SWARAJ
INDIA'S
FOR
WITH A FOREWORD
BY
THE HON.
SIR
P. C.
SETHNA,
KT. O.B.E
Mi'itibefj
G. A.
Council of State.
NATESAN &
CO.,
MADRAS.
PUBLISHERS,
FIRST EDITION.
FEKKUAUY
1930.
Swaraj
BY
R. G.
PRADHAN,
B.A. LL.B.
Bombay Legislative
Council, Fellow
G.
A NATESAN &
MADRAS.
1
930.
Co..
fTHE
MOTHERLAND)
FOREWORD.
have known
Mr. R. G.
'coincidence
tion appealing to the people of India to elevate the condition of the depressed classes, and his speech impressed me
so much that I
and since then, T
his
;
sought
acquaintance
member
elected
of the
Legislative Council
Bombay
his
since
eloquence,
questions and
an assiduous and care-
of public
is
student of Indian
history,
movement
status,
from
its
for
responsible
beginning to the
'status is
and much
from time
critical
acumen.
to
time
is
marked by
He
is
FOREWORD
'X
and international
of national
-aspects
a valuable contribution
that
tion
to
British
ia
and,
rule,
The book
life.
is
India,
more
of
particularly,
the
and equality
and there can be no doubt that Mr. Pradhan has rendered
movement
for achieving
=a distinct service to
writing
political
freedom
-and I
Commonwealth
British
may
by
it.
India
is
and
on the eve of
it is
changes
rations
of the
constitutional
momentous,
proposed
we
all
fervently
hope
so.
At
the
Dominion
and
events,
add, to
of Nations
fact.
.At all
this juncture,
Mr.
spirit
deciding
consider the political and constitutional problem
This much may be said with certainty that, with
of India.
the satis-
the
great problems by which,
faced at present, the problem, of
is
greatest
FOREWORD
Xi
happiness of the would. To all those who are keenly insuch a development of the British Commonwealth of Nations, and in the attainment by India of her
terested in
"
great pleasure in
PHIROZE SETHNA.
PREFACE
have
tried
book
in this
Dominion
from
to
or full responsible
government and
to the Declaration of
its
beginning
October 1921), made by His Excellency Lord Irwin,
Viceroy of India, with the authority of His Majesty's
status,
"31st
Government,
political and
to
constitutional
many a
witnessed
different nations
goal
Dominion
of India.
status is
the
History has
for
of history
nation,
the latter
accustomed
is
to
the
all
democratic
forms, so
garden
PREFACE
XIV
of
of self-government.
receive the
full
of
absorbing-
hope that
will
it
alii
the
it
should
rise.
have
all
The book
on
will
it.
move-
Having myself played an humble part in the moveknow its currents and under-currents fairly well
I
ment,
ment.
and
My object in writing it
the Indian national struggle as clearly and
as possible, and to seek to enlist for it the sympathy
is to portray
'fairly
of
all
Sethna
for tne
contribute to the
book.
NAS1K,
l*t January, 1930.
R. G.
PRADHAN.
to-
CONTENTS.
CHAFrER
PAGE
Introductory
Birth ot nationality
Conditions for
its
Government
Organised and
Western education
Its
efficient
effects
system of
Rise and
National spirit
Assimilation of Western
of
and racial selfnational
political conceptions
Spirit
Movements
for
and
social
religions- reform
introspection
growth
of the
The
Ilbert Bill
and European
>
agita-
it
CHAPTER
Beginning of the struggle
Mr. Hume's appeal for the
tion
The
Indian
National
II
1<S>
formation
Congress
of
an organisa-
formed
Its
first
passed therein Expansion and reform of the Legislative Councils Attitude of the Governsession
Resolutions
ment towards
Parliament
CHAPTER
Development of the Indian
parsing of the Indian
Bill
in-
III
constitution
till
the
32'
CONTENTS
XVi
The
a rudimentary
-established
It
question of
Legislature
introducing representative institutions in India considered
r
by a select committee of Parliament Charter Act, 1853
its effects
re-
reform
constitutional
CHAPTER
it.
IV
54
marked by great
The new Councils worked to the best
internal growth
between
Period
movement
national
his influence
nationalism
The most
His
ideals, views,
powerful exponent
-of .conser-
festivals
Move-
exponent in Maharashtra
Influence
Japan
.-cutum
of
external
events
Mr. Tilak
'
its
moral
CONTENTS
XVit
new
sance
national
life.
CHAPTER V
and
Partition of Bengal
Partition
of
Bengal-
77
its effects
-Its
effects-
-Moderates
and.
Extremists-
school
for
the
CHAPTER
The Morley-Minto Reforms
The Liberal Government and
VI
...
9j
by moderates
and
criticised
Murder
ot
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
VII
112
Morley's
policy
Mr.
of
War
Tilak
Attitude
Mr
Hound Table group in England Home Rule Leagues
Mrs. Besant's internstarted by Mrs. Besant and Mr. Tilak
ment Memorandum of nineteen elected members of the
on
Council
Reforms Lucknow
Legislative
Imperial
Congress The Congress -Muslim scheme of Reforms
policy
the
Demand
in
India
Growth
for a
is
of discontent
The
CHARTER
Decla-
Declaration analysed.
VIII.
134
towards the
Disturbances
in Afghanistan and
The
The
Jallianwalla Massacre
Khilafat question
Events
on the Punjaub
Mr. Gandhi inaugurates the Non-
their repercussion
CONTENTS
co-operation
movement
Special
session
the National
of
CHAFFER
IX.
its
in-
156
wardness
Nou
tion
of
conception
criticised
side
constructive
Its
Its
Its greatness
inwardness
CHAPTER
X.
(continued)
Repressive
movement
Lord
his
policy
...
measures against
succeeds
Reading
interview
the
Mr.
with
172
Non-co-operation
as
Gandhi-
His-
Viceroy
The
All-India
to
India
Ali brothers
Bombay
Serious
The Prince
of
at
at
Bengal,
Delhi
Appeal by Mr. Das
peopleThe Ahmedabad
movement
Mr.
Gandhi's ultimatum
to tb<
XX
CONTENTS
Dissatisfaction
with
of
Mr. Gandhi.
CHAPTER
The
The
cause
XI
of
Rai
Swaraj
iMient constitutional
Bahadur
advance
Majumdar's resolution
in the Legislative
Assembly-
"
steel frame/' and the
Mr. Lloyd George's speech on the
condemnation thereof by the Legislative Assembly The
in
considerable
Its
policy
members
in all
passed
by
the.
Assembly
The
demand
The Legis-
by the
Assembly rejects the Finance Bill and lour demands for grants Appointment of the Reforms Inquiry
Committee and its proposals The Legislative Assembly
and repeats its demand for a Round
rejects them
rejected
lative
'Table
Conference
The Government's
weakened owing
to
policy of
Party
under-
The Party
office
and
is
to
Struggle for
Responsivist party
the
in
Lull
Councils
struggle
.Swaraj in the provincial
Hindu-Moslem tension Appointment of the Indian Statu-
tory Commission.
XX*
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
XII.
221
storm, of indignation
the
Commission
visit
to
India
The
Assembly
committees
Political India
resolves to boycott
Commission
pays a preliminary
Hostile
endorses
demontrations
the
The
Legislative
policy of
Co-operative
boycott
Council of State and by all
by the
elected
raises
provincial
tional.
CHAPTER
India frames her
own
XIII.
235
constitution
f
to
to frame a constitution
mittee
is
The
constitu-
Congress
and
the
described
and
commented
communal
-of
public
be the
Liberal
representation
opinion
national
behind
it
constitution
and Dominion
on
-Its
Their
of
It
Un
full
status.
CHAPTER XF
Recent Developments
The
policy of
the Government
with regard to
258
the
CONTENT'S
Statutory Commission 'gives impetus to the movement
national independence
The Congress held in 1927
for
,(feVclareB
The
in favotor
resblntibh modified
Congress
Irnbourr-The
Woman's
depressed classes
Their
movement
of
Awakening
towards
attitude
Swaraj
the
The
John Simon's
Irwin
returns
to
India
i is
that
declaration
Dominion^
to call
Attitude of
consider the question of constitutional Reform
Debate in
political India with regard to the Declaration
Parliament
The
decision
to
the Conference
hold
An
important step.
CHAPTER XV.
The Future
The terms
;-of
reference
the
to
Conference
289'
must
the
the immediate establishment
of
question
It
responsible Government and Dominion status
must be a heart-to-heart Conference of equals and friends
include
'
of
full
Political
India will
be
justified
in
boycotting the
Con-
if
the
question of
the
The
Indian
responsibility upon
differences
must
be
internal
speak with
mity
one
communal
voice
political
leaders
adjusted
India
The moral
representation
effect
India
Our
must
of such unani-
should not
be-
CONTENTS
divided
on
this
question
separate
XXill
should
electorates
Achievement
-of national
of comabolition
the
than
more
unity
urgent
munal electorates Reactionary forces in England British
democracy is responding to the higher ethical and spiritual
thought of the East, and is not likely to be sw/ayed by such
"be
retained
forces
if
The key
Muslims
insist
to the situation
1
no
on
The
them
"
shibboleth,
India
'
Its meaning
Three alternative* ill
party question
case the proposals of the Simon Commission do not satisfy
its
if
mystery The British and the Indians are not different but
very much alike. Lord Irw5n*s role the Indian situation
full
of
statesmen
India's
duty
plain
though England
(fails
She
to
do
will
h-er
realize
duty.
her
destiny
even
CORRIGENDA ET ADDENDA.
Page
2,
line 10,
44
.,
46
56
59
85
135
135
154
181
192
211
232
2?2
'
and
,,
14,
arid
last line,,
read
'
22, 'For
comma
'
13, read
the
'
trusts
which
'
'
for
'
'
'
for
resister
trust
offer'
*
whom
'
for 'register
for
'
a redress
should be omitted
16 read 'their
'
12 read
Move of
for' for
26 read 'redress
l
'
for*' with
offers' for
read
after
should be omitted
'
16, read
19, read
7,
'
by
Move
for 'its'
no-cenfldenee
for
'
non-confi-
'
eoce
28
began
should be omitted
'
'
'
for
should be a
"
Governor-General
8,
,,
'
begun
there
"
,,
.,
should be omitted.
'
12, read
'
asked for/
CHAPTER
SWARAJ
I.
INTRODUCTORY
of
regime
THEGovernor-General
remain memorable
in
become
destiny.
after,
a potent factor in
the evolution of
India's
seed of
bring
but
it
also
about.
its
The
Indian people.
benefits,
first
had
Not only
contributed
its
to
took place in the early eighties of the nineteenth century, during the viceroyalty of Lord Ripon, as a result
"of a proposed legislative measure which was small in
which, as events proved, produced far
'itself, but
The
reaching consequences.
tional
movement was
counterforces
the
to
brought
measure known as the Ilbert
The
Bill.
and of national
unity, that
common
nationality
its
population, inhabit-
and
in
ance.
some
It
their
common
ages.
genous Government
common
indi-
and
"
carried his
gupta, in the words of Vincent Smith
to
the
the
from
victorious arms
Ganges
extremity of the
them a common
life,
INTRODUCTORY
.'.
had
its
alone could have produced a general national movement extending over the whole country were then lackThose conditions were supplied by British rule,
'ing.
and the new forces that came in its train.
.
What were
those
new
forces
which
who worked
it,
in
themselves
the
mind of India. They represented a type of Government that was in great contrast with the comparatively
methods of administration that obtained
-immediately before, and after, the break up of the
inefficient
^Mughal Empire.
And
INDIA'S
mind
of India a
new conception
of national efficiency^
While
common
brought
understanding of the
est force to
subjected
new
conditions of
life*
into existence
British rule.
Western education.
After a fierce battle that raged for several years
between those who desired to promote the old Oriental'
learning,
like
partly influenced
Their decision
by considerations of
circles.,
and
the
to
deny
to
immense good
INTRODUCTORY
*evil,
is
and
is
The effects of Western education have been enor<mous and far-reaching. They have touched almost
every sphere and phase of Indian thought and life.
the
removal of those
added
^very-day
life.
and
working in
and political
.almost revolutionary.
For one
a
common
thing,
common
exchange their views and ideas.
language may not be essential to national unity but it
-cannot be denied that it is of great help towards its
'freely
and
-the
difficult
common
'education.
common English
language, and
true>
by Western
BHDIA'S sfltoGGLi
common
FOR SWARAJ
same might be
all
Mahomedans
said oi the
also.
But,,
rise, in
feelings,
common
culture which
common
And common
aspirations,
ideals.
itself
views,
views,
feelings, aspirations, ideals are of the essence of nationThose, who refuse to see any good in Western
ality.
education or to consider
it
produced
such tremendous world-forces, that even without such
education, India would have developed the spirit of
nationality and attained the status of a great modern
Power. It is extremely difficult and absolutely futile
to speculate
if the
course
of Western education.
But,
it
is
not
common language
and
only
indirectly,
common
by means
culture, that
ofa<
Western*
.'/.,'
it
Nationality.
Directly also,
impossible to receive
Hindu
culture
losophical
is
the spirit of
and fostered
result
It is
INTRODUCTORY
spirit of nationality.
If
ancient
idealism,
modern Western
culture
is
duty of
sacrificing all
one has,
that
of
treatises
no
less
than
no national
effort
and
sacrifice
great fundamental
principles
in
INDIA'S
sities.
label/ will
it
upon
the
mind
its.
peculiar ideas and principles. The mind is what education makes it, and the Indian would have been a curious
human
being,
if
he had
failed to
learn
and assimilate
of
his time,
homage
He
thereby paid
meaning ta
spirit
of progress
now
a matter of history.
In an article published in
1885, before the establishment of the Indian National
Congress, it wrote:
are
We
due
to British rule
cation
INTRODUCTORY
<>9
has imparted
modern
history
yet permeated
of
cultivating
patriotism
in
qjir
The
national
as
of English
education and
began to
have been
by that
it is
Jndian
soil.
40
INDIA'S
been
to
promote aud
and
Another great
effect ot
Westen education
in
the
patriotism
some
was an
of constitutional government,
of the sovereignty of
the
ceptions
is
due
to
differences of opinion
Western education,
Western
may
education.
Whatever
no doubt whatever,
greatly changed the political notions and
sentiments of the Indian people.
There has been a
vast and continuous development of Indian
thought in
that
it
there can be
has
1$
INTRODUCTORY
But
thought.
development
many
it
of
rule.
The
and other
establishment
of British
treatises
on ancient Indian
polity
which have
policy.
They contain
noble maxims of
inference
that
if
the
to ethics, religion
Indian political
but would have kept pace pari passu with the great
achievements of the Indian mind in other spheres of
speculation.
The
fact,
however,
is
that in
evolu-
its
tionary process, the Indian mind was so much dominated by those experiences which predispose men to
religious
of time,
it
ceased to pay
much
that, in
course
attention to politics.
lagged
behind the stage of development which it had
reached in the West. The harmony that ought to exist
among the different spheres of thought and life was-
far
broken.
became
Politics ceased to
be a national
interest,
and
gradual"
it 2
INDIA'S
not 6nly
classes.
among the
It
may be
that
political
the
had never
been
without
said
spirit
at
masses,
the
of
such
thfe
exaggeration;
of India
people
low ebb
as at
the
It
has resulted in reviving and developing that spirit.
made the people realise its great value as an abso-
has
The conception
has
people
ment
is
all
national
health, strength
rule,
is
now
The
barrier to progress.
notion of the arbitrary fiat or mandate of the ruler excites nothing but horror.
may or may not have
We
West
there
is
no doubt
of
modern Western
civilisation.
in
-of
was the
pection which
spirit
it
We began
INTRODUCTORY
13-
ly
knowledge
it
ditions of social
Social
realize that
our
fall
evils that
had
and
our
in
in
crept
social
and
Institutions.
The movements
reform
arose
that
soon
religious
for social
after
life
and religious
the introduction
of-
and religious
life in
general.
and apostles of those movements saw that the superiorthe secret of its
ity of Western civilization and
in
freedom
the
of thought, of
success
marvellous
lay
speech, and of action which produced and encouraged
initiative,
We
the same triple freedom, India could not rise again an<}'
become a great
nation.
by
STRUGGLE
INDIA'S
.FOR*
SWARAJ
Those
effects
could
re- adjustment
of the governmental system and the machinery of ad*
ministration.
But all the political reforms hitherto
-their
They,
seem
defects,
first,
their inadequacy,
remove those
had proved a beneficent force,
soon exhausted itself. It would
British rule
momentum
its
secondly,
failed to prevent or
therefore,
^effects.
but
and,
as
if
ficence
would produce
British connection
the administration
results that
itself.
The extreme
costliness of
unknown
and those
and administrators who consolidated
and strengthened it, but which came to be displayed
in an increasing measure by later generations of Angloearly statesmen
Indian
and
technical
the
education,
jealous
of the people from higher appointments^
Ihe general subordination of Indian interests to those ol
-the ruling race, all these and other evils xrf British rote
primary
exclusion
'
INTRODUCTORY
be
began
to
realized with a
*ncT injustice.
that role
was denied
to them,
owing
to the inherent
foreign rule.
-might be
India
The regime
of
his predecesssor,
proved an utter
India
down
failure
it
power in 1880,
Lord Lytton, had
into
had resulted
in
throwing
Vernacular Press,
and produ-
entrusted to him.
Press
was
The censorship
removed:
local
of the Vernacular
self-government
was
*6
a general spirit of sympathy and liberalism was infused into the whole administration.
The
encouraged
Ilbert Bill which aimed at removing the bar, wherebyIndian magistrates could not try European offenders,
was in itself such a small measure, that Lord Ripon
any other
it
and
by
all
liberal policy
a strong under-current of
circles
it
expedient to
amend
the Bill so
as to
make
it
The interests
acceptable to the European community.
the principles of
of the Indian people were betrayed
justice, of righteousness, of liberalism, of racial equal;
The
was
not,
however,
feeling
INTRODUCTORY
they began to feel that the time was ripe for organising
a national political movement. The forces set
movement.
for
Swaraj,
CHAPTER
II.
ful
impetus
first
power-
National
office,
however small
19
to
the
earnestly appealing
sation having for its
moral,
mental,
graduates
to
them
form
to
object the
social
He exhorted them
and
an
promotion
political
organiof the
of
progress
make
a beginning with a
small body of only fifty founders to be the mustard
"
"
seed of future growth.
If," said he
only fifty men,
India.
to
And
be comparatively easy".
he concluded with
then there
would be
if
free,
is
no hope
for India.
remain mere humble and helpthe hands of foreign rulers, for they
will
'
all
either
And
such poor
creatures, or selfishly
'that
'
>,
The policy
Secretary..
20
INDIA'S
"
The Union is
ing the range of any practical political forecast, to beabsolutely essential to the interests of our own national
1
development.
at
"
(1) to
The
enable
all
conference will be
the nation to
(2) to
;.
form of representative
An
is
still
any
institutions."
outbreak of cholera
the
at
Poona necessitated a
at
Bombay on 27th December 1885. The attendance wassmall, only seventy-two delegates having been present.
But they were among the elite of India, and the defi-
ciency of numbers was more than made up by enthusiasm, that ran high throughout the country, due to the-
21
into existence.
that
sidered, and
was resolved
it
that
it
should be called
"
the Indian National Congress". Thus, with the formation of the Indian National Congress on the 27th
December 1885,
body and on
that
new
it
-entered on a struggle
which,
though
small
in its
Government
monwealth of Nations.
responsible
within
the
British
Com-
From
-to
by Mr. W.
first
session
claimed
for
character.
of
the
the
He
admitted
the
were
that,
sense
in
not
truly
the
delegates to the
representatives of the people,
representatives
representative
House of Commons,
Congress were
in
Congress
of the
of the constituencies
House
but,
he
22
INDIA'S
assuredly, they might justly claim to be the representatives of the people of India.
He denned the
ot the
Congress as follows
(1) The promotion of personal intimacy and friendship amongst all the more earnest workers in our country's
cause in the various parts of the Empire.
(2) The eradication, by direct personal friendly intercourse, of all the possible race, creed or provincial prejudices
amongst all lovers of our country, and the fuller development and consolidation of those sentiments of national
memorable
origin in
our
reign.
and pressing of
(4)
The
interest.
The Congress adopted seven resolutions, exclusive of those which were more or less of a formal
The military expenditure loomed large then
nature.
as now, and the Congress condemned it as extravagant.
The India Council was considered the greatest obreform, and the Congress
"
the necessary prelimiabolition as
demanded
nary
its
The
share in the administration of the country found expression in a resolution which urged that the competitive
Civil Service
Examination should be
.held
simultane-
ously both
in
23
It
North- Western
the
Pro-
to receive
and consi-
in fact,
it
demand put
formed the
princi-
In 1880,
pal plank in its programme for many years.
of the Indian
five years before the establishment
National Congress, Mr. Dadabhai Naoroji had formulated the same demand in a memorandum submitted to
He had condemned
the Secretary of State for India.
the system of nomination that prevailed at the time as
a great farce, and suggested in some detail how the
larger towns, at all events, could be given the right
to
the
of electing
representatives
Legislative
Councils.
mode
And,
deserves to
of direct election.
