Statics

2.
STATICS
February 12, 2016
LEARNING OUTCOMES
On compleAon of this topic you should be able to:
Describe about staAcs.
1. Forces, moments and couples, representaAon
as vectors.
2. Centre of gravity.
3. Elements of theories.
4. Nature of properAes.
5. Pressure and buoyancy in liquids (Barometer).
Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak
StaAc
qIf a Force is applied to a body it will cause that
body to move in the direc9on of the applied
force, a force has both magnitude (size) and
direcAon.
qSome forces require contact between the two
objects:
- e.g. the force of fric9on between car 9res
and the road as the car corners.
qSome forces do not require contact:
- e.g. the force between two magnets.
qStaAcs is used to describe study of bodies at rest
when forces are balanced.
2.1 FORCES
Force
qForce anything that tends to cause mo9on, change of mo9on,
stop mo9on or prevent mo9on.
qWork is the product of a force applied to an object 9mes the
distance the object moves.
qForce has a unit of Newtons (N).
qOne Newton is dened as the force which gives a mass of 1 kg an
accelera9on (or decelera9on) of 1 m/s2, i.e. 1 N = 1 kg m/s2.
Forces
qNormally more than
one force acts on an
object.
qAn object res9ng on a
table is pulled down
by its weight W and
pushed back upwards
by a force R due to
the table suppor9ng
it.
Newtons Law of MoAons

First Law of MoAon
A body at rest will remain at rest unless given an external force,
or a body which is moving will keep on moving unless given an
external force. (Iner9a)

Second Law of MoAon
A force propor9onal to the rate of change of its velocity is
produced whenever a body ( or mass ) is accelerated.

F = ma
Third Law of MoAon
For every ac9on, there is an equal and opposite direc9on.
2.1 SCALAR &

VECTOR
QUANTITY (Cont.)
SCALAR QUANTITY
VECTOR QUANTITY
vQuantity (by a single number) vQuantity (by a number /
magnitude and a direction)
vNumber with units (+ve, -ve, 0) vMagnitude of vector: |F| = F
always +ve
vExample: length, time,
temperature, mass, density,
volume
vExample: Force, momentum,

velocity, displacement,
acceleration
vAcceptable symbol for vector
is F
Vector AddiAon
If a particles undergoes a displacement A, followed by a second
displacement B. The final result is the same as if the particle had
started at the same initial point and undergone a single
displacement C. We call the displacement C as Vector Sum or
Resultant.
B
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Two or more forces may act upon the same point so producing a resultant force.
If the forces act in the same straight line the resultant is found by simple
subtracAon or addiAon.

If the forces are do not act in a straight line then they can be added together
using the parallelogram law.

11
Example
A UniKL Miat student walks 12 km east one day and 5km east
the following day. Find the resultant vector for the journey of the
student?
First day 12 km
Second day 5 km
17 km to the east
A UniKL Miat student walks 12km east one day and 5km west
the next day. Find the resultant vector for the journey of the
student?
12
EQUILIBRANT Force
1. A single force that can hold the original system of forces in
equilibrium is known as the EQUILIBRANT.
2. It is equal in magnitude to the resultant but it is opposite in
sense.
B
A
A
C
B
Equilibrant Force
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Vectors in 2 Dimension form. (axis x and axis y)

A vector in two dimensions may be resolved into two
component vectors acting along any two mutually perpendicular
directions.
+y
A = Ax + Ay
Ax = Acos
Ay
Ay = Asin
Magnitude, |A| = (Ax2 + Ay2)
+x
Direction, tan = Ay / Ax
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Component vector along x and y axis depend on the angle,
Ax PosiAve
Bx NegaAve
By - PosiAve
Cx NegaAve
Ay - PosiAve
Cy - NegaAve
Dx PosiAve
Dy - NegaAve
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Obtain the Resultant Force of the Following Vectors?

