s in duration and 15 mA will trigger the circuit. The
output pulse width (PWO) is equal to 0.7 RC + PW1 + 6 s where PW1 is the input pulse width and 6 s is the turnoff delay of
the coupler. The amplitude of the output pulse is a function of the power supply voltage of the output side and independent of the
input.
+5 V
4.7 k
4.7 k
R = 47 k
0.03 F
5
4N26
IF
VO
5V
C
MPS6515
6 100 k
Input
PW = 0.7 RC
Input
IF = 15 mA
PWin 3 s
(Minimum)
Output
PWout = 0.7 RC + PWmin
PWmin = PWin + 6 s
VO(Low) = 0.2 V
VO(High) = 5.0 V (for R 4.7 k)
AN571A
will cause Q2 to conduct and the output will be in a high state.
When the input to the LED is removed, the couplers output
transistor will shut off and the output voltage will be in a low
state. Because of the high impedance in the base of the coupler transistor, the turnoff delay is about 6s.
100 k
MPS6518
1.2 k
+12 V
27 k
Q2
5
4N26
IF = 30 mA
51
51 pF
Output
1.2 k
Q1
Input
1.8 k
4
1.2 k
6
100 k
3V
Input
0V
2.5 V
Output
0V
s 0
9 10
1k
1k
Output
10 k
6
Set
Input
10 k
100 1
2
4N26
100
Reset
Input
4N26
Re
100
Set
Input
2V
0V
4.5 V
Output
0.5 V
Reset
Input
2.0 V
0V
t(s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
AN571A
systems, various subsystems may be placed in a standby
mode to conserve power until actually needed. Or the power
may be turned OFF in response to occurrences such as overheating, overvoltage, shorted output, etc.
With the use of the 4N26 optically coupler, the regulator can
be shut down while the controlling signal is isolated from the
regulator. The circuit of Figure 18 shows a positive regulator
connected to an optical coupler.
To ensure that the drive to the regulator shut down control
is 1 mA, (the required current), it is necessary to drive the LED
in the coupler with 5 mA of current, an adequate level for logic
circuits.
The high base impedance (100 k ohms) represents a compromise between sensitivity (input drive required) and frequency response. A low value base resistor would improve speed
but would also increase the drive requirements.
The circuit in Figure 17 can be used as an optically coupled
RS flipflop. The circuit uses two 4N26 couplers cross
coupled to produce two stable states. To change the output
from a low state to a high state requires a positive 2 V pulse
at the set input. The minimum width of the set pulse is 3 s. To
switch the output back to the low state needs only a pulse on
the reset input. The resetoperation is similar to the set operation.
Motorola integrated voltage regulators provide an input for
the express purpose of shutting the regulator off. For large
Io = 1 mA
3
6
R*
MC1569R
MC1469R
R1
IF = 5 mA
+VO
2N706
4
9
5
4N26
Rsc
0.001 F
R2 =
5.8 k
1
2
6
RL
C0
1.0 F
0.1 F
Case
R* = Vin 1.7 V k
10 k
Out
100 k
5
50
47 pF
4N26
1
6
10 pF
MPS6515
IF = 15 mA
27 k
100 k
4
4 s
2.0 V
Input
2 s
5V
Output
4 s
tr
[ 0.5 s
REFERENCES
1. Theory and Characteristics of Phototransistors, Motorola
Application Note AN440.
2. Motorola Switching Transistor Handbook.
3. Deboo, G.J. and C.N. Burrous, Integrated Circuits and
Semiconductor Devices Theory and Application. New
York: McGrawHill, 1971.
AN571A
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the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does Motorola assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit,
and specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation consequential or incidental damages. Typical parameters can and do vary in different
applications. All operating parameters, including Typicals must be validated for each customer application by customers technical experts. Motorola does
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against all claims, costs, damages, and expenses, and reasonable attorney fees arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death
associated with such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim alleges that Motorola was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part.
Motorola and
are registered trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Motorola, Inc. is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer.
AN571A
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