The
desire for
some mea-
24
sure
INDIA'S
however
become so general
public opinion had come to look upon
as the root of
all
progress.
Mr.
W.
S. Blunt, in his
reminiscence which
During
he attended a series of
was too
conservative, too
selfish,
too
alien
to the
that, just as in
England, reformers
must
at
the beginning of
to a reform of Parliament,
first
first
been
of their powers.
its
we
25
^reformers
precedent to precedent. They, therefore, took scrupulous care not to pitch their demands too high, Some
of them
i
may have
ideal
but
all
of
least resistance,
to arouse
first
And, indeed,
for the
gress were
confined
merely
iriendly
sympathy
or, at all
suggested to Mr.
Con-
to passing resolutions,
Hume by Lord
It is
been
first
session.
Considerations of political
said to
party at the Government House, and the same consideration was shown to them by the Governor of
Madras next
But
this
year.
attitude of
Government was
sympathy
short-lived.
in
which the
26
INDIA'S
Government indulged were no better than mereplatonic sentiments, evincing no real desire to grantthe demands of the Congress, Mr. Hume resolved to
carry on a vigorous campaign of agitation among the
masses, on the model of the Anti-Corn-Law League.
Hundreds of public meetings were held, many incountry Districts pamphlets and leaflets were sown
;
broadcast
among
the
people
with
the
object
of
Mr.
Hume,
in
resorted to the only effective method of constitutional action, viz., the stirring of the masses, a thing
fact,
The
their true
Dufferin
ed
"
and condescend-
its
aims..
Some
11
2T
and well-mean-
"
ing men,
he said
methods
of
is
many
of
The
centuries.
body
or bodies in
employed
to
put
down
National Congress.
et Impera was also adopted, and the Mahomedans, who had, as a community, remained aloof from
the Congress, were egged on to form an anti-Congress
organisation and to oppose the Congress and its de-
Divide
mands with
overt hostility.
It is difficult,
to divine
the
after
real
such a
motives
He
grossly misrepresenting the aims of the Congress.
was a statesman of such high ability that it is impossible to believe that he really failed to
comprehend the
-28
INDIA'S
shown by
own
Home Government
proposals of reform
despatch
containing his
far different
from those urged by the Congress. The true explanation of this apparently double policy seems to be that,
'trained as he was in the arts of diplomacy, he was
anxious to avoid any impression that he was yielding
the clamour of popular agitation, while advocaWhatever it might
ting his own proposals of reform.
"to
be, the
carried
Hume
on by
came
to
was
in
an atmosphere of
official
misunderstand-
the Congress was undaunted, and far from abandoning the demand of the expansion and reform of the
-councils, they reiterated
before.
it
The resolution on
Mr. Telang, a
combined
speech which was as remarkable for persuasive eloquence as tor close reasoning. The manner and
pirit in which he answered the charges brought against
light, in a
29
He
"
The
against the
time,
was
reiterated
from
liament a
30
INDIA'S
of Indian
ability
affairs.
among members
of
Parliament.
Every Government
make
is
it
may
show
Congress
compelled the
attention of the
ing, at least
India as voiced
some measure
in spite of the
by
their leaders,
and of introducing
of constitutional reform.
Lord Dufferin,
demanded
and the provincial legislatures and he appointed a committee to thoroughly investigate and report
on the question of constitutional reforms.
He also
sent, as we have already said, a despatch to the Home
central
31
their
own
was based
'prepared
to a considerable extent
by
of
more
[Parliament.
however,
Congress.
1891 terminated
in
his
scheme
premature
all
prospects
measure
being carried in
The introduction of Mr. Bradlaugh's Bill,
liberal
forced the
they introduced
ed
on the
But
the
on
in
and increase
Act of 1892.
sure in
itself
by
in their
satisfy
it
clearly illus-
CHAPTER
III.
movement
till
the
Act of 1892, we
review the development of
its
early beginnings to
circumstances.
The Indian
constitution,
no
less
than
33
existing
of
a fourth
member was
appointed
who formed
part of
the Regulating Act of 1773, indeed, the rules, regulamade by the Governor- General-
until
in the
approbation.
34
INDIA'S
the
Government
of
system
marked
India
British
was
legislative and
were
not
the body
functions
separated
that formed the executive Government formed also
the
by
feature
that
the
executive
for the
Governor-General's Council of a
legislative purposes.
The Charter Act of 1833
mark
in the
constitutional
is
appointment to
Law Member
for
an important land-
British rule.
sation of
Government by vesting
throughout India
in
power
the Governor-General-in-Council.
the Presidencies
Hitherto.,
the legislative
oi
Madras
and Bombay
for the
G^neral-in-Council.
.was, of course,
Presidency
submit proposals for
consideration of the Governor;
This
to
legislative
accompanied by
centralization
finanical centraliza-
and
was not
it
until
1861
35
The
Select
;mons, appointed to consider the renewal of the Com.pany's Charter gave some thought to it, and Mr. James
.Mill,
was
as a witness,
specifically
asked whether he considered representative Government practicable in India. His answer was that it was
great
Hindu
England
at
social
mittee, a series of
Indian problem
Government
of representative
Com-
memoranda on
at all.
It
would seem,
the point
shows
introducing
representative
36
INDIA'S
But though the Charter Act oi 1833 made no im^provement whatever in the Indian polity in the direction?
of repesentative Government, it established the principle of equality between Europeans and Indians in
the matter of appointments in the public services. It.
declared that no native of India nor any natural-born
"
shall, by
subject of His Majesty resident therein,
several provisions
The meaning
shall
eligibility".
disclosed
own
its
defects.
provincial Governments never reconciled themselves to a system which deprived them of their legislative functions, and made them mere appendages
Government which could possessto a central
The
no adequate
knowledge
and requirements.
of
local
circumstances
too,.
began
to realize
37
Government
that
to
was impossible
cope with
for
one
it.
When the
tinguished
member
Law
Commissioner, said
who
members
four
cil,
presidencies in
-or
in
any way
it
altering
Charter
distinct
38
INDIA'S
constitution of the
was,
however, entirely
official
there
lative
must be regarded
it
official,
Council
of
India.
was conducted on
business
is
of in writing
bills
were
as the
first
Henceforth,
real Legisits
business-
on
which Legislative
Discussions were oral, instead
the lines
conducted.
ed
in official reports.
This petty official Council soon proved a sourceThe relationsof embarrassment to the Government.
between
cordial.
it
garding
like.
It
Home Government
to
legislate re-
39
it
between the
of certain correspondence
Home
grievances
complaint against
it
debating society or petty Parliament, that its methodsof work tended to delay and obstruct the transaction of
business.
of
Commons
to refuse
hung
in the balance.
The
passed whereby the Government of India was transferred to the Crown. This necessarily involved re-constitution of the
Home
Government.
The
affairs of
India
40
INDIA'S
its
importance
in the light of
subse-
noble principles
'
impossible charter
we have
seen that
when
was
enlarged in
was
would be
was changed by
it
would be unwise to
ed by
1860
41
disaffection.
"
and
its
a great eye-opener,
administrators
both in
42
INDIA'S
that the
School
wanted them to
be confined to Europeans only, since, in their opinion,
Indians had no experience of, or training in, therm
tion of representative institutions but
Sir Charles
Commons
Wood, who
House of
measure which became the-
introduced
the Legislative
in
the
"
should
approaching this in character in the House of Lords;but honourable gentlemen will see in the despatches
which have been laid on the table, that Lord Canning,
considers this impossible, and all the members of his
Government as well as the members of the Indian Council
concur in the opinion that, in the present state of feeling in
India, it is quite impossible to revert to a state of things in.
which
You
cannot possibly
persons
who
shall
quite
true
Then comes
44
INDIA'S
of Government is
I cannot therefore consent
despotism,
to create a
powerful body of such a character".
The
fied
by
constitution of India
Governor-General under
condition precedent
to
this
such
Act,
it
was made a
legislation
in
certain
cases, and all Acts passed by the Local Councils required the subsequent assent of the Governor-General
besides that of the Governor.
It created Legislative
non-official
empowered
-the
to
Executive
poses
of
Council,
legislation,
members were
vincial Councils
members was
to
members of
members, not
number, for pur-
additional
and a maximum of
eight.
These provisions
for the
45-
and
that for
many years,
the Indians
members,
Wood
"
Honoura-
Sir Charles
"
the
speech in the House of Commons,
the
has
attended
association with
great success .which
us of the Talukdars of Oudh and of the Sardars in the
in his
in the duties
Punjab
purposes
feel,
persuaded,
will tend
own
more
to
am
to
include
element,
legislation,
the
non-official
were reformed so
and also the Indian
their
transact
Bill,
-46
INDIA'S
No
'
the executive.
The
acts of administration
cannot be
to
the
in
such
particular
was reformed by
the
Act passed
in that year.
The
Act of 1861;
but
it
had
a
*
resolution
decentralization
of
financial
whereby a scheme
was introduced in the provinces.
'Certain departments,
viz.,
Jails,
Registration, Police,
47
Education, Medical Services, Printing, Roads, Miscellaneous Public Improvements and Civil Buildings,
was found
the grant
if
to
and
liked,
if
Government
that
it
it.
Lord Mayo
Lord Mayo
afford
"
said,
opportunities
government,
and
in its full
for
the
for strengthening
Municipal institutions
and Europeans to a
first
was
The
list
of provincial subjects
Land Revenue,
48
INDIA'S
now
was
to
fact
time
cherished
grandiose
conceptions of
Imperial
of
Empress
of India
by Her Majesty
the
Queen
would greatly impress the Oriental mind with its traditional notions of absolute sovereignty, with the unrivalled
Little did
that
Great
Britain.
gift of imagination
though
it
was, would
national self-humiliation
The
of
produce an undercurrent of
among
and most important event was the encouragement given by Lord Ripon to local selfgovernment. Lord Ripon realized soon, after coming
third
49
the
spirit
among
comparatively
1882
a resolution in
memorable
"
resolution,
self-government
public
affairs
managed
them by Government
Governor-General-in-Council does
officers.
not attach
The
much
value to this
theory.
It
are, there
men whom
it
is
not only
bad
policy, but
sheer
11
There can be no
waste of power, to fail to utilise
doubt that the measures adopted by Lord Ripon to
promote and extend local self-government constituted
.
SO
INDIA'S
The Act
and
of
their
and provided
functions,
though
indirectly,
the
of
elective
principle.
The.
(1)
(2)
Members
(3)
(4)
ex
officio.
(5)
five,
Out of these
one was
to
fifth
by
the Calcutta
Chamber
of
Commerce.
But
their election was not ipso facto binding on the Government all it meant was that they were elected for the
;
purpose
to
the
accept
it
was
of being recommended
Government who might
the
recommendation,
invariably
of election
was
though,
The
accepted.
adopted
for
or
in
the
nomination,
not
might
in
same
case
practice,
method
of
the
51
supplementary
was
still
questions
withheld.
Nor
or of
was
The
right of asking
moving
resolutions
-create an electorate.
that
attracted
Act of 1892
was the introduction of the elective principle. Mr.
Schwann brought an amendment urging the introduction of the elective principle and declaring that with-out it, no reform of the councils would prove satis^attention in connection with the Councils
nent.
He
said
52
INDIA'S
"
a question of great
difficulty.
am
not at
all
disposed
to-
He also
deprecated a division on the Bill and apboth Houses to support it unanimously. Mr.
Schwann withdrew the amendment, and the Bill was
passed in the original form. Mr. Gladstone's views and
pealed to
exhortation,
natural effect,
and though
'
fail
in the rules
produce their
framed under the
to
election'
right of
was
which
practically filled
by election-
advanway
oa the path of reform
The Councils Act of 1892 did not satisfy the
demands of the Indian National Congress nevertheless, there can be no doubt that it was the first triumph
"
"
It was an attempt
of India's struggle for Swaraj.
says a keen student of the Indian political movement
Such
ces
is
the
in
British statesmanship
!
first
53
tive
Government.
While no
efforts
were made to
elective idea.
Indian
self- Government.
was won
in the cause of
CHAPTER
IV
The introduction of the elective principle brought into the Legislative Councils men who had occupied the
Sir (then
front rank in the public life of the country.
Mr.) P.
smalt'
of such
men
The
pre-
spirit into
the
in the provinces.
infused
new
official
it
55
an outstanding
the
figure in
opportunities
Indian
afforded
by
politics.
In short,
liberalisation of
the
The Indian National Congress accepted the reforms for what they were worth, but expressed its
dissatisfaction with the narrow and illiberal spirit with
which they were worked by the Indian and Provincial
Governments.
Mr. Alfred
Webb,
in his address
The administrative
as
made
in every Province
for representation
of the people is most unsatisfactory, and that while someinterests are over-represented, other important interests are>
not represented at all. This is not in accordance with the
expressed views of British statesmen on both sides of the
House when the Bill was discussed.
have here a striking instance of the extent to which administration can defeat
the intentions of legislation."
We
56
INDIA'S
"Six men
member each
in
House
of 670", he said,
"would
up before
it,
in a constitu-
tional manner.
Here
upon the
upon any
The
actual results likely to be directly achieved."
National Congress did not, however, press this demand
Parliament.
its
Probably,
representation in
leaders decided that the question was not within the
range of practical politics.
for
II
that really
made
subsequent
to the Councils
more
been
tion
in the air.
made
merits.
The
a deeper impression
57
first impressions,
the spirit of self-conscious
truer sense of perspective was awaken-
was transmuted
nationalism.
into
decay
the
other,
though duly
alive to
"58
the
INDIA'S
real
merits of
her
ancient
civilization,
was-
.that it
and self-esteem,
to-
'
life,
new
each in
its
own away,
to the rise
and growth of
this
spirit of nationalism.
and
a forceful person-
his influence
ality,
Deeply read
in the philosophies
and
religions of the
59
He
East.
full
was
the
new
political
aspirations with
"
:
",
she says ", in which I saw him almost daily, the thought:
of India was to him like the air he breathed/'
also a
man
of action.
become
upon
mere
action.
was
effete
and unreal.
He
therefore impressed
He was to Modern
India what
Wangyangming,
The funda-
INDIA'S
*60
It
and
distress.
Such a thinker,
bound
patriot,
upon contemporary
*that
is, it
strong consciousness
India, of
existence, she
-the high
had played
in
human
history,
in the
and of
inscrutable
he largely
(life its
Under
and
its
principles
and
61"
activities
began
to
receive
Mrs.
increasing attention from the Indian people.
Besant glorified the ancient thought of India, and
Hindus condemned as
interpreted in
superstitious
and
irrational,
The
flatter
she
the
institution of caste
they detested as
national
fall, it
that,
much might be
four castes.
What
after all,
by
wonderful European lady, that the Eastern civilisation was essentially superior to the Western, and that
the national fall of the Hindus was due not to any
this
forgot
its
noble ideals
'
62
INDIA'S
ment,
Central
of the
obtain
for
she attributed
it
and
their result
Nationalism.
in Mr. Bal
Gangadhar
Tilak.
63
Owing
become
and
for
-inheritance.
hatred of the
not
inspired
civilization:
by
on the
contrary, he
qualities,
virile
he was
a devoted
English
national
people
not
to
superficialities
student,
character.
be carried
of Western
and
He
for
the
appealed
away by
civilization,
the
vigorous
to
the
dazzling
but to
assi-
INDIA'S
{ft
he
who
the realities of
life,
ot
a judg-
ment which
is
Hindu
civilisation,
by
a foreign
Government
and
he led the
leader.
He reorganised
it
gave
it
true social
reform
made
65
must be based OB
conceptions of society.
In 1888, Mr. Tilak became the sole responsible
editor of the KESARl, and, through it, exercised
an influence upon the literate classes in the Marathispeaking Districts, which it is impossible to exaggerate.
The KESARI has been to them what the London TIMES
has been to the English.
it
conservative
religious,
nationalism.
In
of
and
not reform, and
matters
social
evils
of
mount duty
,
of
We
it
an instrument of
INDIA'S
-66
movement
memorial
for raising a
to Shivaji, the
great founder of the Maratha Empire, and for instituting a new festival in his honour to be celebrated every
A mass meet-
The
families.
Shivaji festival
among
the Marathas.
Thus,
there
movement
arose
and
grew
distinct
and
but
strong
did not absorb the whole current of thought and
activity. Side by side with it, the older movement, which
of conservative nationalism
it
to breathe
new
activities,
who
was, in
dry bones of
Maharashtra and later on, found an able and powerful exponent in Mr. Gopal Ganesh Agarkar.
Mr,
and
Mr.
Tilak
worked
for
several
Agarkar
together
fact,
first
life
into the
Mr.
67
movement
gressive nationalism.
nationalist than Mr. Tilak
Like
great and insidious evils of foreign domination.
Mr. Tilak, he also hated the ignoble spirit of mere blind
imitation of the ruling race, nor did he decry the
-ancient civilization
of India or
fail
to recognise
its
into
to be free,
Above
conflict.
all,
its
editor, the
KEsARl
In 1888,
-was an organ of progressive nationalism.
.he started another paper, called the SUDHARAK or the
[Reformer, and until his death in 1895, ably and fearlessly championed the cause of social reform and pro-
68
INDIA'S
into
the
vitals
seriously impaired
of
the
its efficiency.
Hindu
and
Society,
Every
social or
socio-religious institution, custom, usage and rite wassubjected to the most searching analysis and criticism,-
We have
as
much
right
to
inaugurate
new customs
same,
if
69
Such was the spirit of Mr. Agarkar, and his influence has been great and lasting. If the cause of
social reform has made greater progress in the Deccan
ihan in any other province, it is due largely to his
He represents what may be called the
-teachings.
and
'rationalistic
liberal
element
the nationalist
in
-movement of India.
servative element represented by Mr. Tilak are essential to the steady progress of a society
and, if to-day,
-the Marathas present on the whole a happy blend of
;
*the two,
it is
-these elements.
Ill
The
to
the
*was
political
enactment
The
-events.
of
the
Councils Act
by
external
first
external
influenced
as
well
event
in
as
of
1892,
internal
this
kind
War
the
^realized
by Indian
won by Japan,
Asia.
the
leaders.
dawn
might be regarded
intheKESARi
as thoroughly representative,
wrote
was a clear
was taking place all
was bound to inspire hope in the
all
it
Asiatic peoples.
The crushing
defeat
90
INDIA'S
development of
in
shaping
the
it
future
had
its-
political*
India.
to
and they
rules
for
of
relief
which
werehad framed a body
giving
embodied in what was called the Famine Code. Mr.
lines,
ing the agriculturists their rights under the Code. Massmeetings were held even in villages, and perhaps for the
ment
like this
to perceive
and the-
this aspect.
the agitation as
&
deputed to
areas.
carry on propaganda
The immediate,
in famine-stricken-
practical results of
its
the
move-
71
demand.
Bombay adopted
soldiers
were employed
in the delicate
task of enforc-
outrages.
a conspiracy to
died.
INDIA'S
<72
by
writings in the Vernacular press, they instituted prosecutions for sedition against the KESARI, and several
These two brothers were suspected of antiand the Government thought that they
must have been connected with the murders. They
1818.
British feelings,
therefore raked
prosection
if
first
a previous prosecution
the
73
duties
as a public
leader,
was sentenced
The
to
moral
political
and moral
increasing influence
India.
He taught
it
were great
he became
an
upon
his
countrymen how
to fight
and
and
now
glorius chapter
While the
*
sorely tried
freedom constitute a
modern
in the annals of
India.
IV
mind
of India was being thus
public
political repression,
Lord Curzon succeeded Lord Elgin as GovernorGeneral of India. Though not even forty years old
at the time, Lord Curzon had already made his mark
as a politician of remarkable
-character and
interests.
of
State
He
for
abilities,
single-minded
had held
India
office
and,
in
great force of
devotion to
as
Imperial
Under-Secretary
gifts
74
INDIA'S
stance could bestow, and his fine speeches made asViceroy-designate breathed a lofty conception of the
spirit
Indian-
satisfaction
him
a cordial
message of welcome on
his landing at
Bombay.
But though Lord Curzon's regime began under
such favourable auspices, the very qualities of his
vigorous and self-confident personality ultimately
which
situation
intensified
popular
and gave a new orientation to India's
He had an immense faith in the
political movement.
he also aimed, it must be
efficiency of administration
produced
discontent
tions
His
hostility
became so pronounced in
he refused to show
career, that
much more
75
it.
V
Another important
the Indian political
factor in the
movement was
development
the
of*
momentous
war
on
The
Indian people.
The educated
and
classes,
in parti-
history ot
inflict
military
and
attributed
rightly
sacrifice
was
to her
tion of young
men
of India
was so much
fired
by the
The
tion,
Japan was regarded as a divine dispensaheralding the dawn oi a new era of freedom and*
rise of
~76
INDIA'S
power
throbbed with
India,
new hopes
-and aspirations.
