IR
Spektrum Elektromagnetik
tinggi
Frekuensi (n)
rendah
tinggi
Energi
rendah
X-RAY
INFRARED MICROWAVE
ULTRAVIOLET
2.5 mm
200 nm
400 nm
BLUE
pendek
FREQUENCY
Resonansi
magnet inti
Vibrasi
Infrared
Visible
Ultraviolet
RADIO
15 mm
1m
5m
800 nm
RED
panjang
IR
IR
Dasar Pengukuran
NaCl plates
focusing
mirror
Detection Electronics
and Computer
Determines Frequencies
of Infrared Absorbed and
plots them on a chart
Infrared
Source
Infrared
Spectrum
Sample
intensity of
absorption
Absorption
peaks
frequency
(decreasing)
IR
%
T
R
A
N
S
M
I
T
T
A
N
C
E
Contoh Spektrum
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
CH3
CH3 CH CH2 C
0
0
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
WAVELENGTH (cm-1)
1000
CH3
500
IR
Dasar Pengukuran
Energi infra red tidak mampu mentransisikan
elektron melainkan hanya menyebabkan
molekul ber-VIBRASI pada tingkat vibrasi
tertentu.
IR
Jenis Vibrasi
IR
Vibrasi Regangan
symmetrical stretching
asymmetrical stretching
IR
Jenis Vibrasi
2. Vibrasi tekuk
(bending vibration)
vibrasi yang menyebabkan
perubahan sudut ikatan.
Ada 4 jenis vibrasi tekuk :
Rocking
Scissoring
Twisting
Wagging
IR
Vibrasi Tekuk
Rocking
Scissoring
IR
Vibrasi Tekuk
Twisting
Wagging
IR
Jenis Vibrasi
IR
Contoh Vibrasi
3n - 6
3n-6 = 3 (3) 6
= 3 jenis vibrasi
IR
Bend
IR
IR
Energi Vibrasi
E hv
v
l
1
n nc
Bilangan gelombang
berbanding lurus
terhadap frekuensi
HOOKES
LAW
compress
K
stretch
Dx
m1
x0
m2
K
x1
Molecule
as a
Hookes
Law
device
1
=
2 pc
larger K,
higher frequency
increasing K
1650
constants
m1m2
m
m1 m2
increasing m
C-H > C-C > C-O > C-Cl > C-Br
3000
1200
1100
750
650
1200
IR
Od
d+
IR
Spektroskopi Raman
Pendeteksi ikatan
simetris
(Spektroskopi vibrasi)
Spektroskopi raman
Molekul diiradiasi dengan
cahaya UV yang kuat, pada
saat yang sama spektrum
infra merah diukur
Cahaya UV mempromosikan
elektron dari orbital ikatan
ke orbital anti ikatan.
Pembentukan
dipol pada gugus.
Mengaktifkan
gugus fungsi agar
menyerap radiasi
IR
p*
R
C..C
UV
Simetris, tidak
membentuk dipol
hn
d+
dR C C R
p*
transition
Dipol terinduksi
menyerap IR
IR
SURVEY OF
SPECTRA (3000)
WAVELENGTH (mm)
2.5
4
O-H
C-H
5
C N
N-H
5.5
Very
few
bands
C C
X=C=Y
6.1
C=O
6.5
C=N
C=C
2500
2000
1800
FREQUENCY (cm-1)
C-Cl
C-O
C-N
C-C
N=O N=O *
(C,O,N,S)
4000
15.4
1650
1550
650
IR
HYDROCARBONS
(C-H ABSORPTIONS)
ALCOHOLS
ACIDS
(O-H ABSORPTIONS)
AMINES
(N-H ABSORPTIONS)
O-H 3600
N-H 3400
C-H 3000
C=N
= 2250
C=C
= 2150
C=O 1715
C=C 1650
C-O 1100
IR
STRECHING C-H
IR
STRETCHING C-H
WAVELENGTH (mm)
C-H
2.5
O-H
C-H
6.1
C=O
C N
N-H
5.5
C C
X=C=Y
Very
few
bands
(C,O,N,S)
4000
2500
We will look at
this area first
2000
6.5
C-Cl
C-O
C=C
C-N
C-C
N=O N=O *
C=N
FREQUENCY (cm-1)
15.4
650
IR
Tidak jenuh
3000 pembagi
jenuh
IR
Ikatan yang lebih kuat akan memiliki konstanta gaya yang lebih besar dan
akan mengabsorpsi pada frekuensi lebih tinggi
increasing frequency (cm-1)
3300
=
=C-H
sp-1s
3100
3000
=C-H
sp2-1s
2900
2850 2750
-C-H
-CH=O
(weak)
sp3-1s
aldehyde
IR
in-phase
H
Symmetric Stretch
C
~2853 cm-1
out-of-phase
H
Asymmetric Stretch
C
H
~2926 cm-1
Any time you have two or more of the same kind of bond sharing
a central atom you will have symmetric and asymmetric modes.
