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I. INTRODUCTION
MPLANTABLE medical devices (IMDs) have the capability to communicate wirelessly with an external device.
These IMDs are receiving great attention for obtaining real time
Manuscript received July 16, 2013; revised February 04, 2014; accepted
February 05, 2014. Date of publication February 20, 2014; date of current
version May 01, 2014. This work was supported in part by the National
Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61372012 and 61271028,
in part by the National Research Foundation, Singapore under the grant
award number NRF-CRP10-2012-01, and in part by the Fundamental
Research Funds for the Central Universities.
C. Liu is with National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute,
Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China, 215123, the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576,
Singapore, and also with the School of Physical Electronics, University of
Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China (e-mail:
changrongliu@hotmail.com).
Y.-X. Guo is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore and also
with the National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou,
Jiangsu Province 215123, China (e-mail: eleguoyx@nus.edu.sg).
S. Xiao is with the School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China (e-mail:
xiaoshaoqiu@uestc.edu.cn).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2014.2307341
0018-926X 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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wireless-access applications, the circularly polarized radiation property is desirable, since the reduction of multipath
and improvement of bit-error-rates can be achieved with the
use of circular polarization instead of linear polarization.
Few research groups have studied circularly polarized (CP)
implantable antennas. In [21], a conformal antenna for the
ingestible biotelemetric capsule system was studied. The offset
conformal meandered dipole was designed with polarization
diversity. A miniaturized cross dipole CP receiver antenna was
also presented.
In this paper, a novel miniaturized capacitively loaded CP
microstrip patch antenna is designed at the operating frequency
of 2.4 GHz. A method of capacitive loading on the radiator
was first used to design a CP implantable antenna. Details
of the antenna design and experiment results are presented
and discussed. The performance of the communication link
between the implanted CP antenna and the external antenna is
also presented.
Fig. 2. Cubic skin phantom geometry for the design of an implantable antenna.
Fig. 3. Simulated reflection coefficients with different sizes of the center square
slot.
Fig. 2 shows the cubic skin phantom model. The distance from
the side of the structure to the edge of the skin is 4 cm at both
sides. The distance from the top of the superstrate to the edge
of the skin is 4 mm, and the distance from the bottom of the
substrate to the edge of the skin is 20 mm. The skin electrical
properties (
38,
1.44 S/m [40]) at 2.4 GHz were used
in the one-layer skin simulation model. The size of this cube is
. The Ansoft High Frequency Structure
Simulator (HFSS) was used for the design and analysis.
Fig. 3 shows the simulated reflection coefficients values with
different lengths
of the center square slot. We can see from
Fig. 3 that the resonant frequency of the regular microstrip patch
antenna
0 mm) is about 4.23 GHz with a half wavelength
in the multilayer substrate. The resonant frequency will shift
down from 4.23 to 3.07 GHz when is increased from 0 to
6 mm. The impedance matching of the antenna with a center
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Fig. 4. Simulated real and imaginary input impedances with different sizes of
the center square slot.
square slot is better than that of a regular microstrip patch antenna. From Fig. 4, the input impedance, including real and
imaginary parts of impedance, will increase quickly when is
increased from 0 to 6 mm.
As for typical compact microstrip patch antennas with center
square slots on the radiators operating in the free-space environment, the excited patch surface current path will be longer
for the antenna with a center square slot than for the regular-size
square microstrip antenna. A patch with a center square slot of
increasing side length will make its minimum input impedance
inside the patch quickly increase. Therefore, an impedance
transformer was utilized to obtain good impedance matching
[29][31].
In this condition, the resonant frequency will shift down and
input impedance will increase with an increased length of the
center square slot. Caused by the initial large imaginary part of
input impedance, good impedance matching can be achieved
without an impedance transformer. The center square slot is
employed to have effective size reduction and good impedance
matching for an implantable microstrip patch antenna. Note that
the initial configuration of the implantable antenna has linear
polarization, and CP operation can be easily achieved by protruding a pair of perturbation elements at the inner edge of the
patch antenna with a center-square slot.
