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The project could have never been possible without the support of varioussources. It
is extremely impossible to thank every individual who hashelped me in completing
this project. Some people have helped in the basicformularization and there were
sources that helped me in giving the ideasa physical form/shape. I am extremely
grateful to my mentor,
Mr. Jaswant Redhu
, for his invaluable guidance in the project right fromthe beginning. His vital support
helped the project to take a logical andsuitable shape. I take this opportunity to
thank the School authorities, forextending their full support and cooperation in the
project.Last but not the least; I would like to thank everyone who hasoffered a
helping hand when required
.
Sumit Sapra XII-B Roll
This is to certify that
Sumit Sapra
(Roll No:
..
)
certificate

student of Class XII, St. Theresa's Convent Sr. Sec. School has completedthe project
titled.
Full Wave Rectifierduring the academicyear2012-13towards partial fulfillment of
credit for thePhysics Project evaluation of AISSCE 2013, and submittedworking
model and satisfactory report , as compiled in thefollowing pages, under my
supervision.
Intro
A full wave rectifier is a device which is used to rectify all thealternating current
components in an alternating supply and make it purely a direct current. The two
alternating halvesof an alternation current are rectified in a full wave rectifierwhich
is an advantage over a half wave rectifier. Mostelectronic devices cannot withstand
very high voltage or alternatingcurrent due to its intense high power. The use of
batteriesin all devices is not practical as their replacement and durability is a huge

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problem as the device has to be dismantled each time forsuch a replacement. So
these rectifiers are used in most of the
electronic devices like TVs, Radios, Chargers,
connection
Connections are done as in the circuit. The A.C. supply is given to both theinput
wires of the transformer and the two ends of the secondary coil is given to the P
side of the two diodes and theN sideof the diodes are twined and then connected to
one en d of thecapacitor and the other end to the center tap lead and to
theresistor.Further, the other end of capacitor with the diode connect ion
isconnected to the other end of the resistor. Connect 2 leads on both theends of the
resistor to measure the output and this is connected to the +ve & -veterminals of
the bulb.
Working
1st when the A.C. is supplied to thetransformer, it steps down the 230V mainsupply
to 6 volts. It has a capability of delivering acurrent of 500mA. The 6 volts A.C.
appearingacross the secondary is the RMS value and thepeak value is 8.4 volts.
During the 1st half cycle of the A.C. input Diode D1 is forward biased and acurrent
I flows in the circuit in the directionS1 D1 ABEOS1. During this time diode D2
isreverse biased. So it does not conduct anyelectric current. During the next half
cycle the diodeD2 is forward and D1 is reversed. Hence D2 conducts current in the
directionS2 D2 ABEOS2 and D1 does not conduct any current.In subsequent half
cycles of the A.C current the above processes are repeated. In both the half cycles it
is clear that current flows through theresistor in only one direction ABE. Even
though thevoltage across RL is unidirectional it will stillcontain a few A.C
components. This is filtered and made smooth using a capacitor, whichfilters 99% of
the A.C current. A resistor is thenused to adjust the output voltage. Capacitor also
nearly filters all A.C components from thesupply and resistance is adjusted for
therequired output. As this is a simple circuit,only one capacitor and a resistance
are beingused. But there will be slight factor of A.C.current still left in the output but
it isnegligible. The output Direct Current and voltagelight up the LED.
Theory
The input transformer steps down the A.C mainsfrom 230V (nominal) to 6V between
the centertap and either of the two ends of thesecondary winding. The transformer
has a capabilityof delivering a current of 500 mA.The 6V A.Cappearing across the
secondary is theRMS value of the waveform and peak valuewould be 8.4volts the
diodes rectify the A.Cwaveform appearing across the secondary withthe help of
alternate forward and reverse biasing. Thecapacitor further filters 99% of the
resident componentsand this is let to pass through the resistance and emergesout

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as+ve and ve. The bulb connected verifies theoutput as it works on Direct Current
and if used onan Alternating Current, the fluctuation will burn out thebulb
Material

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:
Connecting wires and a plug- A normal insulatedcopper wire able to withstand 230
250 v is required.
:Single lead wire- Thin wire with one single strand of copper well Insulated and able
to conduct a current of 1 ampere or a D.Ccurrent efficiently.: A circuit board- A
normal board of mica facilitated with clipsto simplify the connection: Nuts ad bolt- In
order to fix the board & transformer firmly.Size 23 cm: Soldering wax & lead- The
wires are to be solderedfirmly to make the connection tight so for this a thin lead
wireis required to affix the connections and wax to make thelead to hold on when
soldered.: A bulb- To test the output voltage whether Direct or not: 6-0-6
transformer- Transformer is adevice used to change the voltage of analternating
current. The transformer whichconverts low voltage to high voltage is called a
stepup transformer whereas the one which converts highvoltage to low voltage is
called a stepdown transformer. It consists of a: P-N junction Diodes- When one side
of asemiconductor crystal (Germanium or silicon)is doped with acceptor impurity
atomsand the other side with donor impurityatoms a P-N junction is formed.It is also
called crystal diode. When diffusionof the two regions occurs a resultant
potentialbarrier is created between the two sides dueto migration of electrons and
holes.When the diode is connected with P side to positiveterminal of a battery& N
side to

ve terminal it is saidto be forward biased & reverse biased when reversed.In forward
biasing the applied positive potential repels the holes and turns a current is madeto
flow overcoming the internal potentialBarrier. While in reverse biasing the -ve
electrons attractthe holes and widen the Barrier and then only therepulsion between
the inner electrons occur andcurrent flows. So theoretically no currentflows through
due to the widening of the Potentialbarrier but practically a very small current does
flowsthrough
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
:
In full wave rectifier both the both half-cycles of theinput are utilized with the help
of two or four diodeworking alternately. For full-wave rectification, use of the
transformer is essential (through it is optional forhalf-wave rectification).SinglePhase Centre-Tap Full-wave rectifierThe full-wave rectifier circuit using two diodes
and acentre-tapped transformer shown in Figure 1-1. Thecentre-tap is usually taken
as the ground or zerovoltage reference point

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and Lightings etc