IR
in-phase
Symmetric Stretch
~2872 cm-1
H
H
out-of-phase
C
H
Asymmetric Stretch
~2962 cm-1
IR
HEKSAN
CH bending vibrations
discussed shortly
includes
CH
stretching CH3 sym and asym
vibrations CH2 sym and asym
IR
BENDING C-H
IR
IR
~1465 cm-1
Wagging
H
C
~1250 cm-1
~1250 cm-1
C
H
H
~720 cm-1
C
H
C
H
Rocking
Twisting
in-plane
out-of-plane
Bending
Vibrations
IR
CH3
asym
1465 1460
1375
C
H
H
H
IR
CH2
asym
CH3
sym
C CH3
1465 1460
geminal dimethyl
(isopropyl)
t-butyl
one peak
1375
1380
1390
CH3
1370
1370
CH3
CH3
two peaks
C CH3
CH3
two peaks
IR
HEKSANA
CH2
bend
CH3
bend
CH2
rocking
> 4C
CH
stretch
IR
1-HEKSENA
=CH
C=C
CH
CH2
CH3
bend
CH oops
IR
Toluena
Ar-H
CH3
CH3
C=C
benzene
Ar-H oops
IR
1-HEKSUNA
=
C=C
CH2, CH3
=
=C-H
C-H
HC
IR
STRETCH O-H
IR
STRECH O-H
O-H
2.5
WAVELENGTH (mm)
4
O-H
C-H
6.1
C=O
C N
N-H
5.5
C C
X=C=Y
Very
few
bands
(C,O,N,S)
4000
2500
2000
6.5
C-Cl
C-O
C=C
C-N
C-C
N=O N=O *
C=N
FREQUENCY (cm-1)
15.4
650
IR
broadens
shifts
FREE
3600
H-BONDED
3300
IR
Free
OH
Free
OH
H-bonded
OH
C-H
(a)
Pure Liquid
neat
H-bonded
OH
C-H
C-H
IR
H O
H
R O
R O
H
R
Neat solution.
IR
Hidroksil Bebas
CCl4
CCl4
R O
H
CCl4
CCl4
CCl4
Molekul pelarut
mengelilingi tetapi tidak
membetuk ikatan
hidrogen
IR
Sikloheksanol
neat solution
OH
O-H
H-bond
CH2
C-O
C-H
IR
Asam Butanoat
neat solution
O-H
H-bond
C-O
CH2
C-H
C=O
OH
IR
H O
C R
R C
O H
IR
STRETCH N-H
IR
STRECH N-H
N-H
2.5
WAVELENGTH (mm)
4
O-H
C-H
6.1
C=O
C N
N-H
5.5
C C
X=C=Y
Very
few
bands
(C,O,N,S)
4000
2500
2000
6.5
C-Cl
C-O
C=C
C-N
C-C
N=O N=O *
C=N
FREQUENCY (cm-1)
15.4
650
IR
STRECH N-H
N-H
N
symmetric
H
H
N
asymmetric
H
H
IR
1-Butanamin
PRIMARY AMINE
NH2
scissor
NH2
CH3
CH2
IR
3-Metilbenzenamin
PRIMARY AMINE
-CH3
Ar-H
NH2
NH2
benzene
CH3
Ar-H
oops
IR
N -Etilbenzenamin
SECONDARY AMINE
NH
NH CH2 CH3
CH3
benzene
Ar-H
oops
IR
N,N -Dimetilanilin
TERTIARY AMINE
Ar-H
-CH3
no N-H
CH3
N
CH3
CH3
benzene
Ar-H
oops
IR
SURVEY OF
SPECTRA (2000)
WAVELENGTH (mm)
2.5
4
O-H
C-H
5
C N
N-H
5.5
Very
few
bands
C C
X=C=Y
6.1
C=O
6.5
C=N
C=C
2500
2000
1800
FREQUENCY (cm-1)
C-Cl
C-O
C-N
C-C
N=O N=O *
(C,O,N,S)
4000
15.4
1650
1550
650
IR
NITRILES
ALKYNES
O-H 3600