VI
The period under review
intellectual
also
witnessed
great
other thinkers
service
was
in-
weal thy
capitalists.
^threshold of a
In
short,
new national
life.
India
was
on
the
CHAPTER V
India
was passing
the stage *
described in the preced-
national
development
the
and
chapter,
tide
was
through
of
public
rising,
feeling
Lord Curzon
the Partition of
Bengal.
repeatedly warned him
in 1904, the Indian
against that obnoxious measure
National Congress had protested against any proposals
The
made
constructive suggestions
heavy burden of administration imposed by the extensive area of the province. But what
were the wishes and feelings of the Indian people
for meeting the
-Curzon
feelings,
omnipotent
will
of
Lord
and persistence as
Imperialist
less to express
Power
to yield to
a handful of
an agitation skilfully
malcontents
educated
engineered by
would create a dangerous precedent which must never
be established the ukase was therefore issued on 20th
;
Stf
"INDIA'S
The
he
and
methods
consistently^ inspired the programme and
<j.worl^ of the National Congress was a strong faith in
the ultimate responsiveness of the British Govern-
ment
this
-secret societies
throwing
Even
those
yoke
who
79
felt that
unless a strong
India
of
definite
political ideal
would not be
full
satisfied
of
realization
and
to
with
that ideal.
declare that
anything short
In short, the
and the adoption of strong and vigorous measures for asserting the national will and, outside the
Congress, to the rise of a party of national independ-
-sequel,
Such
ence, and a violent revolutionary movement.
was the train of consequences produced by the partition of Bengal and Lord Curzon's general policy and
;
development of
Under
the
India.
(afterwards
Sir)
and
at
some places,
sure manifested
became
itself in riots
and disturbances.
mea-
The
80
INDIA'S
wrong, and
all
India
became one
in her determination to
all
humilia-
tions
think,
of British
Lordship
will
rule
in
India.
In some
always be recognised
gifts, his
phenomenal energy,
brilliant
powers of expres-
work
81
by denouncing
ignore or to despise ", ended by trampling more systematically upon that opinion than any of his predecessors, and
claiming for his own judgment and that of his official colleagues a virtual character of infallibility. The fact is that
Lord Curzon came to India with certain fixed ideas. Tohim, India was a country where the Englishman was to monopolise for all time all power and talk all the while of duty.
The Indian's only business was to be governed, and it wasa sacrilege, on his part, to have any other aspiration. ID
his scheme of things there was no room for the educated
and having failed to amuse them
classes of the country
for any length of time by an empty show of taking them
into confidence, he proceeded in the end to repress them.
;
him engaged
in
own and
cessfully assailed.
On
Gokhale said
"
17
Partition of Bengal,
Mr.
82
INDIA'S
illustration of the
Cotton,
and
that
declaration
but
the
Congress
itself
did not,
can be comprised
in
one
word,
Colonies/
Self-Govermnent
Kingdom
or the
83
tion,
-embodied
in
it
the system of government, obtaining in the self-governing British Colonies, should be extended to India.
The Calcutta Congress of 1906 is thus a landmark in
the political development of India it was in that
Congress
that she,
and chequered
ment
first time in
her long
chose democratic self-govern-
for the
history,
*to
moderate
constitutional agitation
hitherto followed.
'led
differences
between
these two
schools of thought
84
INDIA'S
reliance.
including
much
boycott in a
germs of the Non-co-operation movement which Mr. Gandhi started and elaborated in 1921.
But the attitude of the National Congress reflected
to be found the
only a part of the change that had come over the coun-
The new
try.
spirit
or
movement
received
fresh,
accession of strength from the repressive policy adopted by the Government, particularly in Eastern Bengal
By
MAT ARAM, a
in Calcutta, openly declared that if British rule was indifferent to the wishes of the people and did not care to-
all
meaningless to us,
if
they are-
mot
the
means of
85
retrieving our
^independence."
two classes
tained
'
'
"
86
INDIA'S
"
national
more
life, is
futile
"
this ?
natural, holy
thwart or prevent
its
ultimate realization.
We have described
as
this
1'
'
pendence
described as
academic';
'
it
it is
now
87
of the
knew no
bomb
intended
European ladies.
This was followed by a series of other outrages and
the revelations made in connection with them all pointed to the rise of the revolutionary movement since the
Partition of Bengal and its ramifications in many
;
"
mod
We
may
88
its
INDIA'S
removal.
reasoning ".
Some
of the
Bengal belonged to
"
They
The
movement seem
to
the mental training of their recruits. Not only did the Bhagavat Gita, the
writings of Yivekananda, the lives of Mazzini and Garibaldi
supply them with mental pabulum, but they prepared
special text-books containing distinctly revolutionary and
inflammatory ideas. The most important of them, the
MUKTI KON PATHE which means what is the path of
salvation'? was a systematic treatise describing the measures which the revolutionaries should adopt in order to
gain their ends. It condemned the low ideals of the
National Congress, and while urging upon the young revolutionaries the desirability of joining the current agitations,
exhorted them to do so with the ideal of freedom firmly
implanted in their minds, as otherwise, real strength and
for
It pointed
training would never be acquired from them.
ut that it was not difficult to murder officials, that arms
89
"
of the Indian Army.
Although
these soldiers, for the sake of their stomach, accept service
in the Government of the ruling powers,
are
still they
nothing but men made of flesh and blood. They too know
how to think; when, therefore, the revolutionaries
explain to them the woes and miseries of the country,
they, in proper time, will swell the ranks of the revolutionaries with arms and weapons given them by the ruling power
Aid in the shape of arms may be secretly obtained
by securing the help of the foreign ruling Powers."
to
It will
that, in
1905-6,
whose
faith in the
tional agitation
making
it
some form
more vigorous,
of direct action
assertive
;
and effective
by
who
ad-
thirdly, by those
.and
spiritually
the
fit
for national
revolutionaries
independence
who
believed
and
that
fourthly,
by
national
method of physical
force that
it
was possible
to utilize.
90
INDIA'S
a brief refer-
ence to an interesting question, viz What was the attitude of these two last classes of people with regard toself-Government as distinct from independence ? Evi:
dence on
this
question
answer
is
it
is
not
tional
it
independence aimed
at
more
above
all,
to regain
was
obtained.
CHAPTER
VI.
The resignation of Lord Curzon and the succesLord Minto as Governor-General of India, in
November 1905, were followed, in about a month after
by the fall of the Conservative Government and thesion of
accession of the Liberals to power, with Sir Campbellas Prime Minister and Mr. John Morley as-
Bannerman
Indians', as Mr.
that
is,
of
Morley
calls
them
in his Recollections,.
affairs of India
interest in the
Mr. Mor-
Secretaryship for India, whether his choice was due talus desire to undo the harm done by Lord Curzon,
office-
As
a*
92
INDIA'S
man of letters, particularly as the author of Compromise and of a monpgraph on Burke, his name had
Indians
already been familiar to the Western-educated
drew
whom
of
some
and
who held him in high esteem,
and
moral
a
from his noble teachings as
inspiration
political thinker.
tive
sect,
It is
political
since
its
perception
rise at
not possible to
the
that
belonged
revolutionary
to
that
settlement.
or
by what
the necessity
process of thinking, he first realized
unforBuchanan,
of reform and his biographer, John
not
does
It
tunately, throws no light on the question.
;
Government
appear that Mr. Balfour's Conservative
which chose him for the Viceroy s post gave him any
It would,
reforms.
mandate to introduce
political
that his
however, not be wide of the mark to infer
sound judgment and good sense enabled him, soon
the
after his arrival in India, to read aright the signs of
was
and that his sense of the need for reform
*imes,
by the
-strengthened by the view openly expressed
Indian
tour,
his
from
Prince of Wales, on his return
Indian
system of
lhat the one desideratum of the
was wider sympathy with the people,
Mr. Gokhale
by the fervent appeal mad* by
-administration
and
rfbr
also
the conciliation of the educated classes.
Budget debate
in
In the
sentiments
expression to these
93*
of the educated
the resources of
British
statesmanship.
this conciliation
seemed
after,
in
desirability
of
of taking some forward step in the direction of political advance, and reversing the policy of Lord Curzon*
in deliberately refusing to satisfy, even in the slightest
degree, the political aspirations of the educated classes-
of India.
The accession
of
the Liberals
to
power and
it
994
INDIA'S
sympathy
from him
be no doubt
the Indian
situation
and
capable of being realized by all the civilized communities of the world, was at the time very rare even
among the most advanced minds of Europe and Mr.
;
Morley, with
all his
95
and
cultural
told
Mr.
he compared
conditions
psychological
Gokhale
that
he
it
it
to
could
of Indian historical,
climate.
He
considered
it
plainly
a
mere
and,
in
Any large,
-scheme of reforms.
it
was, so far as
it
in India.
Nor was
his states-
#6
INDIA'S
Congress was every year growing in influence and power, and that it would be nothing less thanfolly to ignore or belittle it he also saw that its ranks
National
and
non-
Official,
In one of his
letters to
community
'\
There seems
to
non-official
Europeans
to his
THE MORLEY
97
MINTO REFORMS
he
If we don't,
in the way of reform in the popular direction.
not certain that the demands will widen and extend
into National
reasons, where I at least look with a rery
should you not now
doubting and suspicious eye ?
consider as practical and immediate things the extension*
of the native element in your Legislative Council ; ditto,
in Local Councils ; full time for discussing the Budget
in your L. C., instead of four or five skimpy hours right of
is it
'
Why
would remain a
If I read your letters correctly, you have nomajority).
disposition whatever to look on such changes as these in a
moving amendments,
Why
me
ball.
Anglo -Indian."
In August 1906, Lord Minto appoijj
tee of his Executive Council to invest,
98
INDIA'S
proposals, and further informed the House of his intention to recommend to the Crown at least one Indian
for appointment to the Council of India.
This import-
support of
all
parties.
and
On
it
THE MORLEY
99
MINTO REFORMS
n
Before describing the changes introduced by the
"Morley-Minto Reforms, and considering the nature and
-extent of the constitutional
their limitations,
we
situation in India, as
four years
when
the
movement
Canal Colonies.
Tunjab
est
is
always very
trouble
suspected
with the
in
that
army
that
martial
political
and
nervous about
province,
agitators
fomenting
On
were
the
and
in
the
slight-
they
tampering
a rebellious spirit
recommendation
strong measures were
sanctioned by Lord Minto's Government, and Lala
JLajpat Rai, a highly respected, popular leader, and
Mr. Ajit Singh were deported without trial under the
among
Indian
soldiers.
the
100
STRUGGLE FOR
INDIA'S
SWARAJ
and
such universal
Gokhale
strong
feeling
even Mr.
and made a
that
vigorous protest against Lord Minto's action; hedeclared his firm conviction that Lala Lajpat Rai could'
never be guilty of such serious charges as were
him and
levelled against
that the
Government were-
fillip
to the extremist
movement.
previous year,
A strong impression
party
back
the
that
on
the
decisions
in particular,
to
The
for
latter,
arrived
at
boycott..
no 'steps to
was that the Extremists
suspecting that the
felt
and'
Calcutta,
took
result
themselves justified
in*
a-
as a
nominee
THE MORLEY
MINTO REFORMS
101
went up
when confusion
on
the platform to
move
his proposal,
War.
On the
-at Surat,
the attainment
of
self- Government
the self-governing
similar to
members
was
that
of the British
enjoyed by
Empire and participation by her in the rights and responsibilities of the Empire on equal terms with these mem-
102
INDIA'S
the
moderate
leaders
to
Mr. Tilak and his followers half way and to bring about.
a compromise. It seems, they had a sub-conscious
that Mr. Tilak was, by temperament, so
feeling
that a
made
they
breach
in the
was
have reared
its
place, causing
head,
if
the split at
it
of
extremely
among
the
difficult for
THE MORLEY
MINTO REFORMS
Within
Congress, a
103:
constitutional
on
this
making moderate
the younger
aries
politics impossible
generations
and from
the
including
He was
inspiration.
on the bomb outrage
the KESARI, and
prosecuted
to
lor
whom
revolution-
draw
his
their
articles
at
simple
turbances
sentenced
at
to
Bombay,
which
for
very severe
the
punishment
rioters
The
dis*-
were
Mr. Tilak
trial
he conducted
such a way as to strike
the popular imagination and add to his already un-
bore himself
his
own
heroically
in this
it
in
104
INDIA'S
down
The weapon
Simla,
under the new constitution framed by the ConventionCommittee, while they only half-heartedly disapproved
of the repressive measures adopted by the Government, even of the deportation of Bengalee leaders one
THE MORLEY
whom
105
MINTO REFORMS
gave a
at
to
Morley-Minto
scheme
as finally
far as
passed.
to say that
had
conceived.
Thus it
is
Government plays
that an astute
to
stamp
it
connived
philosophical Secretary
with occasional pangs of conscience which at
times he found too unbearable, were unable to put it
of State
radical,
at,
down*?
in his honour,
and as a
were brought to
it
was
to
laid to rest
106
INDIA'S
phy
of modern India.
rallied
in spite of repression.
the
Mr.
As we have
introduced by
House
"
If I were attempting to set up a Parliamentary system in India, or if it could be said that tliis chapter of
reforms led directly or necessarily up to the establishment
of a Parliamentary system in India, I, for one, would have
nothing at all to do with it. I do not wish in spite of the
THE MORLEY
MINTO REFORMS
from the
British democrary
was
still to be the
Autocracy
of
Government
system
only,
to the
Indian
107"
people.
opinion
who
it
many
qualifications
rules, and,
element
ment
and
restrictions prescribed
secondly, by some
members
the-
The appoint-
of Indians as
by
it
was
highly^
them
positions which
cutive training.
The executive
fellowship or partnership
and, at a time
educated classes naturally gave considerable satisfaction but, it, in no way, modified the essential character
;
108
INDIA'S
of Imperial Government did not, and could not, liberalise the administration itself in the popular direction.
their point only when the nominated nonmembers voted with them, which they seldom
did.
The latter, with rare exceptions, were generally
men who were not known for independence of judgment or spirit and deemed it their duty to side with the
Government.
The only result, therefore, of the
enlargement of the Councils was to bring more men
therein, and to enable the Government to know the
could carry
official
Moham-
anedans, the electorates were extremely narrow consisting only of a few delegates elected by members of
Municipalities and District Local Boards.
In the Governor-General's Legislative Council, an
official
Morley
majority
laid
down
was
as
its
strictly
maintained.
Lord
in
its
legislative
as well
j>ower to
fulfil
and uninterrupted
it
THE MORLEY
MINTO REFORMS
109
owes and must always owe to His Majesty's Government and to the Imperial Parliament". Apart from the
representation of special interests and Mohammedans,
so narrow was the basis of representation in the
elected only
vincial legislatures.
The
Nevertheless,
its
exercise
members
in
popular legislature.
Such were,
stitutional
Morley and Lord Minto. Their limitations were obvious, and owing to those limitations, they failed, in
spite of the high expectations formed of them by Mr.
Gokhale and other leaders, to satisfy the legitimate
aspirations even of the moderates. They did not transfer even the smallest measure of responsibility to the
Indian people they created no electorates, except in
;
of restrictions
and
disqualifications,
they excluded
~110
INDIA'S
whatever.
associate
'
new Councils
Tilak,
Bombay Government
regulations by
ents and reputation that his election
would be contrary
to public interest.'
And, in general, the election by
members of Municipalities and District Local Boards
1
who were
franchise
was the
essential nature
might be
Their
moderate views, from whose criticisms the various Governments found useful in deciding their lines of policy,
and
in
but, there
can
be
no doubt,
111
1921.
lacked faith in the suitability of Western political institutions to Eastern modes of thought and life, and might
have expressed that lack of faith with an assurance that
*was not based upon a wide
Abroad evolutionary point of view, the Morley-Minto reforms were a necessary and useful stage on India's ad-
CHAPTER
THE
WAR AND
VIII.
five years
WITHIN
Morley-Minto
led to
momentous changes.
blended policy of conciliation and repression conciliating the Moderates and repressing the Extremists
which Lord Morley and Lord Minto had pursued, was
continued by the Marquis of Crewe and Lord Hardinge
respectively.
The platform
had*
the
already been brought under executive control
in
case they
suppression of newspapers and presses,
were used as instruments of promoting violence, had*
These measures, however, had
also been legalised.
been deemed inadequate to cope with the Extremist
and revolutionary movements.
general control of
the Press was considered necessary; the old view
expressed by Sir Thomas Munro that India was not
ripe for freedom of the Press and that the system of"
Government in the country was imcompatiblewith such
freedom was raked up, and such was the irony of eventsthat the very first session of the reformed Imperial
Legislative Council witnessed the enactment of a
measure which deprived the Indian people of a right;
The
provisions of Section 4
comprehensive and
ingenuity could
its
make
language
it.
(of the
as
is
Indeed,
it
appears to me to
of assurance
limits of im-
undoubtedly be caught.
11
armoury
8
114
INDIA'S
by sheer force.
to the
a very awkward
position
they,
weapon in the
too, condemned it
Many
of
it
^their
The general
of the
ancient past.
satisfaction
which
the
visit
the
of
of
feeling
King-Emevoked was increased by the numeperor George
nal
monarchs
'it
unsettle the
and
"
the
announcement as unexpected as
Government had decided to
that the
settled fact"
of the Partition of
Bengal,
that the
'been
'protested
that
in
thus
its
reversing an unpopular
to the pressure of agi-
classes of people and, above all, the Extremists rejoiced that their vigorous agitation and their
tation,
all
of
State proposing
116
INDIA'S
the modification of the Partition of Bengal and thetransfer of the capital from Calcutta to Delhi, they had
used language which had been interpreted by some
people as foreshadowing the gradual evolution of
Home
rule,
or self-Government.
Referring to
this;
House
"
There is a certain section in India which looks forward to a measure of self- Government approaching that
which had been granted in the Dominions. I see no futurefor India on these lines.
The experiment of extending ameasure ot self-Government practically free from Parliamentary control to a race which is not our own, even though*
that race enjoys the services of the best
men
belonging to
my duty as
Secretary of State to repudiate the idea that the Despatch
implies anything of the kind as the hope or goal of thepolicy of Government."
our race,
is
tried.
It
is
By
this
firmness.
Mr. Gokhalfe*
as-
;.
1
its
attainment
otherwise, her
rule
in*
-cation
sion
in the
MODERN REVIEW
in
May
growing feeling
"
and
civilized
self-respecting
nation.
This
efficient
nation,
powerful, progressive,
^self-governing,
though their actual spheres of work are different. The
and
self-realization.
We
want
to raise
all
IIS
INDIA'S
"
realize this
not a
low
self1
political
measures
"The
first
this direction
is
thing that
to
make a
must do ia
and solemn declaration*
the Government
clear
pledging
themselves to the grant of self-government to India
within a definite period of twenty or twenty-five years.
No Indian has ever asked for the immediate introductionof a full-fledged
Every
system of self-government.
reasonable man admits that some period must be allowed
to elapse in making the necessary preparation, before the
system is introduced. But we do maintain and insist that
the Government owe it to the Indian people to make a&
immediate declaration in
all
Though
to realize that
began
Empire' published
1912, the
very
Crewe's
"
To
no doubt,
field of
side
in the
first
number
referred
speech
following
to
practical
India,
who
ahead.
politics.
are
It
But
India is r
within the
well that those out-
does not
it
is
ultimately
in
fall
responsible
for
its
which was
it
on
suitable occa-
of building
up the
life.
120
INDIA'S
The
real difference
West and
the
introduction
Mr.
energies.
Gokhale introduced
the Imperial
in
possessed a
inspired
have
by
heartily
supported
the measure
but,
been
would
as
it
was
thrown
themselves
justified
tained
more
that
still
new reformed
out
Again,
in their
really
felt
constitution, the
the Extremists
mean
to promote
the
reforms
One
the
War upon
outbreak of
was improvement
It
who
challeng-
War was
ed
likely to stimulate
machinations,
<put
them down.
their
stringent
But
anti-British
measures
efforts
activities
were
were made
taken
and
to
to rally not
only the Loyalists and the Moderates whose co-operation in the prosecution of the
had no reason
Extremists
who
to doubt, but,
included
War
if
the
Government
also the
possible,
classes,
whose growing
in-
the
enemy with
1Q2
INDIA'S
made
measures
hitherto adopt-
The
ately infused
new
life
almost
Six
paralysed ever since his incarceration.
of
years
prison life, even at an advanced age, had not
cowed down his indomitable spirit, or blunted the
sharp edge of his patriotic fervour; and no sooner
was he restored to liberty than he resumed his
activities,
and
to
and endeavoured
direct
them anew
to
his
forces
promotion
of the
rally
to the
all
great cause of political freedom for which he had struggled and suffered. He assured the Government of his
sincere
and
in
May
of political agitation
conference of his;
1915, he convened a
The
War met
the
with
and
princes
of loyalty
wave
offers
ot
most splendid
the
people
swept
assistance
in
of
over
men
response
India.
the
and
A
land,
money
from
tidal
and
were-
made by
classes of people.
all
educated classes also expressed their readiness to organise themselves into Volunteer corps, and'
Allies, the
do
war and
in the
These
waste of loyalty,
owing to the unwillingness or inGovernment to make use of all the enormous resources in men which the vast man-power of.
ability of the
may be
minded classes with regard to the war was theoutcome of mixed motives, in which both reason and*
sentiment played a part. Very few of them fully
believed in the sincerity of the sentiments expressed*
by British statesmen as regards the character and
objects ol the War they did not think that the war was;
going
to
dictated
end war
by
they
knew
that
tremendous
conflict.