|B| = 180 N
= 25o
|A| = 150 N
= 20o
16

|A| = 60 N
= 35o
= 30o
|B| = 80 N
17

|C| = 60 N
|A| = 160 N
= 40o
= 35o
= 30o
|B| = 80 N
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2.1 MOMENTS
AND COUPLES
(Cont.)
19
Moment of a Force
A force can also be used to produce rota9on, as
occurs when opening a door or 9ghtening a nut with
a spanner.
This turning eect of the force is known as the
moment of the force.
It depends on the magnitude of the force and a
distance called the lever arm. This is the
perpendicular distance from the force to the axis of
rota9on.
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Moment
Moment (Nm) = Magnitude of the force (N) x

Perpendicular
d
istance
(
d)

Applying the force in such a way that its line of acAon passes
through the pivot will not produce a turning eect.
In SI units, Newton metres = Newton x metres
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Line of acAon of the

force
Applied force
Pivot
Pivot
Line of acAon of the
force
Applied force
Pivot

If the force causes the lever to move in a clockwise
direc9on, the moment is said to be a clockwise
moment, and vice versa.
If the force is inclined, the turning eect is reduced
i.e. moment is reduced because the perpendicular
distance is reduced.
22
Example
In the diagram above a force of 5 N is applied at a

distance of 3 m from the fulcrum, therefore:
Moment = 5 N x 3 m

= 15 N m
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Moments and Equilibrium

v Equilibrium is where all the forces and all the moments ac9ng on a
body cancel each other and the net eect on the body is zero.
v In other words it will not move if it is in a state of rest, and if in
mo9on it will not slow down or accelerate or change direc9on.
P1
S1
Anticlockwise
tendency
S2
P2
Clockwise tendency
The product P2 x S2 produces a clockwise moment about the pivot

and the product P1 x S1 produces an anA-clockwise moment
about the pivot.
For equilibrium of rota9on, these two moments must be equal.
24
Example of One Unknown Force

1. In this case the requirement is to balance the arrangement in
gure 15 by determining the unknown force (P).
25
Example of Pivot LocaAon

2. A uniform bar AB (gure 16) 7m long has forces of; 25N at a
point 0.5m from A, 12N at a point 3m from A, and 12N at a
point 1m from B applied to it. Find the posi9on of the pivot
which will allow the beam to balance, i.e. be in the state of
equilibrium.
26
Example of Mass & Forces

Pivot LocaAon
3. A uniform beam AB, 4m long and 200N weight has forces of
125N and 20N applied respec9vely to its ends A and B. Find
the point about which the beam will balance.
27
Principle of Moments
When a body is in equilibrium under the ac5on of a
number of forces, the sum of the clockwise moments
about any point is equal to the sum of the an5clockwise
moments about that point.
a) Type 1 Beam balances where arms are of equal length.
b) Type 2 Lever arrangement can best be seen in design of a
wheelbarrow.
c) Type 3 Large eort moves through small distance to
overcome small load, which moves through a large distance.
28
Couple
A special case of moments is a couple. A couple
consists of two parallel forces that are equal in
magnitude, opposite in sense and do not share a line
of ac9on.
It does not produce any translaAon, only rotaAon. The
resultant force of a couple is zero. BUT, the resultant
of a couple is not zero; it is a pure moment.
29
Example
qIn some situa9ons, for example the winding up of a clockwork
mechanism the forces that are applied to the winding key are
equal in magnitude but opposite in sense.
30
qIn this case the resultant force on the pivot is zero and there
is only pure rota9on present with no tendency for the pivot to
move sideways. The value of the resultant moment ( P x d )
produces rota9on.
qSuch arrangement of forces is called a COUPLE and the
resultant moment of a couple is called a TORQUE.
31
Example of Resultant Moment