N-H 3400
C-H 3000
C=N
= 2250
C=C
= 2150
C=O 1715
C=C 1650
C-O 1100
IR
Streching C N dan C C
C=N
=
2.5
O-H
C-H
C=C
=
WAVELENGTH (mm)
5
6.1
C=O
C N
N-H
5.5
C C
X=C=Y
Very
few
bands
(C,O,N,S)
4000
2500
2000
6.5
C-Cl
C-O
C=C
C-N
C-C
N=O N=O *
C=N
FREQUENCY (cm-1)
15.4
650
IR
Streching C N dan C C
C
C
N
C
2250 cm-1
2150 cm-1
IR
Propanitril
BASE = 2250
=
C=N
CH3 CH2 C
IR
1-Heksuna
BASE = 2150
=
=C-H
=
C=C
HC
IR
SURVEY OF
SPECTRA (1800-1650)
WAVELENGTH (mm)
2.5
4
O-H
C-H
5
C N
N-H
5.5
Very
few
bands
C C
X=C=Y
6.1
C=O
6.5
C=N
C=C
2500
2000
1800
FREQUENCY (cm-1)
C-Cl
C-O
C-N
C-C
N=O N=O *
(C,O,N,S)
4000
15.4
1650
1550
650
IR
CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
( C=O BOND STRETCH)
Aldehydes
Ketones
Esters
Amides
Acid Chlorides
O-H 3600
N-H 3400
C-H 3000
C=N
= 2250
C=C
= 2150
C=O 1715
C=C 1650
C-O 1100
IR
C=O STRETCHING
C=O
WAVELENGTH (mm)
2.5
O-H
C-H
6.1
C=O
C N
N-H
5.5
C C
X=C=Y
Very
few
bands
(C,O,N,S)
4000
2500
2000
6.5
C-Cl
C-O
C=C
C-N
C-C
N=O N=O *
C=N
FREQUENCY (cm-1)
15.4
650
IR
C=O STRETCHING
IR
2-butanon
KETONE
BASE = 1715
1715
overtone
2x C=O
C-H
CH bend
C=O
C=O
O
CH3 C
CH2 CH3
IR
ester
R C
R C
Cl
1800
1735
OR'
aldehyde
ketone
R C
1725
R C
R C
1715
anhydride
R C O C R
1810 and 1760
( two peaks )
carboxylic
acid
BASE
VALUE
1710
amide
OH
R C
1690
NH2
IR
longer
1.225 A
1.231 A
1.235 A
1.248 A
acid
chloride
ester
ketone
amide
1780 cm-1
1735 cm-1
1715 cm-1
1680 cm-1
IR
Electron-donating groups
weaken the carbonyl and
O
C
X = F, Cl, Br, O
Electron-withdrawing groups
strengthen the carbonyl and
raise its absorption frequency
IR
FAKTOR
O YANG MEMPENGARUHI SERAPAN C=O
C
X
O
O
C
+
Y
C
R
Resonance
weakens the carbonyl and
Y = N, O, or C=C
Hydrogen bonding
lengthens and weakens
the C=O bond and
lowers its absorption frequency
IR
acid
chloride
O
R C
1800
Cl
ester
aldehyde
R C
R C
1735
OR'
1725
ketone
R C
1715
anhydride
carboxylic
acid
amide
C
R C
R C
1710
OH
R C O C R
1810 and 1760
( two peaks )
BASE
VALUE
A E-donating
C Resonance
B E-withdrawing
D H-bonding
1690
NH2
IR
KESIMPULAN
Asam muncul pada frekuensi lebih rendah dibanding keton karena adanya
ikatan hidrogen.