INDIA'S
"124
to stand
by
the Government,
India to self-Government.
Thus,
On
played an important
As
the
both sides,
national
self-interest
part.
its
speedy
the Govern-
Lord (then
be
Mr. Gokhale,
February 1915, amidst
had been asked by Lord Willingdon,
who
died
prematurely
universal grief,
in
to
its
depths,
inevitable.
made changes
They concluded
far-reaching changes
the movement of
that
thought in India that had preceded the outbreak of the War, and received such an accession oF
political
strength therefrom, as well as the magnanimous attitudeof the Indian princes and people towards the BritishRaj during the War, amply justified a new orientation
evolving
the
itself
Duke Memorandum,
name
of its-
Duke, an ex-Lieutenant-
at the
time the
office-
126
of
INDIA'S
Member of
to note that a
copy of that
Lord Chelmsford
1916 on
in
It is
interesting
memorandum was
his
as Governor-General of India.
sent to
assumption of office
The
possession of the
their
views
20th
the Govern-
the
invite
views of the Indian National Congress or of the AllIndia Moslem League on the memorandum.
The Congress
of
1915 amended
constitution
its
so as to
facilitate
on
in favour of
ment
Home Rule
my
have
birth-right,
Home
Rule
with
rare
purpose.
Her
and
powers
of
organisation,
with marvellous
activities
aroused the
tenacity
wrath
o(
down
the
new vigorous
utter failure,
from
recruits
among
all
classes of people.
Public
and vindictive policy of Lord Pentland. In the Bombay Presidency also, security proceedings were instituted against Mr. Tilak for speeches he made at a mass
meeting; but the District Magistrate's order calling
security
When the
in
know
came
to
that
and
as to post-
able and
document and constitutes an important
statement of the demands of the Indian people at
reasoned
128
INDIA'S
crete proposals
"
of reform.
"What
wanted"
is
it
is
people,
Here,
because
for
to
them.""
responsible
the first time, in a non-
stands,
"
"
This
would
is,"
it
goes on,
constitute the
practically remains
made
the suggestion
document,
official
is
it
we find, perhaps
what
it
new
that tKe
people of
India under-
to the
what
angle of
vision.
Ify
material change in
the
beneficent
effects of
participation
in
common
danger overcome by common effort will soon disappear, leaving no record behind, save the painful
memory of unrealized
expectations ".
Imperial Legislative Council in submitting their memorandum on post-War reforms all this served to focus
War.
The
Lucknow
Congress
was the
It
1907
the
first
united
number of dele-
alike, perfect
communities as regards
and both the Congress and the
the All-India Moslem League adopted the same resoluThat resolution, first, expressed the opinion of
tion.
"
that having regard to
the Congress and the League
the
constitutional reforms,
and
further, having
system of Govern-
to existing conditions
the King-Emperor should be pleased to issue a proclamation announcing that it is the aim and intention of
British policy to confer self-government on India at
an early date". It then went on to demand that a
definite step should
that, in
the
130
INDIA'S
Dominions.
nities, all
Legislative
Government
shown by the
demand for a declaraBritish Government real-
indifference
to the persistent
At last, the
tion of policy.
ised that any further delay in formulating and announcing, the policy to be pursued after the War would aggravate the situation, embittering feelings
still
more and
^giving
Government
led to
succeeded him, made, on behalf of the British Government, the following declaration of policy in the House
of Commons on 20th August, 1917:
"
of
branch
with
institutions
a
view to the
self-governing
of Responsible
Government in
progressive realisation
India as an integral part of the British Empire. They
-have decided that substantial steps in
this
direction
*
*
*
should be taken as soon as possible.
The British Government and the Government of
India, on whom the responsibility lies for the welfare and
-of
must be judges of
advance, and they must
be guided by the co-operation
received
from those
upon whom new opportunities of service will thus be
conferred, and by the extent to which it is found that
^confidence could be reposed in their sense of responsibility."
advancement
of
The
Indian
peoples,
measure of each
declaration
entire satisfaction
ing
effect.
Its
India's claim
'to
-deliberate thought
132
was
INDIA'S
%
used.
forth
but
and not
The
its
deserves.
relief, if
we compare
of the Government of India Act, 1919, in which it wassubsequently embodied, with the preamble of the-
Phillipine Islands and to recognise their independenceas soon as a stable government can be established
1 '
therein.
which
viz.,
No
the goal of
responsible government,
is
in the political
development of India. By that declaration, the BritishGovernment, on behalf of the British people, have
given a solemn and sacred promise that India will be
raised to the status of a self-governing nation, that,
henceforth, the people of India will be enabled to
manage
their
own
national affairs
in
an increasing
to be a~
words of the con-
will cease
in the
Free
State, a co-equal
member
the
history of
was
in the
Great Britain's
object of
and clearly
'be Responsible Government. India is
policy
of
British
defined
authoritatively
set
on
to
the
path
chequered
annals
of
India,
impossible to
is
it
-exaggerate the momentous character of the pronouncement, or the deep and far-reaching social effects which
.a polity,
creasingly produce.
It
is,
realize,
in fact,
it,
may
in-
revolutionary
-their
undergone a
radical transformation.
The more
think-
ing of the Indian leaders did not fail to be deeply impressed by this profound and far-reaching significance
of the declaration
'its
defects,
immediate
they
task
urging
substantial
reforms
in
entered on a
new
CHAPTER
IX.
1919,
the
introduced
failed
to
the
satisfy
Indian
them
attitude towards
people,
their
general
early monthsof 1920 was not one of positive hostility nor did it
indicate, on the part of political leaders, any desire toin the
have nothing
to
reformed Councils.
ence held
The Moderates,
at Calcutta in
Reforms Act
the-
in their confer-
and substantial
step-
1 *
They stood
for
ungrudg-
sound
policy, in
in-
as successfully as possible.
The National*
its
attitude
was
not
so
though
friendly, alsoCongress,
resolved to work the reforms so as to secure early
working
it
The
responsible government.
followirg resolution adopted by it is a clear and faith-
establishment of
full
reforms
135
with
regard to the
This
at Delhi Congress regarding constitutional reforms, and isot opinion that the Kefonns Act is inadequate, unsatis-
Amritsar Congress,
in
in a spirit of co-operation.
heading
"The
11
"Young
"
India,
136
INDIA'S
-doing the
right
would be a
fall
to co-operate
common
purpose."
Mr. Tilak, who always
fixed
work
more
for
on the
what had been
and use it for
his eyes
more,
soon as
His policy
possible.
of responsive co-operation included both co-operation,
and constitutional assertion, and if need be, constiThe moderate policy of
obstruction.
tutional
obtaining
as
co-operation, rightly
understood,
policy and
programme
Party which
Congress.
he
formed
He now
its
legislature.
He was
ministerial offices,
He
in
many,
if
not
all,
ablest,
most
13?
patriotic
and
-the Party
recorded in
It says
the
as
name
Congress-Democratic Party,
denotes, is a party animated by feelings of unswerving
It beloyalty to the Congress and faith in Democracy.
lieves in the potency of democratic doctrines for the
solution of Indian problems, and regards the extension of
education and political franchise as two of its best weapons.
It advocates the removal of all civic, secular, or social
reliIt believes in
disabilities based on caste or custom.
,
The
for
138
INDIA'S
country by another.
asserts
for Representative and Responsible Government and claimsfor the people of India, on the principle of self-determition, the exclusive right of fashioning the form of govern-
India.
To
and Organise."
"
Act
for all
IMPERIAL
1.
Repeal of all repressive legislation, e.g., (Rowlart
Act, the Press Act, the Arms Act etc.) ; the introduction of
trial by jury of one's own countrymen especially in cases of
offences against the State ; the abolition of
rigorous
imprisonment for such offences, and jail reform with a view
139*
to
2.
and
industrial,
wage, relationship between capital and labour on equitablebasis, and promoting organisations suitable for the purpose.
3.
Control of the export of foodstuffs and other
necessaries of life by tariff or by other methods with
a view to reducing the prices thereof and conserving
supplies.
Promotion of Swadeshism
4.
industries
sidies
all
recognised methods
and protective
tariffs
railway
by
development
.in their
and
development
including
State
of.
sub-
tariff.
of
Nationalisation
6.
trial
by
and regulation
railways
to
assist
indus-
and favouritisnn
working.
Retrenchment
G.
first
and foremost
in
every
depart-
ment,
naval,
aireal
tion.
8.
Recruitment of
examinations in India.
all
services
by open competitive-
9.
Promotion of national unity by such means as theestablishment of a lingua franca for all India, betterment
Readjustment of provinces on
and
linguistic basis.
PROVINCIAL
1.
Immediately securing
the provinces.
full
forpopular autonomy
140
INDIA'S
2.
>in
4.
5.
possible.
6.
*of
adminis-
trative
8.
Abolition of drink.
11.
Carrying out of departmental reforms already
-enunciated and approved by popular opinion ; e. g. Agricultural development, extension of irrigation, the co
-operative
and Technical Education
movement, Industrial
suitable to the
relief,
cine.
"
this
Upon
and support
for
Such was the general attitude towards the Reforms in the early months of 1920. Soon after, Mr.
'Gandhi started the Non-co-operation movement and in
141
it
in public feeling
and attitude
II.
To understand
it,
it is
to*
of the Secretary of State, appointed a Committee, presided over by Justice Rowlatt, to investigate and report
on
It
categories, those to
down
be
British statesmanship
movements
conciliated,
has
two broadJ
and those to be put
into
A42
-it
is
INDIA'S
measure of conciliation
the
of
success
the
is
policy
of
British
repression.
no qualms of conscience, no
intellectual doubts, no moral hesitancy, if occasions
of rejoicing are marred by exhibitions of repression.
This is how it advances on the path of steady and
statesmanship
feels
tic
Government wished
to
With
that object
in
and
view,
succeeded
they
have followed
this the
example of his political
Lord Morley sought to disarm official
opposition to his reforms by sanctioning measures of
repression such as the Press Act proposed by the
Government of India, so also, Mr. Montagu probably
-thought that his scheme of reforms would have an
Guru
easier
:
them
way
if
he gave
movement
ed
in
just as
'drastic
The
Rowlatt
changes
ia
Committee recommendthe
ordinary
penal
flaw,
nently
as
Government
the
invest
to
with
such
powers
exceptional
143
permathose
as
In order to
-enjoyed under special war legislation.
these
effect
to
the
Government
recommendations,
give
introduced two Bills, popularly called the Rowlatt
Bills, in the
1919.
only against
foonest
real revolutionaries,
patriotic
wrongly, on
the
but
of
strength
also
against
who might be
workers
political
whom
they might
Police
unscrupulous
reports, suspect of
India
is
recent years, there has been considerable improvement in the morale of the Police, and in th^ir conception of their duties, as public servants and guardians of
law and
order, yet
in pre-reform days,
were
they
influence
they
excessive, and
exercised
on
the
latter
sense of discrimination
the
between
this, is to
legitimate
Any attempt^
increase
naturally viewed by
political
greatest disfavour and rouses the
an outrage upon the already limj
people. In
Executive
be found the
was
fine
and
il-
144
INDIA'S
'rose to a climax
desire to
show
agitation, refused to
ment
for their
that they
postponement
till
the
September session
moved by
the people to
them
take
the following
pledge regarding
is,
to
observe
it
as a
145
that day.
high
effect
visit
In
the more.
it
in a state
of passion and
146
INDIA'S
excitement.
At
'been quite
overcome
Governor
of
though a
man
not
feel
<iid
the
with panic.
The Lieu tenant Sir
Michael
Punjaub,
O'Dwyer
and
tact
and
situations.
Mahomed an
education
barrister
by
the
Khilafat, and
by
with
Two
local
incurred
their
his
wrath
cause
the
particularly in
agitation,
dealing
Germany, had
in
thtVr
in
sympathy,
delicate
of
the
their deportation.
This arbitrary
and
high-handed
measures
as
General Dyer,
and asked
charge of
the
the
city,
he deemed- proper.
who commanded
On
12th
April,
Senior Military
the
following
details
of
147
11
On
heard
and
left of
the entrance.
The armoured
cars
he
admit them.
his
Having deployed
troops Brigadier-General Dyer at once
gave orders to open fire and continued a controlled fire
-on the dense crowd facing him in the enclosure (which he
estimated at about 5,000 persons) for some 10 minutes
until his ammunition supply was at the point of exhaustion.
11,650 rounds of '308 mart VI ammunition were fired. The
left outside,
as the lane
to
148
INDIA'S
believed to
the number of wounded has not been exactly ascertained, but is estimated by Lord Hunter's Committee at
possibly three times the number of deaths."
be
371);
The
Jallianwalla massacre
was followed by
other
The
people.
somehow persuaded
military authorities
and
it
difficult
is
understand
to
the
why
army during
Government
every possible
way in the
prosecution of the war, had withdrawn their traditional
and suddenly
allegiance from the British Crown,
the
in
British
rule
It
at the
we
that
iiv
stern measures,
might be
state of
in themselves.
This
anticipatory
actual fact,
as
it
undoubtedly
nervous
really unjustified
is
in
by any moral
149
and
agitation
in the
possible reaction
of
in
the
.a likely
'be
ment
should be possessed in
"
to introduce
further expressed his determination
-such measures of reform as may prove useful and
He
Gov-
and
gain great
renown
in the civilized
the civilized
Dyer
fired
-that
on
name
its
is,
the helpless
it
&50
INDIA'S
probable that
all this
took.
Whatever
that
Punjaub
may
be,
measures they
in the
produced such
as
has been
Montagu expressed disapproval of General Dyer'saction and demanded his resignation^ the general feeling was that there was a good deal of whitewashing, and
that adequate punitive action was not taken against alF
1
those
officers,
excesses.
movement.
Another cause of the movement was furnished by
the Khilafat question.
The war came to a sudden end
towards the close
armistice on
critical
period of the
War was-
151
Crown.
Government made repeated declarations
that they had not the least intention of destroying
Turkey, and President Wilson's famous list of fourteen
The
British
points included the maintenance of Turkish independence, and of the territorial integrity of Asiatic Turkey.
It
reconciled
served
their loyalty
suaded them
and
per-
the War.
to
When,
Entente
into
The
Khilafat.
and, on
24th
himself
Moslems was
Gandhi
with
the
declared
Hindus.
that
adversity,
" the
test of
and
friendship
whatever
we
is
are,
true,
assistance
Hindus,
in
Parsees,
152
INDIA'S
We
edan countrymen, only on conditions. Conditional assistance is like adulterated cement which does not bind."
resolved
from the
British
co-operation
factorily
solved.
Bombay
in
down
Another
February
Government
in
to
their
Conference,
issued
1920,
held
at
manifesto,
the
against
decision, particularly
but also the entire
them
went
and
all
in case the
goods,
laying
and further
celebrations,
progressively withhold
to
to
An
demands.
England
to wait
influential
deputation
med ans.
But
all
these
efforts
upon whom
Lloyd George,
Greek Premier, exercised
were
Mr.
vain.
Mr.
Venezelos,
the
in
Supreme
Council
and
to
as humiliating to the
British
Ministers,
and
153
added
"
if
Christianity
1 '
as a
for
teachings.
tes to the terms were summarily dismissed, and on
affixed their
10th August 1920, they
obediently
her
Allies,
and
at
the
scheme
of partition
of
the
their
for
Com-
Two
days
later,
the All-India Congress Committee adopted a resolution for holding a special session of the National
Congress
On
and
it
tion should
be resorted
to the Viceroy.
On
1st
to,
that non-co-opera-
after a
month's
movement
Government
by
notice
154
INDIA'S
Khilafat and
to
Govern-
the Punjab
made
continue
impossible for him to
co-operation
with a Government that had acted so unscrupuit
lously
and
whom
for
he
could
retain
neither
Madan Mohan
Malaviya
and
some
other
notable
leaders
<
"a
redressed and
Swaraj won.
idle to speculate
severity, in
self-aggrandisement.
events which
we have
the
In
selfish
the
light
'
spirit
of
of
the-
155~>
but
oi
processes that
necessarily had to be undergone before the new reforms could come into operation, it is impossible not
to see the
own
many
inscrutable designs in
its
1
.
its
CHAPTER X
THE NoN-co-OPERAtiON MOVEMENT
AND
ITS
INWARDNESS
I
Mr
T"*HE adoption
*
the Indian
by an unparalleled
'-followed
in favour of the
movement.
all
A strong
Committee was appointed to give effect to the programme and it issued detailed instructions as to the
steps that should be taken by local committees and
;
programme.
of the
new gospel.
movement assumed
hear his
and bitter struggle between India and England, be-tween Indian Nationalism and British Imperialism; and
ileader of that
Director of the
He
He
prophet.
Government was
confidence
their
in
ties
the
satanic, that
and
Punjaub
spoke
in
language of
people that the British^
the
told
157"
they
had
forfeited
their
allegiance
by
and
breach
their
atroci-
of
faith
or righteousness, in
of
place
Government,
the
present satanic
kingdom could be
'
faith;
with
Rajya
its
treasured
made
looked forward
British
to the
their
home and
dom
Rama
associations of universal
the fate
it
so richly
ruins, would arise the kingof Rama which alone would put an end to the
its
The propaganda
poverty, ignorance and servitude.
conducted by such a marvellous personality on such
appealing lines in support of such a great cause, had its
'
158
JNDIA'S
tion
was
far
from
scheme
its
annual session
of non-co-operation
within
its
of voluntary
when
satisfactory or effective,
at
Nagpur,
reaffirm-
enlarged so as
from
And
taxes.
the
to
include,
renunciation
Government
to
and
this
amplified
non-payment
scheme oi non-co-operation was passed
with the approval and support of those very leaders,
like Mr. C. R. Das, who, only, a few months before,
had strongly opposed it. Thus, Mahatma Gandhi
stood forth before India and the world, as the un-
extended
ed
by
a subject
grievances and
to
people to obtain
win its freedom.
redress
of
its
II
redress
the
Its
159
Government;
its
the creation
of
by
first,
by
the
settlement
all
the
elevation
differences
of
eveiy
suppressed
class,
and,
perfect co-operation,
all
the
Hindu
concord,
castes
the
rpressed classes.
only in deed
169
INDIA'S
the
called the
"
"
triple boycott,
viz.,
boycott of educational
institutions, of
Councils.
Government- controlled or Government-affiliated instiStudents of the age of 16 and over were totutions.
withdraw from such
tious
objection
in them.
tice
tion.
were
were
Lawyers
litigants
to
The new
none
by
settle
to
legislatures
seeking
actually held,
their
suspend
their disputes
election
were
;
and almost
to
be
but
all
by
as
the
pracarbitra-
boycotted
elections-
seats with
very few exceptions were filled, the elected members were to be called upon to resign their seats.
But
as there
was
little
possibility of those
who sought
what they
and
161
and
The authorities of
Colleges, and of arbitration Courts.
Government-affiliated in-
Government-controlled or
stitutions
were
to nationalise them.
Students were
The economic
sist in a
part of the
programme was
to con-
be
to-
such
action.
11
when
Government servants
demanded
in other depart-
US2
INDIA'S
ments were,
same way,
in the
mean-
while, openly attending popular gatherings, and rendering financial assistance to national movements. And,
lastly,
movement.
III.
movement
so
is
necessary to refute
obviously unjust
it.
No doubt
it
that
it
contained
is
not
some
Though a few
institutions
the
former
lawyers
as
before.
Some
Jayakar,
Government
few months
foe
the
at
before,
reforms in the
of honest
spirit
Congress,
the
working
co-operation.
the
*f!his
the
though a
Amritsar
in favour of
as
it
'
163
leaders
had
On
been
question,
important
Mr.
died in
Tilak, who unfortunately
July 1920 before the special meeting of the Congress,
to the intense sorrow of his countrymen, causing a
divided.
-<io-operate
where
it
was necessary
'Mahomedans,
decision
he was, however,
personal opinion and join the
they acted
Councils.
provided
to boycott the
of
fact,
Mahomedan
to
seek
election
candidates
in
the
to
up
As
came
various
their
matter
forward
constituen-
'bad
and
been
it
is
doubtful
1iks
feteri
164-
INDIA'S
Nagpur.
bis idealism
the
way
of the success-
and
of Indian Society,
its
Such speculations
inevitable.
human
ultimate
are,
nature*
was*
collapse
however,
futile^
The boycott
774 seats, and it was only in six cases that there wasno election at all for want of a candidate. The propaganda
considerable effect
ence
was
upon
voters,
however, produced-
whose natural
indiffer-
the
first
to exercise
movement
stituted
and functioned,
as
designed
under
the-
constitution.