Calculate the resultant moment of a pivot ac9ng on a bell
crank lever, refer to diagram below.
AO = 100 mm
OC = 20 mm
BC = 20 mm
32
2.2 CENTRE OF
GRAVITY
33
Centre of Gravity
Gravity is a force which is always present and is a pulling
force in the direc9on of the center of the earth.
The centre of gravity is the force acts on every body through
an imaginary point . A point where all the weight of a body
appears to be concentrated. (total weight can be considered
to act through that datum posi9on )
In ight, both airplanes and rockets rotate about their centre
of gravity. Determining the centre of gravity is very
important for any ying object.
34
Example of Centroid
35
Stability / Balancing
The lower the C of G, the stable an object is.
The wider the base, the more stable an object
is C of G towards the base.
36
The point of O is the C of G of the rod

Only at the par9cular point O, the rod can stay
in a horizontal posi9on.
37
When force applied to C

of G, the body will not
rotate.
But if the force is
applied oset of the C of
G, the body will rotate,
or torque will produced.
38
C of G of an aircrai
39
vSimilar to aircrak, force applied will be acted through the

C of G, resul9ng in torque.
vThe aircrak rotate about its C of G.
40
The Importance of C of G
q To ensure the aircrai is safe to y, the center-of-gravity must fall
within specied limits established by the manufacturer.
q To ensure the C of G range C of G limits are specied longitudinal
(forward and ak) and/or lateral (lek and right) limits within which the
aircrak's center of gravity must be located during ight.
q To evenly load the aircrai equipments, passengers, baggage, cargo,
fuel, etc.
q So that C of G range will not be exceeded prevent aircrai unstable
during ight.
q Also aects C of G in ight fuel usage, passengers movement, etc.
41
2.3 ELEMENTS OF
THEORIES
42
Stress
If force is exerted on a body, there will be mechanical pressure ac9ng on
the body which is called the stress.
A body with having twice the size of other body subjected to a force, it will
be stronger and less likely to fail due to applied the applied force.
So, stress is said :
Stress = or =

*units : Newton metre -2 , Nm-2
Components will fail due to over-stressed, not over-loaded.
43
Example
Eg. A tennis ball sealed from atmospheric pressure. So, as

long as the external forces ac9ng on it does not exceed
the internal forces, the ball will maintain its shape.

44
Forces applied to the body will cause distor9on of the body and change
to the materials cross-sec9onal area ;
eg. Tensile Forces will cause elonga9on .
Compressive Force will cause reduc9on in dimension.
Most material have elas9c proper9es ( it will to return to its original
shape aker the force is removed ) - provided forces does not exceed
limit of elas9city.
There are 5 types of stress in mechanical bodies :
i. Tension
ii. Compression
iii. Torsion
iv. Bending
v. Shear
45
Tensile

v The force that tends to pull an object apart
v Flexible steel cable used in aircrak control systems is an example of a
component that is in designed to withstand tension loads.

Compression

v The resistance to an external force that
tries to push an object together.
v Example: aircrak rivets.
46
Torsion
v Torsional stress is applied to a material when it is twisted.
v Torsion is actually a combina9on of both tension and compression
v Example: an engine crankshak.
Bending
v In ight, the force of lik tries to bend an aircrak's wing upward.

47
Shear
v Combina9on of tension and compression is the shear stress, which tries to
slide an object apart.
v Shear stress exists in a clevis bolt when it is used to connect a cable to a
sta9onary part of a structure.
v A fork nng, such as drawn below, is fastened onto one end of the cable,
and an eye is fastened to the structure. The fork and eye are held together
by a clevis bolt.
v When the cable is pulled there is a shearing ac9on that tries to slide the
bolt apart. This is a special form of tensile stress inside the bolt caused by
the fork pulling in one direc9on and the eye pulling in the other.

48
Strain
uStress is a force inside the object caused by an external force.
uIf the outside force is great enough to cause the object to
change its shape or size, the object is not only under stress,
but is also strained.
uIf a length of elas9c is pulled, it stretches. If the pull is
increases, it stretches more; if the pull is reduced, it contracts.