B. Compact-Implantable CP Microstrip Patch Antenna With
Capacitive Loading
Based on the study of the initial topology that the patch
antenna would have good size reduction and good impedance
matching with a suitable size of a center square slot, a compact capacitively loaded implantable CP patch antenna was
designed, as shown in Fig. 5. With the capacitive loading [38]
on the three sides of the patch, the patch size can be reduced
with fixed operation frequency. The capacitive couplings at
the center of the patch are to enhance the capacitive effect.
Moreover, slits 16 are employed to lengthen the current path,
thus lowering the resonant frequency. For simplicity, slits 14
have identical dimensions and slits 5 and 6 have identical
dimensions. CP operation was achieved (shown in Fig. 6) by
protruding a pair of perturbation elements 1 and 2 with the
same dimensions of
(shown in Fig. 5) to split the
fundamental resonant
mode into two near-degenerate
orthogonal modes with equal amplitudes and 90 phase difference. Table I shows the detailed dimensions. The cubic skin
phantom that is given in Fig. 2 is used to optimize the proposed
antenna.
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TABLE II
SIMULATED RESULTS OF DIFFERENT ANTENNA CASES
Fig. 11. Measured -parameters of the proposed antenna and external antenna.
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Fig. 14. Simulation models: (a) one-layer skin phantom; (b) three-layer tissue
phantom: case 1, and (c) three-layer tissue phantom: case 2.
Fig. 12. The 3D Gustav voxel human body used for the implantable antenna
design in a human chest.
link of the proposed antenna and the dipole antenna was measured when the dipole was placed at
and 90 , respectively. Note that the distance of Tx and Rx is 200 mm. The
CP purity of the proposed antenna can be calculated by comparing the communication link levels for two orthogonal polarizations. We can obtain good polarization purity at around
2.5 GHz
.
B. Comparative Analysis of Radiation Performance
To study the design in a realistic environment, the proposed
antenna is evaluated within the Gustav voxel human body.
Fig. 12 shows the 3D Gustav voxel human body used for the
implantable design in a human chest. Numerical analyses are
performed using the CST Microwave Suite [41]. Note that the
implant depth
of the proposed antenna is 4 mm.
The simulated impedance, axial ratio (AR) are studied and
compared in two simulation models: cubic skin phantom and
Gustav voxel human body. The respective results are shown in
Fig. 13. As shown in Fig. 13, the resonant frequency point is
shifted from 2.45 to 2.66 GHz. The reasons why the resonant
frequency of the proposed antenna that was simulated in the
human body was shifted from 2.45 to 2.66 GHz could be: 1)
the implant depth would affect the resonant frequency point;
2) the cubic skin phantom shown in Fig. 2 is not very accurate
for the 2.4-GHz ISM band application; 3) the asymmetry of
the human body would affect the polarization property. The
proposed antenna in the three simulation models shown in
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0.8 mm,
3 mm
TABLE III
SIMULATED MAXIMUM SAR (INPUT POWER 1 W), AND MAXIMUM INPUT
POWER FOR SATISFYING THE SAR STANDARD IN THE HUMAN BODY
Fig. 16. Performance of the proposed antenna with different implant depths.
213 and 26.6 W/kg, respectively. Therefore, the allowed transmitter power values are 7.51 and 75.2 mW to satisfy the 1-g and
10-g SAR regulation, respectively [42], [43]. In [44], the output
power of the transmitter is 14 dBm ( 0.04 mW), which is
much lower than the allowed transmitter power. SAR should
not be a concern in this condition.
C. Effect of Different Phantoms
To evaluate the sensitivity of the proposed antenna, whether
it could be used in other specific biomedical applications or be
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Fig. 19. Cross view of different body phantoms: (a) the three-layered phantom,
(b) the cylinder muscle phantom, and (c) the scalp phantom.
Fig. 21. Description of different models: (a) case 1, (b) case 2, (c) case 3, and
(d) case 4.
Fig. 20. Performances of the proposed antenna with different dielectric properties: (a) reflection coefficients comparison and (b) AR comparison.