But whatever
criticism
levelled^
movement, particularly
their character,
'there can
it
'
achieved, but
still
Height
of
aim
and
nobility of
a failure, so faf as
all
Impracticable or ill-considered
-their attitude
towards the
Government, and
inspire
its
rule for
any length
of
time
INDIA'S
and
to attain
gain their
ends.
Non-co-operation is a powerful
weapon in the hands of an oppressed people, and
the fact that it is realised, and
be used, as such,
may
upon
the
developed
a high degree of patriotism and are
ready to undergobut these are conditions which a*e
great sacrifice
not beyond fulfilment in the case of a
people, like the
;
people of India.
With regard
ment,
upon
move-
its
by aome of the
produced,
men
late Justice
Ranade, the
late
167
doubt
with success
among the best and highest contributions he has made to the re- making of India.
In
that they are
blamed by some
Hindu-Moslem
unity,
he has been
Moslem community.
Miller, the German author
the
has remarked,
"
However justified some
of
these
objections
may
in
themselves appear to be, the greatness of Gandhi's undertaking remains beyond dispute. The fact that he succeeded, even if only partially, and perhaps not permanently, in
reaching a national agreement in the century-old hostility
between the two creeds, remains an historic fact, which isbound to be numbered among the most important in the
history of India."
As
regards the removal of untouchability, it isimpossible to over estimate the effect of Mahatma
Gandhi's
adequate response.
for the
removal
168
INDIA'S
On the whole,
will not
started
judgment
Utopian or harmful. While fully recognising the objections which can be justly raised against it, and the evil
results
same
its
it
produced
in certain directions,
inwardness.
After
must be recognised
all
that
its
that can
it
it
will, at
the
be said against
was a
it, it
nation's indignant
Swaraj.
live issues.
longer
gotten and forgiven a nation cannot go on brooding
over such a wrong for ever the latter has lost all its
;
for
it
will
169
IV
The Nagpur Congress, not being content with
the
boycott of the
visit
of H. R. H. the
Duke
of
Connaught
The idea
to India to inaugurate the new constitution.
of national independence was vaguely floating in the
minds of some people, though they
the
wisdom
resolution.
"
We
felt
doubts as to
the world and to the whole of India that we may not possibly have British connection if the British people will not do
khilafat wrongs).
duty to destroy
it."
foreign rule
that
170
INDIA'S
him
is visible in his
might prove a beneficent force making for the advancement and uplift of the Indian people. But he made it
King
of Sardinia.
His Royal Highness the Duke of Connaught landed at Madras on the 10th of January 1921, and the
ing,
why he had
of the Duke's
through him,
visit
and appealing
Englishman,
every
to
to
understand the
view-point
left
India has not carried the weight and does not carry
"
His
the weight whkh India has a right to claim.
were
marked by
fine
171
but so
situation,
British
Secrets.
CHAPTER XI
THE
NON-CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT
(continued)*
the Legislative
Assembly and
The
chapter,
is
to describe
the
course
of
the Non-co-
and of expectation
that
it
of that Council
movement
as
"
the
NON-CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT
schemes/' and expressed
by reason
"
(continued)
it
173**
would
In
the
inanity/
after
the
November
of
Session
1920,
special
beginning
of the Congress at Calcutta had adopted the Non-co^
fail
of
intrinsic
its
Government issued a
hand
in adopting
measures
of
if they
such strong
repression,
Government declared in
the Legislative Assembly that they would not hesitate to put down the movement by repression, if it led
In short, with the spread of the moveto violence.
the
ment among
masses, the Government decided to
meet it both by repression, and by deliberate and
action.
In
March 1921,
the
movement.
began
to
war
it
was resolved
to raise a national
fund of one
by
increasing
its
membership
to
one-
174
-
INDIA'S
crore.
formidable
national organisation, thoroughly representative of the people, with ramifications spread all
over the
in
the
country,
nation
forces,
the
Moslem
the
movement,
non-co-operation
protagonists
the
were
Kkilafatists,
growing more
particularly
more
such
and
militant, being probably led to
by the new offensive comincreasing militancy
menced at this time against the Turks by the
Greeks, and also by the nationalist movements in
A conference of Moslem
Egypt and Afghanistan.
Divines declared that the national
independence of
the
Moslem
among
the people.
In April 1921,
Chelmsford as Viceroy.
great
hoped that his patience and tact in dealing with difficult and delicate situations would stand the Government in good stead in meeting the political situation in
Nor was the hope unrealised.
He showed
India.
^remarkable
skill
in
Non-co-ope-
NON-CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT
ation
movement.
He aimed
at
(continued)
undermining
175
the
far
weakened
of
that there
thereby
Non-co-operation moveSoon after his arrival, he succeeded in per-
struck a heavy
ment.
blow
at the
Mahatma Gandhi
to seek an
interview
which ultimately resulted in an
apology being tendered, under Mahatma Gandhi's
advice, by the Alii brothers who had taken so promi-
suading
176
INDIA'S
blow struck
at the
Non-co-operation
movement and
its-
by an astute Viceroy.
This reverse, however, did not seriously affect the
course of the Non-co-operation movement. The apology
did not lead to the downfall of the Ali brothers who
leader
became
still
more truculent
in their utterances.
Mr.
Mahomed
of Islam.
At
the
All-India
NON-CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT
(continued)
177
it
his
Government
firitish army or
The conference
Government,
suffering in the
if
the British
Republic.
Events
flag
of the Indian
were now
time, the
Government
it
was no wonder
that the
*o
refrain
178
,to
INDIA'S
wise
in his
Heir-Apparent to
Government and the
and
officially or
other-
This
honour.
British
community
in India,
which brought
one
mination to do
so,
Mr.Tilak's death
the
fire
being lighted
by Mahatma
Gandhi.
and
On the
NON-CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT
(continued)
179
tensified
that
as
various
by
it
the
may,
places,
causing
The most
property.
among the Moplahs
The Moplahs
1921.
prone
Be
non-co-operation movement.
serious disturbances occurred
much
terrible
of
are
of
loss
outbreak
Malabar
fanatical
on
life
at
and
took
place
20th August
Muslims
easily
of
Khilafat
message
of the
movements had
non-co-operation and
reached them
and their
;
An
They
180
The
INDIA'S
was
repeated, and
Khilafatists
many
was
and others
deli-
showing as it did that the prestigeof, the Government had seriously declined, and measures of repression had lost all terrors for the people..
ity
significant,
"
theintensely jealous of
of man, took up the challenge;,
is
and, in a manifesto issued by him and 46 other non-cooperation leaders, they declared
:
"
"We
to India.
are also
Government and
find
livelihood."
NON-CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT
This manifesto was endorsed
(continued)
181
the resolution
in
policy of the
was
It
also
The
<val.
policy of
civil
was
disobedience
also
now
the public
iunds.
Wales
Thus,
to India,
public feeling was still further embittered by the regressive measures taken by the Government, and in
II.
ed
Bombay on
a hearty
November 1921.
at
reception
the Municipal
He was
the pier,
accord-
which was
participated in
ft>ay
17th
official
by
1*82
The
INDIA'S
Bombay
extreme
realities
and
constitutionalism.
considerable-
open rupture
and
as the Prince
was passing
and injured.
he took
all
so
it
was the
mind that
profound
made upon
responsibility for
the out-
his
"
has stunk
Ihe bureaucracy and the non-official European comlimnity; and on 18th November, 1921, the Bengali
NON-CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT
(continued)
183
Chamber of Commerce addressed a letter to the Government of Bengal in which they described the Hartal
as a triumph of organisation, declared that the prestige
of the Government had received a severe blow, and
urged measures of repression with a view to asserting
their authority
"
In order to understand ", they said, "bow successful
the movement was, its leading features must be surveyed.
In the first place, tbe means of locomotion were paralysed*.
No tram-cars "ticca gharries " or rickshaws were allow:
ed
to
run,
Office gharries-
could not be
utilised.
demand
for repression
was instantaneous.
The very
184
INDIA'S
next day, they issued a notification declaring the Congress and Khilafat volunteer organisation as unlawful.
25th November, the Commissioner of Police,
On the
by proclamation, suppressed
all
public
assemblies
And
mofussil towns.
if
to put
down
the
movement
to
visit
and the example set by the Bengal Government was quickly followed by the Governments of
most of the other Provinces. In the Punjaub, United
;
Provinces,
Assam and
Delhi
provinces,
volunteer
NON-CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT
185
(continued)
"The
on
would win or
It
lose.
entirely
I ask
186
INDIA'S
Govern-
went out
in the
"
the son.
It
was
torture for us
"
said Mrs.
Das
*'
to
were
too,
immediately
arrested
by
European
sargeant.
The news
wild-fire
ment.
When women
NON-CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT
(continued)
187
lowed by
to
make
a greater
show of
went
places, the
obedience
ment.
land
to orders followed
by
arrests
and imprison-
the
five
Modern
India.
Even*
:188
INDIA'S
those
who had
ment condemned
ernment.
An attempt
visitor receive
But
proper reception
this time,
Mahatma
much
'Congress met at
As
jail,
workers.
by
the re-
received the
most
NON-CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT
(continued)
189
disobedience, and the Congress earnestly appealed to all to offer themselves for arrest by joining the
civil
National Volunteer
invested with
full
Mahatma Gandhi
Corps.
powers
as Dictator
was
of the Con-
with the Government of India or the British Government without the previous sanction of the All-India
Congress Committee to be finally ratified by the Con-
Convened
its leave.
civil
In asking the
delegates to sanction
geous speech,
in the course of
"
which he said
mass
a coura-
190
you
INDIA'S
find in
stone
exposed to the
from all
by
favour
Moslems
to
in his
Committee
on
of
1st
the
resolution urging
all
Muhammadans and
other
Com-
These
proposals about
national
independence
show
on,
it
was not
until
1927
Congress
adopted
ence. Strange as
never
it
may
independence.
On
this
NON-CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT
191
(continued)
movement had no thought of severing the British conMahatma Gandhi's policy has somenection itself.
times been attacked by critics as lacking in the essential element of statesmanship, one of the marks of
On
is
that question,
in striking contrast
with
its
utter lack in
some
fea-
On the other
tures of his policy and programme.
hand, critics of the Extremist type consider this as one
of his limitations, and contrast
it
Ill
The
demand
the
opinion
to
movement. In
was somewhat
non-co-operation
moderate
who began
India
alienated
to the
itself,
by
proposed
192
INDIA'S
Round Table
by the
Gandhi
Congress, blamed
after the
Mahatma
and
"
declared that
Some Congressmen,
beyond doubt
too,
that
and, as a preliminary to
it,.
NON-CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT
a Conference
of
all
was
parties
(continued)
held at
193
Bomba7
on
the
14th
Government and popular representatives, and suggested that His Majesty's Government should clothe the
for the
purpose of
Mahatma
Gandhi attended
this All-Parties
Conference, expressed
himself quite in sympathy with its objects, but declined
to take part in its deliberations or to vote on the resolu-
tions proposed.
civil
to
all efforts
in
down
On 9th February
the non-co-operation movement.
1922, the Government of India published their correspondence with the Secretary of State on the situation in India, in which they had defended themselves
13
194
INDIA'S
against any
charge of supineness
his
in dealing
with
movement
On
suspend
civil
if
Lord
in order to
mark
its
viz.,
that the
full confi-
NOX-CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT
(continued}
195
all
the
for
settled
down
at the
town
mob
of 3,000
men
led
by hundreds of Congress volunteers deliberately murdered and burnt to death all the police, about 22 in
number,
pur
in the station of
District,
officer had,
Chauri Chaura
in the
Gorakh-
-soon suppressed
feeling,
and about
fifty
a revulsion
condemn-
At an emergent meeting
civil
disobedience at
of the
Working Com-
imprisonment.
196
INDIA'S
as also
all
his advice
tee
met
sion
at
of
later,
disobedience,
his
and
sudden suspenof
the
general"
programme
abandonment
blunder
oi the
by Mahatma Gandhi
himself.
movement
of Mahatma Gandhi, his French admirer, Romain Rolland, while thoroughly appreciating its moral value,,
Gandhi's
own
sudden orders to
particularly
in
is
the
retreat
felt
about the
him.
Those,,
given by
Deccan and Central Provinces-
NON-CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT
<who never agreed with him entirely
(continued)
in his
197
programme
of non-co-operation, or shared his religious faith in non-violence, began more and more to raise their voice
against
not to
ence
his leadership,
have resolved
at all, or if
upon
he did so
deliberately chosen,
civil
starting
after full
swerved from
because
simply
disobedi-
disturbances,
which could hardly be avoided in avast national move'ment like this, broke out at some places. They con-trasted his methods with those of their great hero,
iLokamanya Tilak, who never advanced too far, never
faltered,
this great
and remarkable
Ahmedabad, under
orders
of
the
man
Ashram
at
Government of
when
it
came
at last,
198
INDIA'S
insisted.
indeed,
The
writes
official chronicler,
"This step
(i.e.
the
arrest of
This historic
1922,
at
trial
NON-CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT
(continued)
199
me."
among
the non-co-operationists-
selves.
CHAPTER
THE STRUGGLE FOR SWARAJ
XII
IN
THE LEGISLATURES
THE
new
the non-co-operation
legislatures were,
from the
determined to
first,
work
who
we have
had, as
seen,
Swaraj
and, second-
demands
composed,
new
policies in
in
many
cases,
of Liberals, initiated
ates
they
administered
popular control.
the
And,
departments
further, they
transferred
showed
to
a correct
SWARAJ
IN
201
THE LEGISLATURES
The
Legislative
that
with them.
Assembly was
repeated demands
establishment of
ment
in
ment,
though
who
then occupied
Service
in
characteristic habit of
that,
whatever
202
INDIA'S
it.
Government regarding
for
suspension of civil disobedience, for attaining Swaraj, whatever social and moral value it
might have, in itself, advocated the removal of the
and system
of
Government should
at
once be con-
British
203
Government,
"
"
If the right itself", the manifesto
is conceded,
said,
be a matter for negotiation between the Government
and the Nationalist members in .the
Assembly, as to themanner in which the right is to be given effect to. But in
the event
of the Government
refusing to entertain the
demand, or, after agreeing to do so, offering terms which
are not acceptable, it shall be the
duty of the members of
the party elected to the
Assembly and 'the Provincial
Councils, if they constitute a majority, to resort to a policy
of uniform, continuous and consistent
obstruction, with a
view to make Government
through the Assembly and the
Councils impossible."
-
it will
this
in.
able successes.
Except
it
in
With
was
great,
and
at times,
decisive.
the
full
responsible government:
"204
INDIA'S
>in
India,
-to
-submit
statute.
This resolution was a most unmistakable
and emphatic expression of the Assembly* s will as
^regards constitutional advance, and constituted the
national
demand
as voiced
This national
by
the
by
Labour Government
rejected
meanwhile,
ment
of
India
Act,
and expressed
the
view
of
"
-the
system
no
-
concordat
among
may be
arrived at
by a
it
This un-
SWARAJ
IN
THE LEGISLATURES
205<
summary and
offhand refusal of
demand without
exploring avenues of possible understanding between the Government and the Legislative
Assembly made the people of India feel that, after all,
when
there
was
unceremoniously
unanimous demand
brushing
aside
the
considered,
Indian people.
Bill.
'206
-
INDIA'S
House
Crown. But
Commons
of
as the
sanction behind
in its
struggle
with the
it,
except
and the
Bill.
ineffective as
it
was, had
its
value.
Ill
The urge
'
for
not,
minority expressed its clear conviction that the constitution should be revised and placed on a permanent
basis, with provisions for automatic progress, so that
the
stability
co-operation
Jn the Simla
.Assembly
of
the
Government and
the
willing
the
people
might be secured.
Session
of 1925, the Legislative
of
expressed
its
disapproval
of
the
re-
SWARAJ
of
port
IN
Committee,
the
207
THE LEGISLATURES
resolution reiterating, in a
and,
more
again,
elaborate
passed
form, the
^national
damental changes
(a)
The revenues
His Majesty,
machinery and
in the constitutional
of British
shall henceforth
India,
hitherto
be vested in the
vested in
Governor-
nationalised within a
(d) The Indian Army shall be
short and definite period of time, and Indians shall be
admitted for service in all arms of defence ; and, for that
and the Commander-in-purpose, the Governor- General
*Chief shall be
assisted
by a minister responsible
to
the
Assembly.
(e)
consist
The
Provincial
Central and
of members elected
entirely
Legislatures shall
by constituencies
The
principle
of responsibility to
the legislature
208
INDIA'S
respect of the
control
the
of
military,
fixed
a fixed maximum,,
such expenditure,
and, in the event of a war, to authorise such expenditureas may be considered necessary exceeding the maximum
for
fixed.
The
shall be abolished,
(h)
The Indian
power
to
amend the
constitution.
Government
not co-operate,
change of
he
added,
heart.
"
unless
"
as
it
Government showed a
11
history of the Reforms
the
The
developes,
will
furnish
the
SWARAJ
brightest
chapter
this land.
The
IN
the
in
209
THE LEGISLATURES
chequered
history
of
once
for
reform,
begun r
struggle
must sooner or later have its appointed end, which is
no other than the achievement of the fullest freedom,
It
by willingly giving
a helping
Chamber,
the
progress,
it
Thus
marked by such a
and reasonableness that the
Government should have had no difficulty in giving it
a sympathetic consideration. At all events, if they
had been inspired by the least desire to meet the
Its
Swaraj.
spirit
of
moderation
party,
before
14
they
took
any
action
to
meet the
210
desire
INDIA'S
of
progress.
Indian
the
people for constitutional
Both the Secretary of State and the Viceroy
call for
co-operation, evi-
would succeed
bending the
Swarajist party to their own will, and in compelling the
Indian people to accept the fundamental principles
underlying the Declaration of August 20, 1917, and jthe
dently hoping
that they
Reforms.
Montagu-Chelmsford
not
fail
to realize this
The
in
Swarajists did
legislation,
without,
at
the
in
enacting
same
time,
successful.
its
its
Democratic
Party.'
Some
211
Das had
also
obdurate.
Nevertheless, nothing daunted,
an
he gave
open challenge to the Government. On
:8th March 1926, he made in the Legislative Assembly
ful,
w.is
of Indian
public,
and
international,
He
opinion.
electo-
contemptuous
it.
The
driving
other
force
.Nevertheless,
parties
and
they
were
thus
co-operation
carried
on
deprived of the
of
the
the
Swarajists.
constitutional
212
INDIA'S
demand
for allowances to
Council.
In the Council
another
of State,
battle
was*
unsuccessfully fought on 18th February 1926. TheHon. Sir P. C. Sethna moved a resolution urging theappointment of a Royal Commission to formulatea scheme for the establishment of responsible Government in India. In a closely reasoned and persuasive
well stoop to conquer the heart of India, by magnanimously satisfying her ardent longing for self-govern-
ment.
lost
IV
Let us now turn
carried
on
already
stated
in
the Provincial
that,
won
Councils.
in the elections
clear
of
Swaraj as>
We have
1923,
majority in the
the-
Central*
Swaraj party
In the Bengal LegisProvinces Legislative Council.
the
leader of the party;,
lative Council, Mr. Das,
in forming a coalition with many Muslim
which
members,
gave it a commanding position in
succeeded
213
-difficulties, arising
twhich
empowered
relating to
the
Resolutions
advoca"-
allowed
by the
though
were
Council,
unceremoniously
vetoed by the Governor. The present writer, as a
tnember of the Bombay Legislative Council since
President of
reform,
the
by
resolution urging
every time, his resolu-
sessions,
;
by
but,
the President,
was disallowed
rejected
it.
And
the
Council
of
the
214
INDIA'S
ridiculous
As
the
their salary.
the Governor.
Dr. Moonje,
is
now
Assembly,
communication
to
be sent
to the
Secretary of State r
would result
India Act, to
embody
x>f India
it
in the
The com-
it
to the
Government.
In Bengal,
They
destroying dyarchy.
ministers'
The
salaries
situation
the
also,
in
on
Swarajists succeeded in
refused the demand for
three
successive
occasions..
Bengal
promulgation by
the
ordinance to put
down
the
anarchical'
and revolu-
three of
IN
SWARAJ
THE LEGISLATURES
ment but
;
all
his efforts
were of no
On
avail.
28th
is
altered, or there is
a settlement bet-
this
ministry, went
on
Government had
to
own
time
being
defeat,
that
and the
administration of the
transferred subjects taken over by the GovernorThus, in the Bengal and the Central Provinces, the
made
it
clear
by making
to function, that a
system of
dyarchy
Government, more in consonance with the national
The policy of the Swaraj
will, must be established.
it may not
receive
not
party may
general approval
have succeeded in bringing the Government to a
it impossible for
standstill
attain
but, as an
Swaraj,
it is
its significance.