Hookes law states that the amount of stretch (elongation)

is proportional to the applied force.
49
vThe graph below shows how stress varies with stress when a
steel wire is stretched un9l it breaks.
vStrain can be dened as the degree of distor9on then has to be
the actual distor9on divided by the original length (in other
words, elonga9on per unit length).
Strain, = change in dimension / original dimension (No units).
50
Example
Tensile strain
If a cable of 10 m length is loaded with a 100 kg weight so
that it is stretched to 11 m, what is the strain placed on the
cable?

51
Example
Compressive strain
A 25 cm rod is subjected to a compressive load so that its length
changes by 5 mm. How much strain is the rod under when
loaded?

52
Shear strain

Torsion strain

q When the applied load causes

one 'layer' of material to
move rela9ve to the adjacent
layers.
q Form of shear stress resul9ng

from a twis9ng ac9on.
q If a torque, or twis9ng ac9on is

applied to the bar shown, one
end will twist, or deect rela9ve
to the other end.
q Twist will be propor9onal to the
applied torque.

53
2.4 NATURE OF
PROPERTIES
54
ProperAes of Solid
v Strength
A strong material requires a strong force to break it. The strength of
some materials depends on how the force is applied.
For example, concrete is strong when compressed but weak when
stretched, i.e. in tension.

v SAness
A s9 material resists forces which try to change its shape or size. It is
not exible.

v ElasAcity
When the force distor9ng a substance is removed, and that substance
has a strong tendency to return to its original shape, it is said to be
elas9c.

55
ProperAes of Solid
v Toughness
This is the ability of a substance to resist breakage when deforming or
impact forces are applied to it. Hard substances are usually tough,
many soker substances are tough e.g. hammer heads.
v Hardness
A hard substance has a high resistance to indenta9on, or to any ac9on
tending to penetrate its surface. In other words, hardness is the ability
of a material to resist scratching, indenta9on or penetra9on. The
harder a material the more dicult it is to scratch it, dent it or cut it.

v Brilleness
Brisle substances break with lisle or no change of shape. In most
applica9ons, especially where sudden impact-type forces are applied,
brisleness is undesirable. At room temperature and below, glass, cast iron,
and very hard steel are example of brisle materials.

56
ProperAes of Solid
v Malleability
Malleable materials can be beaten, rolled, or pressed into shape
without fracture e.g. red hot steel. Malleable metal can be shaped into
a design by hinng it. It could also lose that design easily by being hit
against countertops, cash register drawers, and other hard surfaces.
v DucAlity
Duc9le materials can be stretched into new shapes without pulling
them apart, and keep their new shape aker stretching force is
removed.

v PlasAcity
Plas9city is the ability of a material to have its shape permanently
changed without fracturing by stretching, squashing or twis9ng. In
other words, plas9city is described as a material that does not spring
back to its original shape when the load is removed.

57
ProperAes of Fluid
v Viscosity
As the molecules of a liquid move about due to thermal energy, the
asrac9ve forces between them try to slow the mo9on down. The
stronger the forces are the more impediments there is to ow. Such
resistance to the ow of a liquid is called viscosity. Viscosity is dened,
as the amount of force one layer of liquid of unit area will exert on an
adjacent layer.
v Surface Tension
The molecules of a liquid within the body of the liquid are subjected to
forces from all direc9ons. The molecules at the surface are subjected
to asrac9ve forces from within and to the sides.
However there are no forces from the outer side of the surface to
balance the others. This places the surface molecules under a kind of
tension. This surface tension tends to cause the surface molecules to
move together and make the surface area as small as possible.