Fig. 22. Performances of the proposed antenna with different cases: (a) reflection coefficients comparison and (b) AR comparison.
Case 4) The whole implant device consists of an implantable antenna, biocompatible housing, and
other electronics, as shown in Fig. 21(d); the other
electronics are set as perfect electric conductors
(PEC) in HFSS.
Simulated reflection coefficients for the four different cases
are shown in Fig. 22. The results indicate that small coupling
exists between the currents flowing on the external metal of the
cable and the body phantom [18]. The impedance matching of
the proposed antenna in all of the simulation models is good. AR
performance in case 4 means that the packaging of the entire implant system would have a little effect on the polarization prop-
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TABLE IV
PERFORMANCE COMPARISONS FOR FOUR TYPES OF SIMULATION MODELS
AT 2.45 GHz
Fig. 23. Two approaches to address the biocompatibility issue for practical applications: (a) proposed antenna with biocompatible material and (b) proposed
antenna with encased biocompatible material.
Fig. 24. Performances of the proposed antenna with different materials: (a)
reflection coefficients comparison and (b) AR comparison.
Link
Required
(1)
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TABLE V
PARAMETERS OF THE LINK BUDGET
V. CONCLUSION
This paper presents a compact implantable CP microstrip
patch antenna for the 2.45-GHz ISM band. First, the characteristic of an implantable microstrip patch antenna with a center
square slot was studied. A center square slot is employed to
have effective size reduction and good impedance matching
for the implantable microstrip patch antenna. Second, a compact capacitively loaded CP implantable patch antenna was
designed. The simulated impedance, AR, and radiation pattern
are studied and compared in two simulation models: cubic skin
phantom in HFSS and Gustav voxel human body in CST. The
cubic skin phantom model was used for the numerical and experimental analysis. This simple model can significantly reduce
the optimization time. After the proposed antenna in different
body phantoms is discussed, the proposed antenna can still
contain good impedance matching. Resonant frequency shift
and polarization property can be re-optimized with specific
real biomedical applications. Finally, the proposed antenna was
embedded in a Gustav voxel human body to study the design
in a realistic environment. The proposed antenna can achieve
good polarization purity by turning the perturbation elements
and implant depth, as shown in Fig. 17. In addition, the SAR
distribution and radiation patterns are presented. The proposed
antenna was measured in a one-layer skin environment, and
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the measured results showed good agreement with the simulated results, including impedance bandwidth and polarization
property.
The feeding cable effect was discussed, as the measurement
setup is unrealistic for real applications. Fig. 21 presents four
different simulation models to evaluate the feeding coaxial
cable effect and packaging problem. The results indicate small
coupling between the cable and the body phantom. Impedance
matching is good in all of the simulation models. AR performance in case 4 means that the packaging of the entire implant
system would have little effect on the polarization property.
The realized gain was improved with packaging, but AR and
XPD should be optimized in further research.
The biocompatibility issue should be addressed for implantable antennas. Two typical approaches for practical
applications were studied and compared. In the first approach,
the needed operation frequency can be easily optimized. In the
other approach, the thickness of the biocompatible material for
the coating would affect the resonant frequency and AR of the
proposed antenna. Thus, we should consider the thickness of the
coating when using the second approach for biocompatibility.
Finally, the link margin for the proposed antenna and exterior CP/LP antennas is characterized to demonstrate its wireless
communication ability.
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Shaoqiu Xiao (M05) received Ph.D. degree in electromagnetic field and microwave engineering from
the University of Electronic Science and Technology
of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China, in 2003.
In 2004, he joined UESTC as an Assistant
Professor. From 2004 to 2006, he worked for the
Wireless Communications Laboratory, National
Institute of Information and Communications Technology of Japan (NICT), Singapore, as a Researcher
with the focus on the planar antenna and smart antenna design and optimization. From 2006 to 2010,
he worked for UESTC as an Associate Professor and now he is working for
UESTC as a Professor. His current research interests include planar antenna and
phased array, microwave passive circuits, and time-reversal electromagnetics.
He has authored/coauthored more than 160 technical journals, conference
papers, books, and book chapters.