V
After the Delhi Session
lative
lull in
216
INDIA'S
November, 1927,
united the different political parties, and led to its revival in a more vigorous form.
This lull was due to
several causes.
administration.
The formation
of a
new
party, called
the Responsivist Party by Mr. Kelkar, Mr. Jayakar, Dr.Moonje and other Mahratta leaders to whom the policy
of the
late
successful,
Party.
both
in
ment maintained,
at least
demand
for constitutional
must
soon be replaced by another system. But, of course,
the traditional and characteristic secrecy of the Indian
Government was scrupulously maintained no indication at all was given that the question of the revision
of the constitution had begun to engage their
realized that the existing transitional constitution
SWARAJ
IN
THE LEGISLATURES
217
-the
Indian
Constitution.
But the
upon
India.
become that
and
communities.
high that
all
and outbreaks
218
of
INDIA'S
communal
Kemal
>
me
minds.
of those Muslims whose patriotism had been subordinated to the spirit of Pan-Islamism, and who had
major Hindu Community. With the sudden appearance or reappearance of this feeling of fear,
coupled
with the frustration of all their hopes as
regards the
revival of the Pan-Islamic movement, the less nationalist and more fanatical Moslems
began to manifest the
communal
form.
spirit in an increasingly intensive
Considerable sections of Hindus, on the other hand,,
began to feel that a little delay in the attainment of
Swaraj was
preferable to
its
immediate or
speedy
Hindu-Muslim unity
as-
219*
based on a
solved except by
common
what
by
they considered
a peril
more worsened by
still
communal
synthesis
electoral roll,
aggravated
a political
organisations
which
to
became
the forma-
tended
to
indeed,
moving
Assembly
again
raised
for the
the
demand
issue
by
The
motion was
the
ed
strength
of
the
Nationalist
parties.
The
communal problem was proving a most disturbingand those Moslem members who wanted the-
factor,
:220
INDIA'S
same
movement
-progressive
political
parties
seemed
if
The
think that
would
many
not be
Moslem
to
the
communal representation
Such was the develop-
and while
this
of the Indian
Commission to investigate
To what extent, they
question.
Statutory
'were influenced in
choosing
lism in the country, only the confidential correspondence between the Secretary of State and the Viceroy
can show.
CHAPTER
XIII.
SECTION
provides
that
the
at the
expiration
of ten years
ment
or
is
of Second
Chambers of
is
not desirable.
often urged
the
the ground that there had been no favourable atmosphere lor the inquiry, owing to the more influential
in
emergence,
in
Hindu-Moslem
ceased to
an
extremely
problem.
acute
India
form,
had
of
the
almost
when
the
222
INDIA'S
British
Government announced
their
intention
to
Lord Birkenhead,
appoint the Statutory Commission.
who had at one time expressed the view that the pro-
blem
that the
The exclusion
Commission
the Liberals, a large section of Moslems, the Independents all joined in condemning it, as an affront
vists,
to India,
and a grave
be
political
submit
Would
to the humilia-
insult lying
ment
the
general
Government
feeling aroused
in
"
with
it
now
or hereafter.
As Parliameg
t!
*the
of the Executive
Councils
of t
224
INDIA'S
India
or of Provincial
follows
Governments,
declared
as-
We
have come
exclusion
of
to
Indians
on equal terms, is
any part or share
from
set up,
in
present constituted.
These
meetings
all
manifestoes
were
over the
country
followed
at
by public
which resolutions
were adopted, condemning the Commission and supporting the proposal to boycott
it.
The
in
support
of the dstisiori of the Governjnent to appoint a purely
Commission,
though
not
the
least
cular,
made an earnest
to give up
it, and
the Commission.
to accept
their intention to
boycott
Government
en
The movement,
and
quasi-political
sanction
boycotting the
of most of the
Conferences
that
met
Hindu Mahasabha all strongly condemned the Commission, and supported the boycott.
minority among
the Mahomedans, under the leadership of Sir Shafi,
226
INDIA'S
owned by
League
boycott movement.
Christian Conference,
Christian
which
The Indian
represents
the Indian
that
the
The
It
own committees to co-operate with the Comto assist the inquiry in any form or manner.
or
mission,
elect their
They were
that might be
made
in
Commission.
social boycott
was
this political
boycott,
members
of the Commission might have no opportunity whatever of exchanging views with Indian leaders of opinion
or others, on questions with which they had to deaL
in
As
in
session.
directed
students joined in
the
marching in
and carrying banners
demonstrations,
meeting,
attended
by
over
fifty
thousand people,
meetings in that
city, was held on the Chowpatti sands; and the political
leaders of different parties who took part in the meet-
228
INDIA'S
ed by disturbances
but,
off.
peacefully.
On
a
letter to the
Simon addressed
some
the
moderate section
ot
Indian opinion-
We
the
line
of
we must adhere
to
decision,
that
we
Commission
at
any
our
This statement was signed by Dr. Ansari, Presiof the Congress, Mr. S. Srinivasa lyengar,
dent
Pandit
Rai,
Lajpat
Malaviya,
Mr.
Ali,
Jayakar,
Mr. Kelkar,
leaders and Dr. Annie Besant also took the same view
-and endorsed the statement.
man
of the Commission.
Assembly
On
two days.
was
endorsed
by the
debate lasting
1928, Lala Lajpat
after a full-dress
16th February
moved
-so
House that it
Bande Mataram"
gratified the
with cries of
"
The Council
heartily acclaimed
it
(Hail, Mofeher-land).
-of the
230
INDIA'S
a resolution for the election of representatives of theCouncil to participate in the joint conference was>
carried by a considerable majority.
This decision of
its
that the
difficult duties
Bombay,
Jaghirdars,,
of which
all
Zemindars,
that their co-operation with the Commission
Inamdars
in
result
and
securing them
hoped'
would
and^
special
advantages
strengthening their position in general. The Commission's stay in India during its first visit, short though
have convinced it of the strength of
it was, must
by the scheme framed by the Government and, when it returned in winter to resume itsduties and to examine witnesses, its itinerary was
hostile demonstrations.
again everywhere marked by
feeling aroused
;
In the meanwhile,
all
except
Free Conference.
sion, as a Joint
parties
in
the
Provincial
Legislatures
strongly
was based,
ture walked out and took no part in any further proceedings in connection with these Committees. It was
perfectly clear that, if the decision had been left entirely
to the vote of non-official members, in most of these
There can
Combe no
had
existence
to rely
some
it,
upon
sort of
in following the
their
own
agency
procedure
servants to bring
to help the
laid
down by
into-
Commission
itself.
The
most
instructive
and valuable.
In the
Bombay
232
was
INDIA'S
unconstitutional.
He may be pardoned
lor quot*
argument against co-operation with the Comthat the Commission, as constituted, is unconstitutional, and it logically follows that a constitutional body
like this House which has corne into existence by virtue of
legal constitutional instrument, should have nothing to do
"My
mission
first
is
with a body which is unconstitutional. I consider the Commission unconstitutional, because its constitution offends
against the fundamental principle and the real spirit underlying the historic announcement of 20th August 1917, upon
is based.
That principle
the essence of that spirit is, that the British and the;
Indian people are jointly responsible for the welfare and the
advancement of the Indian people, and that they are both
judges of the time and measure of its constitutional
advance.
"
The existing constitution, based on and derived from
this pronouncement, which is really a pledge given by
is,
on
the
unconstitutional.
"Sir, Lord Birkenhead, and all those who have supported his scheme in Parliament, have argued that the
Government of India Act requires that the Statutory Commission to be appointed under section 84-A of that Act
must be a Parliamentary Commission. I most emphatiIt is warranted neither by
cally dispute this contention.
the language of the section itself, nor by the comments of
-the Joint Parliamentary Committee on that section, nor by
what the authors of the Montagu- Chelmsford Report have
said about the Commission in that report.
Far from this
'being the case, I maintain as against it, that the correct
constitutional position is, that having regard to the wording of the section, to the comments of the Joint Parliamentary Committee, to what the authors of the report
have said about the Commission, and, above all, having
regard to the principle and policy embodied in the announcement of 20th August 1927, the Commission must
be a mixed Commission of the British and Indians. The
existing constitution cloes not enjoin a Parliamentary Commission ; on the contrary, it does enjoin a mixed Commis.sion of the British and Indians.
Any Commission which
does not comply with this fundamental condition is an
unconstitutional Commission."
difficult to achieve.
234
INDIA'S
tolerate
any
affront,
con-
scious
matter of favour or
of her
own
of
to the
to
them.
Commission and
its
Apart
boycott,,
Whether
this
happy consummation
will
be
it.
CHAPTER XIV
OWN CONSTITUTION
'I
HOUGH
the
of
the
Statutory
storm of
opposition*
constitution
Commission
aroused
throughout the country, and all the leading partiesscrupulously refrained from offering any co-operation
to
it, it
must be admitted
one good
result
that
it
produced
indirectly
more vivid
led to a
it
realization
indeed,
demand
by
India.
more
;
The
than
Legislative
Assembly had,
formulated
once,
national
Con-
freedom, ever sincethe inviolable sanctity of the principle had been declared by President Wilson. Western systems of self-'
political
criticized
by
fundamental principles-
236
INDIA'S
by an
alien
national
sion
it
her
suited to
national
genius.
The
but
notion
one
of
to the national
and
meaning,
may make
an
irresistible
-seem
little
^of life
rational
-that
produced a Commonwealth of India Bill which embodied a scheme of representation which might claim
to be more suited to India's national genius than any
But precisely, this very feature of the Bill
other.
aroused little enthusiasm, and, in other respects, it was
modelled on the Australian constitution and provid-
ed
it
-of
many members
of every party.
Lord Birkenhead
OWN CONSTITUTION
237"
said
We
Again,
Statutory
in
Birkenhead said
is sometimes said by our critics in India that it isRound-Table Conference or a Congress in India to
decide upon the form of constitution suitable for themselves, and then for the British Parliament formally to passit.
This suggestion has not been lightly made. It hasbeen seriously made by men who are entitled that their
I can only make
observations shall be seriously accepted.
I have twice in the three years during
this comment.
.which I have been Secretary of State invited our critics in
"It
for a
own
suggestions for a
constitu-
"238
-INDIA'S
n, to
indicate to us the
constitution
be
immensely strengthened
such as
-constitution
behind
In
if
they wanted,
and
which had
it
fact,
reached a stage when India was bound to be confronted with the question of framing her own conIn most countries, such a stage had been
stitution.
it
The appointment
;
desirable, in her
own
interests,
reconcile
points,
and
conflicting
claims,
interests
be regarded
and view-
might justly
mind and
will of India.
its
Working Committee
tion* in consultation
organisations.
It
with the
was
to draft a constitu-
committees of other
also resolved
that a special
should
convention
convened
be
consider
to
and
Committee
to
'inunity
which the
would be
Muslim com-
safe- guarded.
of the
interests
communal
all
February 1928
tution in
bearings.
all its
The
consti-
first
in the constitution ?
The Madras Congress
had adopted a resolution declaring that national independence, and not merely Dominion'Status, was
the goal of India; and some delegates at the Confer-
.embodied
ernment
should
who
believed
fullest liberty to
in
work
independence
for
it.
was
The
first
that the
responsible government.
240
INDIA'S
Having decided this fundamental question, theConference turned to other questions including the
most difficult and delicate question of communal
representation.
own
proposals as
insisted
on
its^
May
communal
to
thoroughly representative of
parties
and organisations.
It
make
the Committee-
all
Ali
OWN CONSTITUTION
241
jealous guardians of
earnestness, with the sole object of producing a conwhich would be reasonable, meet the require-
stitution
its
destiny
sympathy with
reconcile th6
provisional needs of communalism with the dominant conditions and requirements of nationalism, safeguard every legitimate interest, and thus be acceptable
to the people of India as a whole, as representing the
greatest agreement that was possible to reach on a
contribution
to the solution
of India's
242
INDIA'S
The most
difficult
tiie
communal aspect
of the constitutional problem and the wise, judicial
and statesmanlike spirit with which it has tried to
had
to decide was,
of course,
approach
says
and solve
it
deserves commendation.
It
"
We
We
framed by
the
Nehru
INDIA 'FRAMES
^Committee.
>Dr,
-significance ot the
Ansari
thus
described
work done by
the
243
the
Committee
great
:
lost ourselves,
the
and
was
President
fully
its
approval upon
be subsequently submitted
thus
maintained
confidence
It
the constitution,
to take
in the
such steps as
form of a Bill
to a National
Convention
244
The
INDIA'S
first
States, shall
self-governing
embodies the
Status, as
it
Dominions.
fundamental
Thus
the
principle
constitution
of
Dominion
The
realized in future.
may be
British connection
it
Canada, the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of the New Zealand, the Union of South Africa
and the
tion
Irish
is
Free
not
off
development
State.
broken
shall
be
without
sufficient
reason,.
fettered.
Having thus
clearly defined
Indian people.
At
is
asserted
consequently,
all
irom them.
and
judicial,
alii
emanate-
The
list
OWN CONSTITUTION
245
in such script as
[#]
is
in
[4] Equal right of access to, and use of, public roads,
a propublic wells and all other places of public resort
-vision evidently intended in the interests of the depressed
classes.
[5]
[6]
Freedom
improvement
[7]
and association
and economic conditions.
of combination
of labour
Guarantee of
fair rents
for the
to agricultural tenants.
The
declaration of fundamental
rights
in
the
vative lines,
that,
*sense of security
under the
feel'
at an
and Communist schools of
constitution,
it is
not
"thought have objected to it, as calculated to perpetuate a capitalistic or bourgeoisie state of society.
The rights of women, of depressed classes, of Capital
.and Labour, and of minorities are strictly safe-guarded
an the Declaration of Rights.
246
INDIA'S
Some modern
This
improvement
in the
making
is*
a decided*
of constitutions.
Citizens
depend no
less
on the performance
of
duties than
orp-
The
The
its
to
it is
out of
be created, render
imperative that the residuary powers should be vested in the Government of the Indian Commonwealth,
it
and not
This
is
fully
in the Constitution.
German Republic
But
it
full responsible
the ministry jointly responsible toand for a bi-cameral system in the
Government with
the
legislature,
latter
are
to
the Senate, ot
be elected
by members of Provincial
OWN CONSTITUTION
House
ot
247
Representatives
Again,
purpose,
it
the
if
and
necessary that
House
command
to
it
popular
should have
is
of Representatives, and
it
respect,
settled
that
by
all
differences
a majority in a
joint session.
ministries.
and
are
groups
in the
stable
many
likely to
only
appointment,
and
of
that,
certain
too,
from
period
only by
its
two-thirds
majority of
members
this period,
it
may
The
must
this
248
INDIA'S
The
provisions
the
relating
to
cautious and
Commander
of the
Staff,
defence.
on
Further,
it is
only
Committee of Defence
the
a
measure
that
affecting
discipline or maintenance
of any part of the military, naval or air forces, may be
introduced in the Legislature.
we may
the
provisions df the
As
Constitution regarding communal representation.
these provisions are not approved of by some sections
Lastly,
refer to
Moslem
opinion, including that led by His Highness the Aga Khan and Sir Shan of the Punjaub, and
of
as
it is
and judged
merits,
carefully
and dispassionately on
we quote them
in full :-T
their
own
INDIA FRAMES
"
249
I.
India
for the
legislatures.
II.
House
where
N. W.
In the provinces
III.
munity
in
the
Punjaub
Muslim minorities on
Such
250
INDIA'S
vital interests
But
there can be
mended by
no doubt
that
if
is
considered on
calculated to harmonise the rightful claims of a considerable and powerful minority with those of the
of opinion
may
Some
communal
electo-
nor need we
scheme proposed by
at
any
rate,
split
between-
realized only
electorates,
while, in
be-
OWN CONSTITUTION
culous insistence on a
common
without reservation of
seats,
it
is
Nationalism, and a no less healthy, strong and progressive Indian Democracy, can be built up only on the
granite rock of the perfect fusion of all the diverse com-
of
the
of the All-India*
proposals
They seek
to
much
as
munities realize as
means of
wholly
the electoral
make
it
roll
is
all
comdo so by
the Indian
possiWe
that their
to
interests are
identical.
Ill
What
is
the
adopted
by
the All-Parties*
Conference*
accepted
ing
it
The
ation.
is
252
INDIA'S
interests
of
the
assigned by
it
and
minorities,
to the
the position
that
far from
The
satisfactory.
opinion of the
Sikh community seems to be sharply divided. While
one section of the community has given it its full
-support, the other, which stands for the goal of nationis
al
independence,
thinks
"
that
it
Some sections of
self-respect and dignity of .India."
the non-Brahmin community in the Bombay Presidency
insist
arrangement
on
maintenance
the
whereby
seats
are
of
the
reserved
some
existing
for the
districts,
in
means
;
claim
The
least
by
special
representation,
of reservation of seats, on the ground that, in
at
chance
no
is
impossible
represent them proand
to
do
all
is
that
perly
necessary to remove their
disabilities, to elevate their status and to raise them
to the level of the advanced communities.
for caste
Hindus
A considerable
to
is
section including
*best and-
bad
the
hand,
253
entirely
scheme
OWN CONSTITUTION
lor
another
communal
>
its
views are embodied in a resolution passed by a conference held under the presidency of His Highness the
As
Aga Khan
at
Delhi en 31st
December 1928.
important
to
know, as
fully
"Whereas
in
is
federal
its
and geographical or
Government suitable
system
with complete
the constituent
in
may
such
is
Moslem
it
as
control
only
be
over
specially
And
no bill, resolution,
motion or amendment regarding intercommunal matters be
moved, discussed or passed by any legislature, central or
provincial, if a three-fourths majority of the members of
either
that
Hindu
essential that
or the
legislature
of such
passing
"
Moslem community
bill,
And whereas
affected
thereby in
the
introduction, discussion or
resolution, motion or amendment.
the right of the Moslems to elect their
opposed
S54
INDIA'S
their
own
separate
existence a
into
they
will in
electorates
into a
separate province possessand administrative
separate
legislative
machinery on the same lines as in other provinces of India
is essential in the interests of its people, the Hindi mino-
and
its
ing
its
constitution
own
rity in Sind being given adequate and effective representation in excess of their proportion in the population as may
be given to Mussalmans in the provinces in which they
constitute a minority of population
"
And whereas the introduction of constitutional
reforms *in North- West Frontier Province and Baluchistan
along such lines as may be adopted in other provinces of
India is essential,' not only in the interests of those pro*
:
INDIA FRAMES
255
ing in India, it is
should embody adequate safe-guards for the protection of
Moslem culture and for the promotion of Moslem education, language, religion, personal law and Moslem charitable, institutions and for their flue share in the grants-5n-
aid
and whereas it is essential that the constitution should
provide that no change in the Indian constitution shall,
after its inauguration, be made by the Central Legislature
except with the concurrence of all the states constituting the Indian Federation, this Conference emphatically
declares that no constitution, by whomsoever proposed or
devised, will be acceptable to Indian Mussalmans unless it
conforms with the principles embodied in this resolution."
;
be true
constitution
it is
256
INDIA'S
commands
it
it
establishment
erf
that,
so lar as the
Status,
concerned,
those political
is
Governall
the
come when
from the
India
all
may
political
power must be
British Electorate
On
ate.
all
this
is
central
firmly
to the
and
united.
transferred
Indian
fundamental
Electorissue,
Differences of opinion
exist as to
be vested
in
regards
the
distribution of
constitution of the
subjects
and
Senate or
sources
the
of revenue
Dominion. These differences may not be entirely overcome they may be regretted it is easy to exaggerate
them, or to draw false, erroneous or misleading inBut the fact that the Indian
ferences from them.
constitution, whatever might be its detailed provisions,
;
or
full
Status,
responsible
ciation
character.
17
Govern-
cannot be denied or
true appreessential
its
CHAPTER XV
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
"I am one
of those
who always
believed
that there
than a complete
severance
of
the
connection.
separation
the
on
Bdyaum
"
What
the
Conjress, 1924.
is our destination?
My
but
am
not against
Dominion possesses
full
Dominion Status
as
full
as
any
to-day
259
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
I
One
The
national independence.
movement
the
for
failed
to
in establishing
-their
Power
in
strengthen their
India
position
and
to
as such,
consolidate
Moslem
rule
and
had
nobler,
the
country
it
gave
known
before.
promise of a
fuller national
It
richer,
life
than
was, therefore, on
themselves to
it
cheerfully.
260
INDIA'S
The Mutiny of 1857 was the first important attempt tooverthrow Biitish rule and regain national independIt
failed because it
ence.
was ill-organised and
and,
badly led,
united national
its
to
world
European
represent
movement
But
that it showed
fact,
or
struggle
lay in the
significance
the
not
did
moreover,
was
India
that
not
and
resistance.
British policy
by
it
It
directly leading
to
say
in
that,.