58
Surface Tension
This suggests that the surface of a liquid behaves as if it is covered with an
elas9c skin that is trying to shrink. The surface tension can be reduced if the
liquid is contaminated, adding a detergent to the water will cause our
needle to sink. In a liquid, the molecules sAll parAally bond together and
prevents liquid from spreading nag expanding out.
59
Example of Surface Tension
60
2.5 PRESSURE
AND BUOYANCY
IN LIQUIDS
(BAROMETERS)
61
Pressure
The equivalent term associated with uids is pressure:
Pressure (P) = Force (F)/ Area (A)
Pressure is the internal reac9on or resistance to that external
force.
SI system for pressure is 1 Pa = 1N/m2
Pascals Law : Pressure acts equally and in
all directions throughout that fluid.
62
Atmospheric Pressure
The atmosphere is the whole mass of air
surrounding the earth. The surface of the
earth is at the bosom of an atmospheric sea.
The standard atmospheric pressure is
measured in various units:
= =
. = . / = .
63
Measurement of Atmospheric
Pressure
Atmospheric pressure
is typically measured
in inches of mercury
(in.Hg.) by a mercurial
barometer.
64
Barometer
65
Gauge Pressure
Gauge Pressure is the reading
taken directly from the gauge
devices
It is a pressure rela9ve to the
ambient pressure.
Gauge pressure is used to
measure engine oil pressure,
hydraulic pressure and other
operaAonal pressures built up
by pumps.
This is because atmospheric
pressure acts on the uid as it
enters and as it leaves the pump
only the pressure above
atmospheric is of interest.
66
PRESSURE GAUGE
67
Absolute Pressure
Absolute Pressure is the sum of the available
atmospheric pressure and the gauge pressure.
Absolute Pressure (PSIA)
=
Gauge Pressure + Atmospheric Pressure

68
CalculaAon Example : Given

(Gauge Pressure) = 150 psig
(Atmospheric Pressure) = 14.7psi

Absolute Pressure = 150 psig + 14.7 psi

= 164.7 PSIA
February 12, 2016

69
Buoyancy
Archimedes Principle states that when an object is submerged in a liquid,
the object displaces a volume of liquid equal to its volume and is supported
by a force equal to the weight of the liquid displaced.
THE BUOYANCY OF A SUBMERGED BODY =

WEIGHT OF DISPLACED LIQUID WEIGHT OF THE BODY
1. The body will oat--if the buoyancy is posiAve
2.The body will sink--if the buoyancy is negaAve
3.The body will be stuck--if the buoyancy is neutral
70
Buoyancy
Archimedes Principle
q When an object is submerged in a liquid,
the object displaced a volume of liquid
equal to its volume and is supported by
a force equal to the weight of the liquid
it displaced.
q The buoyant force of an object which is
submerged in a uid is equal to the
weight of the uid displaced by the
object.
q A net upward ver9cal force results
because pressure increases with depth
and the pressure forces ac9ng from
below are larger than the pressure
forces ac9ng from above.
Buoyant Force, FB = gV
71
Archimedes Principle
Any object completely or parAally
submerged in a uid experiences an
upward force equal in magnitude to
the weight of the uid displaced by
the object.
72
THIS EXPLAINS WHY BIG NAVAL SHIP CAN FLOAT !!!!!!
A steel ship can encompass a great deal of empty

space and so have a large volume and a relatively
small density.
Weight of ship = weight of water displaced
73

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2.

February 12, 2016

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

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Newtons Law of MoAons

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2.1 SCALAR &

vExample: Force, momentum,

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Vectors in 2 Dimension form. (axis x and axis y)

Magnitude, |A| = (Ax2 + Ay2)

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Component vector along x and y axis depend on the angle,

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Obtain the Resultant Force of the Following Vectors?

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Obtain the Resultant Force of the Following Vectors?

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

Obtain the Resultant Force of the Following Vectors?

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Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

Moment (Nm) = Magnitude of the force (N) x

Line of acAon of the

In the diagram above a force of 5 N is applied at a

Moments and Equilibrium

The product P2 x S2 produces a clockwise moment about the pivot

Example of One Unknown Force

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Example of Pivot LocaAon

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Example of Mass & Forces

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Example of Resultant Moment

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The point of O is the C of G of the rod

When force applied to C

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vSimilar to aircrak, force applied will be acted through the

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

*units : Newton metre -2 , Nm-2

Components will fail due to over-stressed, not over-loaded.

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

Eg. A tennis ball sealed from atmospheric pressure. So, as

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

Hookes law states that the amount of stretch (elongation)

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan Abdul Razak

q When the applied load causes

q Form of shear stress resul9ng