IR
Memastikan GF
Setiap tipe senyawa karbonil memiliki serapan yang lain yang harus
dicek untuk memastikan gugus fungsi
O C=O at 1725
R C
H
O
R C
N H
H
cm-1
R C
O
O
R C
Ketones have C=O at 1715 cm-1 and no NH, OH, C-O or -CHO
Anhydrides have two C=O peaks near 1800 cm-1 and two C-O
IR
2-butanon
KETONE
BASE = 1715
overtone
C-H
CH bend
C=O
3438
O
CH3 C
CH2 CH3
IR
Nonanal
ALDEHYDE
BASE = 1725
CHO
>4C
CH bend
C=O
O
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C
3460
IR
Dodekanoil klorida
ACID CHLORIDE
BASE = 1800
CH bend
O
C-H
3608
C=O
C
CH3 (CH2)10
Cl
IR
Etil Butanoat
ESTER
BASE = 1735
C-O
C-H
C=O
3482
C
CH3 CH2 CH2
CH2 CH3
IR
Asam 2-metilpropanoat
BASE = 1710
O-H
C-H
C=O
C-O
C
CH3 CH
CH3
OH
IR
RECALL
lowers
frequency
of C=O
H O
C R
R C
O H
and also
of O-H
IR
Propanamida
AMIDE
BASE = 1690
C-H
C=O
NH2
CH bend
C
CH3 CH2
NH2
IR
SURVEY OF
SPECTRA (1700)
WAVELENGTH (mm)
2.5
4
O-H
C-H
5
C N
N-H
5.5
Very
few
bands
C C
X=C=Y
6.1
C=O
6.5
C=N
C=C
2500
2000
1800
FREQUENCY (cm-1)
C-Cl
C-O
C-N
C-C
N=O N=O *
(C,O,N,S)
4000
15.4
1650
1550
650
IR
O-H 3600
N-H 3400
C-H 3000
EFFECTS OF CONJUGATION
AND RING SIZE ON C=O
ALKENES AND AROMATICS
( C=C STRETCHING)
C=N
= 2250
C=C
= 2150
C=O 1715
C=C 1650
C-O 1100
IR
C=O
C=C
WAVELENGTH (mm)
2.5
O-H
C-H
6.1
C=O
C N
N-H
5.5
C C
X=C=Y
Very
few
bands
(C,O,N,S)
4000
2500
2000
6.5
C-Cl
C-O
C=C
C-N
C-C
N=O N=O *
C=N
FREQUENCY (cm-1)
15.4
650
IR
IR
resonance lengthens
(weakens) C=O
+
R C CH CH2
R C CH CH2
O
O
1715
1650
R C CH CH2
R C R
1690 cm-1
lowered
1625 cm-1
IR
weak
O
CH3
C
CH3
CH3
C
H
C=O C=C
only one
doublet =
gem dimethyl
IR
benzene
C-H stretch
O
C
CH3
C=O
benzene
C-H oops
benzene bonds
1400 - 1600
IR
In response to more p
in the ring bonds, there
is more s character in
the bonds to C=O.
120o angle
is normal
More s character
leads to a shorter and
stronger bond and a
higher frequency.
IR
1815
1780
1745
1715
1705
RING STRAIN
CONJUGATION
O
R C
1690
normal
aliphatic
ketones
R C
O
R C
CH CH2
IR
Siklopentanon
CYCLIC KETONE
5-ring
expected = 1740
C-H
aliphatic
O
CH
bend
C=O
IR
C=C STRETCHING
C=C
WAVELENGTH (mm)
2.5
O-H
C-H
6.1
C=O
C N
N-H
5.5
C C
X=C=Y
Very
few
bands
(C,O,N,S)
4000
2500
2000
ALKENES
AROMATICS
6.5
C-Cl
C-O
C=C
C-N
C-C
N=O N=O *
C=N
FREQUENCY (cm-1)
15.4
650
IR
IR
1-Heksen
=C-H
ALKENE
C=C
C-H
aliphatic
C-H
bend
oops
CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
IR
Toluena
benzene
C-H
AROMATIC
CH3
benzene
C=C
oops
IR
SURVEY OF
SPECTRA (1100)
WAVELENGTH (mm)
2.5
4
O-H
C-H
5
C N
N-H
5.5
Very
few
bands
C C
X=C=Y
6.1
C=O
6.5
C=N
C=C
2500
2000
1800
FREQUENCY (cm-1)
C-Cl
C-O
C-N
C-C
N=O N=O *
(C,O,N,S)
4000
15.4
1650
1550
650
IR
O-H 3600
N-H 3400
C-H 3000
C=N
= 2250
C=C
= 2150
ALKOHOL
ETER
(C-O STRETCHING)
C=O 1715
C=C 1650
C-O 1100
IR
C-O STRETCHING
C-O