Councils Act of 1861, it laid the foundation, unrecognised and unrecognisable as such though it was at the
The increasingly enlightened
time, of Indian Swaraj.
general willing
acquiescence of the subject population, it was the-
And
independence used
at
times to express
so
articulate
utterances
The
late
that
When
found
feeling
expression
becamein
the
independence
"
in
remarkable,
popular essay on
published in 1879.
the
century, that
it
itself.
national
glories of
and
yet,
and
fairly
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
*the
261
able to the growth of any desire, feeling or movement for national independence and it may be said
;
-the British
mind
became reconciled to
connection, though it became more and
of India
reduced.
The high-handed
'the sentiments,
Lord Curzon
policy of
in
defying
wishes and aspirations of the Indian
often weak, in
Indian
politics.
A definite
school of
it
National
British connection.
influence
personal
of
its
President,
the
late
Mr.
Dadabhai Naoroji. The introduction of the MorleyMinto and the Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms pre-vented
the
growth
Congress
politics, its
outside,
it
still
of
this
influence
existed,
and
movement
and
in
to wane, though,
began
sometimes
made
its*
262
INDIA'S
felt.
provincial Conference-
;:
had
set its face strongly against it.
Mahatma Gandhi had
for
and discourstood
the
British
connection,
always
but, until the year, 1927, the National Congress
aged
the
the great Bengali Swarajist leader, also, had unequivocally declared that, in his considered view, Sivaraf
Commonwealth was
preferable to
national independence.
The attitude of the National Congress with regard
to national independence, however, at once underwent
a change, as a
the right of national self-determination, and the Swarajist Party within it, that is, the party which really controlled Congress policy ever since the
Conference
It,
there-
of the National Will of India as to justify a reconsideraits attitude towards the British connection.
It
tion of
first
agitation and
efforts,
India
owes
all
whose
her constitutional
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Indian people would seek their
national
self-realisation
the
by
263
The
lead
thus
independence.
by the
given
National Congress was taken up by the
Punjaub,
Delhi and United Provinces Provincial Conferences,
and also by the United Provinces Muslim
Conference held
at
in
Cawnpur
Conference.
All-Parties*
November 1928.
at this
last
All-Parties*
objected to the
women-delegates, from behind their
Purdah, sent a written statement to the President, saying that if men had not the courage to fight for
resolution,
national
the
independence,
they
would
come
out
of
struggle for independence. This action on the part of the women-delegates had great effect upon the waverers, and the re-
solution
that of Mr.
1 '
tion
is
severed.
viz.
264
INDIA'S
the Committee on the virtual unanimity of its recommendand, while adhering to the resolution relating to
complete independence, passed at the Madras Congress,
approves of the constitution drawn up by the Committee
as a great step in political advance, especially as it represents the largest measure of agreement attained among
the important parties in the country.
"
Subject to the exigencies of the political situation,
this Congress will adopt the constitution in its entirety if
it is
accepted by the British Parliament on or before
December 31, 1929, but, in the event of its non-acceptance
by that date, or its earlier rejection, the Congress will
organise non-violent non-co-operation by advising the
ountry to refuse taxation, and in such other manner as may
be decided upon. Consistently with the above, nothing in this
resolution shall interfere with the carrying on, in the name
of the Congress, of the propaganda for complete independence."
ations,
all
those
who
Government
on
the
question.
An amendment
to
effect was
actually moved by Mr. Subash
Chandra Bose who, along with Pandit Jawaharlal
that
son
Pandit
of
Nehru,
India with
its
by
1,350 as against
973
amendment was
votes.
But
th
large
movement
growing
in strength.
265
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
there
British
connection becoming
movement
in
the
made
however,
it
country.
clear,
the
dominant
political
Mahatma Gandhi
has,
'In
is
re-
jected.
This, then, is the most important political development the growth of the Independence Movement,
and the possibility of the National Congress giving up
the ideal ot Dominion Status and adopting in its
But
is
in public questions.
have
livelier interest
266
INDIA'S
We
of
95%
new and
the
feet
setting their
merely at the bidding
path
other
We
us.
difficult
5%.
in India
the
upon a
of
made
to
a point at which
bound
was
self-governing
been encourimpulses, at first faint, have
aged by education and opportunity; how the growth
quickened nine years ago, and was immeasurably accelerated by
believe profoundly that
the War.
the time has now come when the sheltered existence
which we have given India cannot be prolonged without
damage to her national life that we have a richer gift
the
question
arise
India
of a
to
how
We
them
7
yet bestowed on
Empire represents something
that the
better than anything India has hitherto attained
the soil
placid, pathetic contentment of the masses is not
have
on which
such
Indian
deliberately disturbing
nationhood
we
it,
are
will
in
grow, and that
for her highest
working
good".
There
is
no doubt
that,
reforms,
Montagu-Chelmsford
contentment of the masses
"
as designed by the
"
the placid, pathetic
turbed.
produced an adequate sense of civic or political responbut that sense may be confidently expected
sibility
;
to
come
of local
responsibility
itself.
In
all
267"
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
ing of the masses has taken place, the sense of responsibility has followed, and not preceded, awakening.
With
Labour
in India
is
and
felt
relations
in
attitude of both
The working
classes
becoming increasingly
The Labour
and threatened
general strike,
by
to
put
down
if
they
strikes*
Taluka
against
arbitrary and
revenue
is
power of
in
unjust enhancement
significant illustration
<
of land
of the growing
its
eftect
upon
the agricultural
INDIA'S
~2<58
resistance
is
degree.
introduced
in
the
is
Satyagraha or passive
manifested in
a greater or less
Government
Bombay,
being
When
of
what
the
Legislative
of
Council,
in
1928,
Bill
to
prevent excessive
more
among
was
politic course
that,
rather than
the peasantry has shown its growing strength by compelling the Government to yield in these two cases.
The days when the masses used to look upon the
Government
is
it
the ilk
is
Mabap Sarkar
are
gone
for ever
and,
for
is
as
now
still
responsible.
dumb millions,
British
are
democracy
now showing
of the national
stressed.
They
life
are,
first,
the
woman's
movement,
country, and
is
taking her
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
national
legitimate place in
made
tion has
year,
life.
269"
Woman's
considerable
educa-
and,
progress,
every
Universities are turning out an
number of women-graduates.
Indian
the
Women
increasing
are seeking social emancipation, and taking part in
every public activity. They exercise the franchise, sit on
cany on
members
of legislatures,
supporters
men.
of
SWARAJ
as
womanhood
that with
its
blend of
and the
the spiritual and the material, of the ideal
real, and withits charm, grace, simplicity, high personal
character, and its spirit of self-abnegation, will extort
universal admiration and emulation.
Womanhood
wide
force,
will, in all
example and
probability,
inspiration.
classes
still
far
from
The depressed
satisfactory,
though
It:
considerable
orthodoxy, particularly ia
"270
INDIA'S
still strong
enough to offer serious
obstacles on the path of their elevation.
Nevertheless,
there can be no doubt that the movement for their
is growing apace.
The greatest factor
would assure the ultimate triumph of this movement is the spirit of self-improvement and self-reliance
emancipation
that
aroused
They
among
giving up those
account
and
elected
are
tives
evil habits
legislatures.
or
One
Their
nominated
of
to
them, a
representa-
bodies
local
member
of the
Indian
Bombay
sometime
past,
He is also
the
Bombay
by
Presidency.
elected
member
in the
of the
Bombay
Committee
movement
of the depressed
making steaiy progress.
They are now
an agitation for the removal of the bar
is
leading
which denies them entry into public Hindu temples,
and, for this purpose, are employing the same weapon
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
271
is
now
And,
have
to
concede
What
their
the
is
demand.
attitude of
the
leaders
of
these
them
no
as
much
and they
desire,
should become a
self-
Swaraj
There should be
be given
to their resolution.
law
Ministers
The
shall
be
amenable
should
There should
provide for the impeachment of Ministers.
be joint responsibility in the executive. The executive
should be presided over by a Prime Minister and not by
the Governor.
(3)- The Governor should have the position of a
constitutional head. He should have no emergency powers.
There should be adult franchise.
(4)
The Legislature should be wholly elective. All
(5)
class and communal electorates should be abolished except
tfor Europeans.
Reserved seats should be provided for
to courts of
constitution
272
INDIA'S
The
conditions.
subject to certain
There should be complete provincial autonomy*
(10)
The division of functions between Central and Provincial
should be reconsidered with a view to do away with the
control of the Central Government now operating through.
the system of previous sanction and subsequent veto.
Within the limits fixed by the functions assign(11)
ed to the Provincial Government, the relations between?
that Government and the Home Government should be
direct and not through the medium of the Central Govern^
meat. Section 3 of the Government of India Act should
be deleted as it obscures the position of the Crown ia
relation to the governance of India.
(12> There should be a distinct Provincial Civil
Service, and the Secretary of State should cease altogether
the function of a recruiting agency. His*
to
perform
273
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
of State.
Indianization
should
be
accompanied by a
In the course of
Indianization of the services, arrangement should be made/
for the fulfilment of claims of the backward classes.
different scale of salary
and allowances.
Ill
The two
main thought-forces
for the
working
in
the
country,
the
political situation is
not
free
Revolution,
fair to
on
274
INDIA'S
activities.
movement
tionary
measures,
it
seems
to
but,
put
down
the revolu-
notwithstanding
all
those
discon-
ment
for
nant
the
among
passion
equality domi-
for political
This revolutionary
movement
is
would seem
and wide.
Their
avowed object
if
is
to
possible,
all
wonder
is
there
if all
this
has had
its
inevitable
effect,
British rule
social
and
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
275
in his
says,
Communism ",
by
that
its
mise, not
its
communism
its
realism,
his
by
in
monograph on
critical
fine,
"
thought
political
its
made
its
way
spiritual pro-
materialistic prospect,"
"
its
ttmple upon
spiritual heights,"
new
faith is
not
'pect
it
drawn towards
are
aim
at the
'principles
the
regeneration
and
new
of
this
methods which,
Dispensation,
country by the
apparently,
According
to
fche
in
and
same
seem to
Russia?
information
suicidal folly
-are
to
ignore
to
meet
taking steps
prosecution against a
for
communists,
it,
number
conspiracy
or
trifle
with.
They
British
rule.
One
minal
trials
in
India,
Britishers
are
placed in the
276
dock
along
The
offence.
light
INDIA'S
with
Indians for
serious
political*
throw a flood of
trial
may, perhaps,
and extent of communist
upon
may be
activities in India.
But whatever
But
whatever.
it is
obvious
its
though
that,
its
outcome,,
surprise
may find
it
growth,
it
must
IV
The
general
elections
in
Commons
Minister,
in
Labour
Party,
new
Secretary
when
it
came
into office
rise to
people.
to
Though some
optimistic
tion of the
among
Labour Government,
and
the Indian
far-seeing
have
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
277
of
all
movements tending towards World-Peace
and World-Federation, the general feeling among the
Indian people was that the British, to whatever political
made
not the slightest difference whether the Conservatives, the Liberals or the Labourites were in
Bombay
Legislative Council,
Empire being
like that
the
in India
278
INDIA'S
entered on
its
task
which enhanced
its
prestige,
strengthened
its
hold
the electorate and created a wide-spread impression that the affairs of Great Britain were in the hands
upon
of men
who brought
management.
Their
spirit to
courageous and
their
statesmanJike-
policy, particularly with regard to Egypt, which resulted in the resignation by the Imperialist and imperious High Commissioner, Lord Lloyd, of his office, and
279
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
would not be attended with such difficulty as surrounded it at the present moment. Mr. Wedgwood Benn<
evidently brought a new and open mind to bear upon
the consideration of the Indian political situation, and
without
success,
every
art
to
Indian
persuade
shown
to
it,
that
have
spirit
to
work
might
ulti-
would be impossible
it
constitution
also to
change of
seems
that Parliament
of
the
Indian
people.
He
went
to
create
to
weaken
to
placate
Indian
new atmosphere,
to
the
movement
for
public
rally
all
extreme
independ-
280
INDIA'S
if
and,
ence,
possible,
to
prevent
the
Indian
seem,
further, that he
Government
most ominous
the
Government had
and support of even those who
had stood by them in 1921 when the non-co-operation movement had reached its apogee. It would not
political situation, viz., that the British
to
and
could
Independenceivallas
not
be
ot
them.
isolating
This
revival
of
the
not
wrote a
letter to the
investigation
into
question
of
that their
constitutional
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
281
fully
some
To
this
observed as follows
"
His
Majesty's
Government
are, with
you, deeply
may
expected
later,
Com-
282
INDIA'S
"
When,
therefore,
its-
definite
proposals
to
Parliament
(1) that
between
the
British
proposals to
measure of agreement
be submitted
to Parliament,
received the
out that
it
to
Commis-
sion was published and considered, what the final proposals of reform to be laid before Parliament would be,.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
283-
Government
reiterated
to
hold a
Conference.
in
He
is,
far as possible,
Viceregal
announcement of the
to reach, as
Government
Majesty's
not
decision of His
part of the
only the
an agreed solution
of India's consti-
in
India.
His Excellency
ment
Dominions.
But
in view
of
the doubts
T284
INDIA'S
"It
^trust
is
that the
electric.
-considered that
it
was
move designed
to
undermine
it,
"
We
natural
are
issue
of opinion
of
Indian
that
the
the
We
of Dominion Status, is
satisfactory.
fundamental change of procedure whereby
the
appreciate
be invited to meet His
.tfce representatives of India will
attainment
285*
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Majesty's Government
the
conference for
in
purpose
of"
We
of India
who
Government
be invited
be such as will
will
will
to
command
the confidence-
71
Pandit
the
Hon.
Right
Dr.
Besant,
Srinivasa
Ansari,
Mr.
Mrs.
Sastri,
the
Birla,
Annie
Maharaja
of-
Malaviya, Dr.
was
statement
National
Nehru.
signed
Independence
It
We
also
declared
by
Party,
leader
Pandit
of
the
Jawaharlal'
We
operation to
His Majesty's
Government
But we deem
in
Constitution
their
effort
ta
constitution*,
it
We
(c)
The
representation of progressive
political
organisa-
:286
INDIA'S
secured
Some doubt has been expressed about the interpretation of the paragraph in the statement made by the Viceroy
on behalf of His Majesty's Government regarding Dominion Status.
understand, however, that the conference, will meet,
mot to discuss when Dominion Status is to be established,
but to frame a scheme of Dominion constitution for India.
hope that we are not mistaken in thus interpreting
the import and implications of the weighty pronouncement
of His Excellency the Viceroy.
Until the new constitution comes into existence, we
think it necessary that a more liberal spirit should be
infused in the Government of the country, that the relations
between the executive and the legislature should be
brought more in harmony with the object of the proposed
conference, and that greater regard should be paid to con-
We
We
stitutional
that the
and practices.
essential that the public
methods
absolutely
feel that a
We
hold
should be
be
to
it
made
to
fact.
by
Government
in authorizing the
strongly criticised
Press, and,
by
in Parliament,
.Liberal Parties.
in favour of the
Viceroy to issue
it,
was
by the Conservative
and
287
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
it
were,
"been
first,
that
made except
ment
A debate
was
raised
in
its
on the
state-
outcome, on
ment
bound
to
full
attain
Dominion
upon the
of 1917.
the
the
the conditions
and
qualifications
of 1917
and
in
as
laid
down
in
the
position;
Declaration
Government of
by
288
INDIA'S
Parliament which
But
the
had
alone
statement
could
to
do
so,
shaken
on
its
the right
not
debate ended
be
in
of
the Government.
position
Benn declared in a fine fighting
strengthening the
Mr.
Wedgwood
Birkenhead
with
the
Indian
constitutional
could be overcome by mutual good will and understanding. The Legislative Assembly had asked a Round
Table conference
though the
to
settle
India's
constitution
effect to
and'
not pro-
they would
give
might he made by
the Conference, there can be
Indian representatives at
no doubt whatever that in deciding to hold the Conference, they have taken an important step which, it
is to
lopments.
CHAPTER XVI
THE FUTURE
I
has
INDIA
Sivaraj,
now
strained
still
movement
for national
Government
to hold a
to
the
terms
the principle of
'the
gradualness
constitutional advance
by stages ory
be determined by Parliament from
conditions and qualifications laid
tion of 1917 and in the preamble
^
<
full
realis
290
INDIA'S
If this
from
question
the
in
doomed
to
Political
failure.
India
purview
not included
is
will,
is
in
fore-
that
she
is
full
respon-
scheme of
government, and, therefore,
reforms to be formulated for adoption by Parliament
must necessarily fall short of it is one which she
the
sible
ing
it
if
the Conference is
it is
no use conven-
it
to
it
of
the
ence, that
it
will
be extremely strange
if
the question is
all
THE FUTURE
291
and
of three
happiness
world's population, but
.also the supreme -ends of international peace, harTnony and solidarity. As long as India is denied
'the well-being.,
^hundred
progress
millions -of
the
her
full
status, and, consequently, as she
political
continues to seethe with unrest and discontent which
outcome
of the Conference
realized;
determination
to
by an honest and
solve
the
Indian
the
as possible.
There
overcoming them as far
must be no mental reservations, no desire to get
the better of any party, no trace of unstraight-
of
for ward
method.
and
statesmen, are
really
due
to the
292
INDIA'S
fear
they naturally
their
ference,
feel,
lack of
in
that,
a face-to-face con.
the
in
training
fine
arts
slightest
this lack
of training.
Fortu-
nately, the
tatives
may be
while
it
nion of
spirit
On the
The avowed
policy of
facilitate free
commu-
leaders
now
must
on
rests
them. Assuming that the terms of reference to the Conference are satisfactory,
it is
their clear
duty to join
it
in
the proper spirit, and make the best use of the opportunity they have got of proving and justifying India's
claim to the immediate grant of responsible Government and Dominion Status. If the terms of reference
be
we have
But
if
on
justified,
difficult
suicidal.
Nor
will
it
be wise to
offering co-operation.
The dominant
question
is
the
immediate attainment of Swaraj while Swaraj cannot wait, every other question, however important in
;
itself it
may
do
so.
The
imposition-
THE FUTURE
of conditions
293
^able to agree, or
Parliament in
sition,
^that
the
Conference
question ot the
is
consider the
to
permitted
Government, it
we do not offer the sincerest and most unreserved
if
-if
co-operation.
Government
to
act
speak with
up
to
it,
if
discordant voices.
many
agree among ourselves,
the
India
right of
herself will
we cannot
If
final
decision
must
-right is ridiculous.
On
the
other hand,
if
our representatives,
we settle
who may
to speak with
constitutional
scheme, Parliament
by every
294
fair
INDIA'S
means,
With
India's
however strong or
national
will
drastic
defied,
it
may
be..
;:
payment
to
inevitable
demand
?
No
that price, or to
make
justified in
own
point of view,
much
maintenance of
its fullest
ism and magnanimity are the best policy in such a caseThe moral effect of the settlement of our own differ*
ences and of the formulation of India's general will,
.
295
THE FUTURE
status,
will
be tremendous.
will
It
be the greatest
give of our
can
The achievement of
self-government.
regarding the constitution we want, will be the
consummation of our nationhood it will always stand
us in good stead in future. All the communities
capacity for
unity
have
in
India
common
tion to
create
to
which
all
of
achievement which
common
traditions
and
history,
them agree
will
will
be an
historical
satisfaction
of
all
political
British
relate
mainly
tion.
On
to the question of
the basic
issue
communal
of the
representa-
immediate
grant
responsible government, there is no cleavage
of opinion between the Muslim and non-Muslim
of
full
communities.
that the
introduced.
in a
power
Governments and not
in the
Federal Government
others
296
INDIA'S
some
as essential
costly superfluities,
may
Chambers
others
if
admit of differences
may appeal
consider them as
in provinces
may
differences
are,
therefore,
easily
working
proper
communal
representation.
It
is
the
is
not a
gives general satisfaction, the relations subsisting between them may not be friendly, and, in consequence,
the working of responsible government
adversely affected.
agreement on
this
on its
Committee
as
It
is,
itself
may be
an
we have
a considerable section of
opposed
accept
it,
to it;
wise
Muslim opinion
and unless
it
is
strongly
can be persuaded to
interests of unity
which
But
ought
to
the
be the decisive
297
THE FUTURE
should
efforts
consideration,
made
be
to
reach
fail
munity,
and
if
desire
still
-electorates, their
the
wishes
retention
should
communal
of
and
be respected,
all
communal
of
system
system
of
Muslim
the
upon
its
from perfect
in the
or
A system of
communal
long run,
it
new
not be
should
community
wishes.
minority against
tion which provides for
representation.
representation
imposed
any other
representa-
electorates
far
is
must be abolished
electorates.
But it
full
sible
be
is to
government. The question of communal representais not one on which India should be divided
it
tion
298
INDIA'S
may well
electorates
that the
Moslem community
But we must
able
may be
it
realize that,
to
national
unity
is
infinitely
The achievement ot
more urgent than the-
communal
electorates.
Indian representatives should go to the Conference fully agreed on
this question
it should not be left to the arbitrament
abolition
of
of Parliament.
