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Shape, Arrangement, and Size


Cocci (s., coccus) are roughly spherical cells.
The other common shape is that of a rod,
sometimes called a bacillus (pl., bacilli).
Spiral-shaped procaryotes can be either
classified as spirilla, which usually have tufts
of flagella at one or both ends of the cell

Cocci (s., coccus)


They can exist as individual cells, but also are
associated in characteristic arrangements that are
frequently useful in their identification
Diplococci (s., diplococcus) arise when cocci
divide and remain together to form pairs.
Long chains of cocci result when cells adhere
after repeated divisions in one plane; this pattern
is seen in the genera Streptococcus,
Enterococcus, and Lactococcus
Staphylococcus divides in random planes to
generate irregular grapelike clumps

Cocci (s., coccus)


Members of the genus Micrococcus often
divide in two planes to form square groups of
four cells called tetrads.
In the genus Sarcina, cocci divide in three
planes producing cubical packets of eight cells.

S. agalactiae

S. aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
cocci arranged in clusters; colorenhanced scanning electron
micrograph; average cell
diameter is about 1 mm.

Streptococcus agalactiae, the


cause of Group B streptococcal
infections; cocci arranged in
chains; color-enhanced scanning
electron micrograph (4,800).

bacillus (pl., bacilli)


Bacillus megaterium is a typical example of a
bacterium with a rod shape
Bacillus megaterium, a rod-shaped bacterium
arranged in chains, Gram stain (600).

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Vibrio
Vibrios most closely resemble rods, as they are
comma-shaped

spirilla
Spiral-shaped procaryotes can be either
classified as spirilla, which usually have
tufts of flagella at one or both ends of
the cell, or spirochetes

Vibrio cholera, curved rods with polar


flagella; scanning electron
micrograph

Hyphomicrobium with hyphae and bud,

Spiroplasma

Spirochetes
Spirochetes are more flexible and have a
unique, internal flagellar arrangement.

pleomorphic
some procaryotes are variable in shape and
lack a single, characteristic form.

Actinomycetes
Actinomycetes typically form long filaments
called hyphae that may branch to produce a
network called a mycelium

Bacteria vary in size as much as in shape


Escherichia coli is a rod of about average size,
1.1 to 1.5 mm wide by 2.0 to 6.0 mm long
Nanobacteria range from around 0.2 mm to
less than 0.05 mm in diameter
spirochaetes, which can reach 500 mm in
length
the photosynthetic bacterium Oscillatoria,
which is about 7 mm in diameter (the same
diameter as a red blood cell).

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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Bacterial Plasma Membrane

THE CYTOPLASMIC MATRIX

The Procaryotic Cytoskeleton

The cytoplasmic matrix is the substance in which


the nucleoid, ribosomes, and inclusion bodies are
suspended.
It lacks organelles bound by lipid bilayers (often
called unit membranes), and is largely water (about
70% of bacterial mass is water).
Until recently, it was thought to lack a cytoskeleton.
The plasma membrane and everything within is
called the protoplast;
thus the cytoplasmic matrix is a major part of the
protoplast.

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Cytoskeleton

Ribosomes
Ribosomes are very complex structures made of
both protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
They are the site of protein synthesis
Procaryotic ribosomes are smaller than the
cytoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum-associated
ribosomes of eucaryotic cells.
Procaryotic ribosomes are called 70S ribosomes
(as opposed to 80S in eucaryotes), have
dimensions of about 14 to 15 nm by 20 nm, a
molecular weight of approximately 2.7 million,
and are constructed of a 50S and a 30S subunit

Ribosomes
Procaryotic Ribosome.
The two subunits of a bacterial
ribosome are shown.
The 50S subunit includes 23S rRNA
(gray) and 5S rRNA (light blue), while
16S rRNA (cyan) is found in the 30S
subunit.
A molecule of tRNA (gold) is shown in
the A site.
To generate this ribbon diagram, crystals
of purified bacterial ribosomes were
grown, exposed to X rays, and the
resulting diffraction pattern analyzed

30S subunit

Nucleoid
The procaryotic chromosome is located in an
irregularly shaped region called the nucleoid

50S subunit

Nucleoid
Chemical analysis of purified
nucleoids reveals that they are
composed of about 60% DNA, 30%
RNA, and 10% protein by weight.
In Escherichia coli, the closed DNA
circle measures approximately 1,400
mm or about 230700 times longer
than the cell

Plasmids
Many procaryotes (and some yeasts and other
fungi) contain extrachromosomal DNA
molecules called plasmids.
Plasmids play many important roles in the
lives of the organisms that have them.
They also have proved invaluable to
microbiologists and molecular geneticists in
constructing and transferring new genetic
combinations and in cloning genes,

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Plasmids
Plasmids are small, double-stranded DNA
molecules that can exist independently of the
chromosome.
Both circular and linear plasmids have been
documented, but most known plasmids are
circular.
Plasmids are able to replicate autonomously

Bacterial Cell walls

Bacterial Cell walls

After Christian Gram developed the Gram stain in


1884,
it soon became evident that most bacteria could
be divided into two major groups based on their
response to the Gram-stain procedure
The gram-positive cell wall consists of a single 20
to 80 nm thick homogeneous layer of
peptidoglycan (murein) lying outside the plasma
membrane
The gram-negative cell wall is quite complex. It
has a 2 to 7 nm peptidoglycan layer covered by a
7 to 8 nm thick outer membrane.

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Capsules, Slime Layers


Some procaryotes have a layer of material lying
outside the cell wall. This layer has different
names depending on its characteristics.
When the layer is well organized and not easily
washed off, it is called a capsule
It is called a slime layer when it is a zone of
diffuse, unorganized material that is removed
easily.
When the layer consists of a network of
polysaccharides extending from the surface of
the cell, it is referred to as the glycocalyx

Pili and Fimbriae


Many bacteria have about 1-10 sex pili (s.,
pilus) per cell. These are hairlike structures
that differ from fimbriae in the following ways.
Pili often are larger than fimbriae (around 9 to
10 nm in diameter)
Many procaryotes have short, fine, hairlike
appendages that are thinner than flagella.
These are usually called fimbriae. They can aid
in attachment to objects

Flagella
Most motile procaryotes move by use of flagella
(s., flagellum)
Monotrichous bacteria (trichous means hair)
have one flagellum; if it is located at an end, it is
said to be a polar flagellum
Amphitrichous bacteria (amphi means on both
sides) have a single flagellum at each pole.
lophotrichous bacteria (lopho means tuft) have
a cluster of flagella at one or both ends
Flagella are spread fairly evenly over the whole
surface of peritrichous (peri means around)
bacteria

Filament
Filament

Hook

Hook
Pseudomonasmonotrichous polar
flagellation

Spirillumlophotrichous flagellation

L ring
P ring
S ring

P. vulgarisperitrichous flagellation

M ring
gram-negative

gram-positive

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endospore.
A number of gram-positive bacteria can form a
special resistant, dormant structure called an
endospore.
Endospores develop within vegetative bacterial
cells of several genera: Bacillus and Clostridium
(rods), Sporosarcina (cocci), and others.
These structures are extraordinarily resistant to
environmental stresses such as heat, ultraviolet
radiation, gamma radiation, chemical
disinfectants, and desiccation

Ribosomes
Nucleoid

Core wall
Cortex
Spore coat
Exosporium

Central
Subterminal
Swollen
sporangium
Terminal

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