WAVELENGTH (mm)
2.5
O-H
C-H
6.1
C=O
C N
N-H
5.5
C C
X=C=Y
Very
few
bands
(C,O,N,S)
4000
2500
2000
6.5
C-Cl
C-O
C=C
C-N
C-C
N=O N=O *
C=N
FREQUENCY (cm-1)
15.4
650
IR
C-O STRETCHING
IR
ETHER
BASE = 1100
CH2 CH3
C-H
bending
C H3 C H2 C H2 C H2 O
C-O
C H2 C H2 C H2 C H3
IR
C-H
aromatic
O
CH3
benzene
oops
C-O
IR
Sikloheksanol (alkohol)
BASE = 3600
BASE = 1100
CH2
bend
OH
OH
C-O
C-H
IR
CARBOXYLIC ACID
Asam-2-metilpropanoat
OH
O
CH
C=O
C-O
C
CH3 CH
CH3
OH
IR
ESTER
CH
C-O
C=O
O
C
CH2 CH3
IR
N=O STRETCHING
N-O
WAVELENGTH (mm)
2.5
O-H
C-H
6.1
C=O
C N
N-H
5.5
C C
X=C=Y
Very
few
bands
(C,O,N,S)
4000
2500
2000
15.4
C-Cl
C-O
C=C
C-N
C-C
N=O N=O *
C=N
1800 1650
FREQUENCY (cm-1)
6.5
1550
650
IR
N=O STRETCHING
IR
2-Nitropropan
C-H
N=O
NO2
CH
CH3
CH3
gem-dimethyl
N=O
IR
SURVEY OF
SPECTRA (halides)
WAVELENGTH (mm)
2.5
4
O-H
C-H
5
C N
N-H
5.5
Very
few
bands
C C
X=C=Y
6.1
C=O
6.5
C=N
C=C
2500
2000
1800
FREQUENCY (cm-1)
C-Cl
C-O
C-N
C-C
N=O N=O *
(C,O,N,S)
4000
15.4
1650
1550
650
IR
HALIDA
IR
HALIDA
C-Cl
WAVELENGTH (mm)
2.5
O-H
C-H
6.1
C=O
C N
N-H
5.5
C C
X=C=Y
Very
few
bands
(C,O,N,S)
4000
2500
2000
6.5
C-Cl
C-O
C=C
C-N
C-C
N=O N=O *
C=N
FREQUENCY (cm-1)
15.4
650
IR
IR
Karbon tetraklorida
Cl
Cl
C
Cl
Cl
C-Cl
IR
Klorobenzen
benzene ring
combination
bands
Cl
oops
benzene
C=C
C-Cl
IR
IR
OUT-OF-PLANE BENDING
(OOPS)
Bidang
H
ALKENA
diatas
dibawah
IR
ALKENA
Monosubstitusi
Disubstitusi
cis-1,2trans-1,21,1-
Trisubstitusi
Tetrasubstitusi
10
11
C C
H
12
13
H
H
C C
C C
R
R
C C
C C
R
R
15
C C
H
14
m
=C-H OUT OF PLANE BENDING
1000
900
800
700 cm-1
IR
BENZEN
Monosubstitusi
10
11
12
13
15 m
14
Disubstitusi
ortho
s
m
meta
para
RING Hs
OOPS
Trisubstitusi
1,2,4
1,2,3
1,3,5
combination bands
s
1000
900
m
m
800
700 cm-1
IR
IR
MAKING DECISIONS
IR
HOW ?
YES
C=O present ?
YES
NO
OH present ?
YES
alcohol
NH present ?
amine
C-O present ?
ether
anhydride
2 C=O Peaks
acid
OH present ?
amide
NH present ?
C=N present ?
nitrile
ester
C-O present ?
=
C=C present ?
alkyne
aldehyde
CHO present ?
=
C=C present ?
(benzene ?)
alkene
aromatic
NO2 present ?
nitro cpds
C-X present ?
halides
ketone
NO
IR
Molecular formula:
calculate index of hydrogen deficiency
2)
3)
4)
5)
IR
6)
7)
IR
FINAL SUMMARY
WHERE YOU SHOULD HAVE A SECURE GRASP
WHEN READING INFRARED SPECTRA
IR
BASE VALUES
OH
NH
3600
3400
CH
C
C
EXPANDED CH
3300
3100
2900
C-H
=C-H
-C-H
2850
2750
3000
N
C
2250
2150
C=O
1715
C=C
1650
C-O
1100
-CHO
CH2 and CH3 bend :
1800
1735
acid
ester
chloride
1725
1715
aldehyde
1710
acid
1690
amide
ketone
IR
IR
1)
IR
http://www.dq.fct.unl.pt/qoa/jas/ir.html
http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/menu-e.html
http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/
http://www.chem.ucla.edu/~webnmr/index.html
http://www.nd.edu/~smithgrp/structure/workbook.html