II
Illiberal
and
sections of
unprogressive
British
responsible
would even
government
subject of
Law
and Order
at present.
They
do not
to be able to wrest
Swaraj
or
be so powerful as
England. They believe in perpetuating British domination in India, and in the last resort, rely upon military
THE FUTURE.
299"'
failure
Will
be seriously influenced by
the wild and foolish counsels and propaganda of such
men? It will be a grave disaster both for England^
and India if it does. India will, in that case, con-
Parliament allow
itself to
it
may be
It is
rule
the
sword
to
India
men
of British
will bring
such
and the
that are
greater enemies
revolutionaries, or those
Indians
who want
national
but had
Magadha,
writers. There
^300
INDIA'S
and
willing-
the
'British
Crown.
If
and when
that
of
repeat itself, the innate spirit
there
and
patriotism and resistance may assert itself,
ground, history
will
be an end
peaceful
all
on
progress and development
of the Great
British
War
-which would
be,
to
lines.
But the
may
may
seem
be
to
but
responding,
slowly,
it
and
the
ethical
opinion
and propaganda.
in the hands
to
surely,
higher
is
thought and influences of the East,
and
not likely to be swayed by such reactionary
spiritual
suicidal
movements
The key to
of
the situation
lies, in
one sense,
If the
recommendations
and no serious
political
it
will
be
all
smooth
sailing,
The Birkenheads,
the
THE FUTURE
30S
the Conference a
mere
farce,
and
its
deliberations, a
mockery? No good
Liberal
Parties
may make
will
then be on their
" With
regard to India, the Labour Party's official
it down that the Indian
lays
people have a
programme
right to self-government and self-determination, and that the
be one of continuous co-operation with
party's policy would
them with the object of establishing India at the earliest
as an
possible moment and with her consent,
equal partner
with other members of the British Commonwealth of
Nations/*
And
These declarations
as hollow,
if
India
is
'302
INDIA'S
no
never endeavour
to
Government
statutory
give
effect
to
will
their
committed
to
the
not be
many
from
must wait
for
the realization
of her ideal of Swaraj, until the Liberal and Conservative Parties decide that the time is come for
the establishment of
is difficult
is, it
Are
the
tion
say, for
how many
If the
to
years longer.
accept this posi-
do not give
if,
to
full
ference go
beyond them,
and
reject them,
in case the
THE FUTURE
-cannot be secured
and
303
(3) to try to
carry
them
out, in
make
party question.
It
would be a
great,
if
may
is
to
if
the
first
alternative,
it is
obvious
the second in
to
will
be
course of events.
is
the
true that
majority in Parliament.
But
propensities;
304
INDIA'S
not at
all
own
their
and
policy
then, at least
know what
programme.
is
the real
India
attitude
will,
of the
British
sible
ity
her
for
of
her
the
demand
to
know whether
British
for
the
are
electors
immediate
establishment
There
full
is
responsible government.
will
bility that the British Democracy
of
and
it is
THE FUTURE
305
III
In the
Commons on
the
mans.
Now,
after ages,
have been brought together by Providence to set themselves to solve the most difficult problem ever set to
life.
Those who
their political
energies
Aryan branch
which moved down into India. The difference between
them might be illustrated by two proverbs, one, the
Hindu proverb, "Life is but a journey from one
village to another, and not a resting-place ;" the other, a
"
This is a
proverb seen in business at Manchester.
house of business, and go about your business. Leave
other
people
would find
tion as
it
to
do
their
Lord Rothermere
coming
business."
Mr. Gandhi
understand the
first."
The
306
INDIA'S
in the relation of
rulers
cannot but
ment
mere
fortuitous event
having no
spiritual meaning or significance, or historiGreat Indians, like the late Mr. Justice
cal purpose.
Ranade and the late Mr. Gokhale, have, like Mr.
realized the
Baldwin,
British
providential character
But
connection.
if
see
or event,
phenomenon
historical
we
of the
the Divine
let
us
see
in
it
what
is
improve
good
other,
in the
that
other,
both should evolve a higher type of civilization and humanity, and, thereby, make the greatest con-
that, thus,
and
civilisation.
to the
ancestry have again been brought together by Providence in order that both should work together
as comrades and equals for the establishment and
progress of the greatest and noblest ideals of mankind, not in order that their present relation as poli-
THE FUTURE
307
-tical
not in order that you should lord it over them, or exbut in order that you should recognise your
ploit them,
kinship with them, and realize that you are both flesh
of the same flesh and blood of the same blood, and
it is your duty to raise them to their own level as
quickly as possible, and work together, brothers as
you are, for the evolution of humanity. You have
that
been
re-united, but
if
history.
it
stand the
of the
no such incapacity
or difficulty
mutual understanding.
nothing but the
doctrine of doing one's duty, which forms the essence
for,
of,
is
308
INDIA'S
Hindu proverb
thought as Mr.
is
not
really so alien
Indian problem
is,
European problem
no doubt,
difficult;
difficult also
to
Western,
The
to think.
is
not
the
-Many problems
are difficult but those who are oppressed by a sense of
the difficulty of a problem should bear in mind the say"
it is not the easy
ing of the ancient Greeks that
Let
things, but the difficult things, that are beautiful.
us not exaggerate the difficulty of the Indian problem
by supposing that the Indian is so different from the
Briton that the two cannot understand or appreciate
each other. Far from being so different, they are very
?
1 '
much
alike,
thanks to their
common
ancestry.
IV
His [Excellency Lord Irwin holds the Viceregal
office at a critical
between
Great
moment
Britain
and
India.
good
deal
religious
Mr. Baldwin,
too,
man,
sees the working of Providence in England's conneche has often spoken of the building
tion with India
like his great father, he,
like
which he issued
in the
name
THE FUTURE
3CK>
immediately
Indian people.
him.
of
aspirations,
as
the
he
will stand
",
must
be conciliated, and reconciled to the British connection, and also realized the truth that a satisfactory
solution of the constitutional question
the ending of the tension between
Durham
is
essential
to
Hindus [and
ble
310
INDIA'S
frjae
meat.
and England
will
purpose, narrow vision, or sheer incapacity to understand the Indian problem in all its magnitude and
with all its gravity, and seek to perpetuate or pro-
long
of
state
of
injustice,
unnaturalness,
of
political
tial to
humanity
of happiness, of which
daughters are
still
it
is
capable.
mighty enough
to
redeem
her,
and
her,
THE FUTURE
311
from succeeding.
Amen
INDEX.
PAGE.
PAGE.
disobedience 192
Issues
regarding the
Indian Statutory Commis-
... 229
Afganisthan
148, 149, 174
Aga Khan, H. H.
248, 253
8
...
Agarkar Mr.
sion
leader of progressive
nationalism
66, 67
His writings and
views
67, 68, 69
All Imam, Sir
240, 252
Ali Brothers
175, 176, 179
All-India Khilafat Conference
151, 176. 177, 190
All-India Moslem League
129. 190, 225, 226, 239, 240
Commission
Aney, Mr.
Annie Besant,
ttrs.
Her
tion of India's
a n c i e n t
thought
-.
e a
h of
India Bill
8iKn
...
61
statement
regarding the
vice regal
Declaration
Ansari, Dr.
242, 243,
...
...
...
movement
movement
self-government
India
Her
Home
Rule League
Her
ment
62
126
127
Opposes Nonco-operation
Condem n s
mass
civil
25%
87
11
1
for
117,
118
Necessity of a
intern...
285
Her early
in
*36
the
Asoka
glorifica-
229
Her Common-
...
Ambedkar, Dr.
223
decision to
the
149
270, 271
... 241
...
ms
eaffi r
boycott
All-Parties* Conference
Amanulla, King
manifesto
declaration
of
policy
~.
His
o
154
efforts
118
for
onsti tutional
advance
in the
Legislative Council
... 213
Bombay
INDEX
li
PAGE.
on the unconstitutional character
of the
Indian
ComStatutory
mission
239, 233
on the task before
the Labour
Government
277, 278
PAGE*
on Morley-Minto
Reforms
... 105
Signatory to the
Memorandum on
Reforms
...
127
His amendment
re. Rowiatt Bill... 144
Bose, Mr. SubhaihChunder 364
... 198
Broomfield, Mr.
Baldwin, Mr.
His attitude
towards the Vice-
On Mr. Gandhi
and Lord Rothermere
305
The true meaning
of the Divine
Mystery 2 06. 307, 308
C.
._ 21
Bonnerjee, Mr
Bardoli
276
tary
Consultations between
him and the Viceroy
279, 280
His speech in the debate on the Vicere... 288
gal Declaration
... 261
Bipin Chandra Pal
Birla, Mr.
... 285
208, 222.
Birkenbead, Lord
124, 233, 237, 268
24
...
Blunt, Mr. W. S.
Bannerjeev Mr. Surendranath
20
...
Chanakya
11
...
of
our
"Compromise," of Lord
... 165
Morley quoted
Education
Compulsory
... 120
Bill, Mr. Gokhale's
Congress Democratic
... 136
Party
Its
Councils Act
Programme
137,
Leads agitation
51,52,53,54,56
Council of State, The 209,212.
229,230
73, 74, 77
Curzon, Lord
against the
Effects of
Bengal partition 79
bis policy
78. 79,
80,
82
INDEX
PAGE.
PAGE,
Hii policy in partitioning
Bengal reverted 115, 261
Duke
H.R H.
of Connaught,
the
Naoroji,
Mr.
memorandum
on the reform
the Council!
of
...
Advocates direct
o
representation
India in Parliament
President of the
Calcutta Congress
and his declaration
Das,
Mr
split
C. R.
Suspends
...
Gandhi, Mr.
Hii
attitude
the
towards
82
83
..
158
profes-
162
sional practice
...
His appeal to Con..
185
gress workers
His arrest ... 187, 188
Founds
Swaraj
f arty
Forms a
with
...
202
coalition
the
Members
174, 303
55
...
...
Averts
11. 12, 13
Egypt
of Swaraj as India's
goal
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
23
Moslem
in the
Bengal Council ... 212
His opposition to
the formation of a
... 215
ministry
ontagu
Chelmsford reforms at the
Am
Congress,
...
Sta rted
Satyng raha
movement
against the
Rowlatt Bills 144
His arrest ... 145
identified
nelf with
him-
Ehilaf
the
a t
movement
..
I n
the
Non-co...
British Common-
propaganda in
wealth to national
... 262
Independence
Mr. Chitta Ranjan 186
its
His scheme of
Non-co-opera-
Mrs
tion
186
their attitude
towards Swaraj
Dufferin,
...
271
Lord 25,26,27.28.
29,30
15 L
augurated
His preference of
Swaraj within the
...
135
the
operation
movement
Carried on
84
153
158.159,160,
161, 162
His letter to
the Duke of
Connaught ...
Interview bet w e e n
Mr.
Gandhi
and.
17fr
INDEX
PAGE.
the Viceroy ... 175
'His Manifesto
urging Indians
not to serve ai
o 1 d i er
or
civilians
180
appointed
Dictator
189
...
the
opposes
resolution for
national inde-
pendence
...
190
'His ultimatum
to the Viceroy 194
suspends
civil
196
disobedience
His arrest
197, 198,
PAGE.
His appeal for
the conciliation
of the educated
classes
92, 93
Mission to
England
93, 94
His ideal of
colonial selfGovernment 94, 95
His disapproval
of Lala bajpat
Rai's
deportation
... 100
His
re affirmation of the ideal
of colonial self-
199
moves
tion
His death
resoluat
the
political
ment
Nehru C o m-
He and
263,264
other
leaders issued
a statement on
the Viceregal
Declaration
285
Mr
Baldwin on
Mr. Gandhi and
Lord Rother-
mere
Ali.
305, 306
Raja
.
Partition
iBengal
of
81,
Ilbert Bill
... 229
UladstOLe, Mr.
51, 52
Ookhale, Mr. G. KS4, 55
His speech as
President of the
Benares Congress 80
His views on the
Ghuznafar
constitution
framed by the
mittee
and
82
2. 15,
16
INDE3
PAGE.
PAGE.
Early attitude of
the
Government
towards
Lord
It declares boycott
of the visit of the
it
...
52
Dufferin's at-
tack on it
26, 27
Mr. Telang'i Re88
...
ply
Mr. Charles Brad29
laugh attends it.
The Congress carries on propaganda in England 29, 30
Rise of Moderates
and Extremists in
78
the Congress
...
The Calcutta Congress of 1906 formulated the ideal
of Colonial selfGo vernrnent
...
83
Split in the Con100,
gress at Surat
101, 102
Government
India
Con-
of
naught
...
169
Prince Wales
The Congress
ves
...
177
resol-
to
organise
individual
m-8s civil disobe-
and
dience
...
The
1&9
Congress rea
proposal
jects
of Nain favour
tional i n d e p e n190
dence
,
Com-
Statutory
on
Duke
mission,
129
Sanctions
cott
The
its
and
boy225, 226
Madras Con-
r e a s
authorises
the Working Committee to draft a
constitution
... 238
Calcutta adopts
Non-co-operation
140,154
The Congress at
its annual Session
at Nagpur end or*
resolution
declaring National
independence to be
India's goa!
239, 262,
of the Congress.
169
Adopts
263
the Nehru
mittee
Com...
24S
INDEX
PAGE.
Resolution passed
by the Calcutta
CoDgresi in 1928
as regards
National
independence and Nehru
Committe's
PAGE.
Raises the constitutional issue 219
Ja waharlal Nehru-Pandit
385
Tinnah, Mr.
Joha Simon,
Commission
Commission endorsed
by
the
Legislative
As-
... 229
sembly
Council Committees elected to
Co-operate with
it
230,931
Attacked as un-
constitutional
232.
233, 234
...
It gives
212
ter's reply to
Joshi, Mr. N.
TCelkar,
Mr.
Kemal Pasha
M.
...
...
281
241
Kesan quote 4
...8,9
Legislative
299,
impetus
the National
Indepe n dence
259.
...
235
to
Movement
Sir
21
Statutory (Simon)
216, 220, 221
Opposition to it 222.
223. 224,925,226
Its preliminary
vi*it
... 227
Hostile demonstrations against
it
227, 228
Boycott of the
263, 264
port
264,
204
276
...
...
105
201
146,
147, 148
.Japan
Jayakir,
Mr M.
69,75
R.... 162,216
Greetings to the
Labour
ment
Govern277, 278
Their
successes
international
policy
278,
27fr
vu
INDEX
PAGE.
Liberal Federation,
Their decision to
a
conference to conaider the ques-
call
Lloyd
tion
of
consti282
tutional reform
An imp
o r ta n
step
Key
His
288
to the situa.
question
snry
party
neces-
if
...
^Labour Party
304
138, 204
Statement
re-
garding
the
in
approving
Macaulay, Lord
275
...
Laski. Prof.
Legislative Assembly, The 201,
202, 203, 204, 205,
206,207 209,210,
211,215,219,229
288
... 167
Lenin and Gandhi
... 213
Leslie, Wilton Sir
Libtrals
200, 22?, 229
...
2ft2,
285
229
201
266, ?67
Mayo, Lord
47
170
(Sir) P. M. 54, 170
Memorandum on reforms of
46,
Mazzini
Mehta, Mr.
nineteen
elected
127.
128
Mutiny
Montagu, Mr.
229
287
the
dis-
it
...
Minto, Lord
Legislative
Assembly
Frame"
members
Steel
tion
i o n
in
the
hands of 300, 301,302
be
India must
made
speech
201, 202
His attack on the
Viceregal Declara-
...
PAGE.
The 192
99,300.102,105
106,109,113
39, 41. 260
131, 135. 142
150, 155, *98
76
84
vm
INDEX
PAGE.
Secretary of State
for
India : hii
influence
on
Asneu.bly a re-
educated
Indian!
91, 92, 9*
94, 95, 96
ball of
His policy
Set
the
reform
97
rolling
Bis despatch on
Reforms
...
His
98
as
attitude
regards the
partition of
Bengal
99,
102
His policy of
rallying the
introduce
India
...
useful stage
106
...
Ill
Montagu
Lord
... 142
Morley
"
His
eompr omite" quoted ... 165
Morley-Minto Reforms 106
following
111
Their
effects
the masses
constitution
Committee
..
240
Signatory to the
state
claration
107, 108
109, 110
Crewe
n g Government
... 211
leaders*
Decenary and
Mr.
meat on the
Viceregal De-
amentary
system in
1 i
His reforms
President of the
Moderates
.104
His disclaimer of
any intention to
Par
PAGE.
Moves in the
L eg islaive
...
28&
N
Non-co-operation Germs
of non-co-operation in the ideas
of Kxtremist Party
in 1906
...
started
.,
84
140
approved by the
Special Oongresi
at Calcutta
...
154
reaffirmed by the
on
158,
265, 266
icheme appraised
162, 163,164,165. 166,
167, 168
Arrested
Forms
...
...
162
187
the
Swaraj Party
Lord Reading's
towards
policy
Non- co-operation
202
INDEX
IX
PAGE.
heigbtt
PAGE.
At Calcutta
... 183
Oove rn ment's
187
...
it
191,
measures to
193
Govern no en t
fend
with
depolicy
regard to
it
...
its
collapse
...
the
of
their
visit
put
Prince's
184, 186, 187,
188, 191
194
199
240,
241
Queen
constitution
framed by
243,
244, 245, 246.
247, 248, 249
c t o r
i-
Her
a,
Majesty
assumes the
...
"Empress
"
India
comments on the
39
title
of
...
48
consutution
249
250, 251 f
behind
strength
it
251, 252, 255
entitled to be calla
National
ed
... 256
Constitution
Lord
71
Band, Murder of Mr.
... 174
Reading, Lord
b eInterview
Olivier,
...
205
... 218
Pan-Islamism
... 210
Patel, Mr.
... 285
Patel.Mr.Vallabhai
Peasantry, Mr. Tilak's
70,71
Awake ning
Agitation
...
267
car-
...
268
by
and workers'
ried
Peasants*
267
Act 132
Pradhan.G.R. Mr.
... 241
Press Act
113, 114
Piince of Wales, H. R. B. 177
Lands at B o mbay
181, 182
parties
Philippines Autonomy
..
a
Table
for
request
Round
among
ordered
193,194
the
arrest
Mr.
of
Gandhi
Rene Fulop-Miller,
197, 287
Mr.... 167
... 210
Responsivist Party
Ripon, Lord 1, 15, 24, 47, 48, 49
Roiland, Remain, on Mr.
Gandhi's
action
in
INDEX
PAGE.
PAGE.
Party weakened
210, 211
204
208, 282
Political leaders
on the proposed
285,
286
an
important
... 288
tep
conditions of success of the Conference
289, 290.
291
Tambe, Mr.
Tej Bahadur Sapru,
210
241
28, 29
166
...
Sir
...
Mr.
8, 62, 63
Organised the Ganpati festival
...
sole Editor
of the Kesari
...
Shivaji Festival
...
between
Orgainsed
...
Rowlatt
Bills...
at Bardoli
by
against
...
271
... 285
Sen Gupta, Mr.
209,212
Sethna, Sir P.O.
82
Servant! of India Society
Shafi, Sir Mahomed
248, 253
... 241
Shuaib Qureshi, Mr.
classes
Sinha, Lord
Srinivasa Sastri,
...
124,225
Right
Hon. Mr.
127, 285
11
...
Sukraniti
Swaraj 17,21,52,63,89,154,
168, 169, 176. 180, 192, 193,
200,202,203,205,213,217,
220, 256, 271
Swaraj Party, Its policy
202,203
Fighti election ... 203
Gover nm
ent*
policy toward!
it...
among
ganda
under
rights
210
as
their
regards
Famine Code
depressed
69
propa-
agriculturists.
144
268
66
Samudragupta
65
the
Inaugurated
War
Satyagraha
64
Became
the
...
70
Moral
...
72
effects of the
prosecution
...
75
...
101
ment of
Ohelmsford
form!
re-
136
INDEX
PAGE
Formed
gress
ConDemocratic
Party
Its
Statements
the
programme
...
Indian
136
285. 286
Debate
in
Parlia-
ment thereon
286, 287
288, 308
163
197
Vincent Smith
...
Vivekananda, Swatni, His
...
influence
His views, charac-
58
153
153
150, 151
.
Turkey
284
leaders thereon
137, 138
139, 140
of
the
boycott
Councils
...
Contrast
between
his
and
Mr.
Gandhi's
methods
Toynbee, Prof* on the
...
Treaty of Sevres
Treaty of Sevres
of
political
220
Viceroy (Lord Trwin)
Sir John Simon's
letter to the Vice... 228
roy
His changed attitude
... 279
His
consultations
with the secretary
of State
279, 280
His declaration of
31st October
1929, 282
283, 284
Holds Office at a
critical moment
308
309
282
Viceregal Declaration
283, 284
ter
,,
His
and work
59,
60
61
writings
the
intellectual
revolutionaries
... 88
pabulum of
W
War, The
...
Its effect
...
112
121
2
Zaglul
Pasha
191, 228
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