Definition:
i)
Whenever light waves meet an obstacle whose dimension is comparable with the
wavelength of the wave, the light wave bends around the corners of the obstacle and
encroaches into the geometrical shadow region of the obstacle. This phenomenon is known as
Diffraction of Light.
ii)
In other words, the phenomenon of bending of light around the sharp edges of the
obstacles and narrow slits whose dimensions are comparable with the wavelength of light is
known as Diffraction of Light.
iii)
The phenomenon of bending of light waves around the obstacle or the encroachment
of light in the geometrical shadow is known as diffraction of light.
Diffraction phenomenon is classified into two types:
1. Fresnel diffraction
2. Fraunhofer diffraction
Following are the main differences between Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction
Fresnel Diffraction
Fraunhofer Diffraction
1. The source and the screen are placed
1,
The source and the screen are placed
At finite distances from the obstacle
At infinite distances from the obstacle
Causing diffraction.
Causing diffraction
2. The incident and diffracted wave fronts 2.
The incident and diffracted wave fronts
are either spherical or cylindrical.
are plane.
3. Converting lenses are not employed.
3.
Converting lenses are employed.
4. Theoretical treatment is complex.
4.
Theoretical treatment is simple.
Wave front(WF)
The locus of all such particles of the medium vibrating in the same phase is called a wave
front.
S
I.
II.
III.
Point
source
L
S
line
source
Pricipal
or
central
maxima
Fraunhofer diffraction is obtained when the source of light and the screen are placed
at infinite distances from the aperture(slit). To achieve this two convex lenses are used. One
of them renders the incident beam parallel and the other focuses the diffracted light on the
screen.
L2
L1
F
Source of light
()
A1
C1
B1
Converging
lens
Screen
A converging lens L1 is placed such that a monochromatic source of light lies exactly
at its principal focus. With the help of the lens L1 , plane fronts are obtained. These plane
wave fronts are made to incident on a fine narrow slit AB. The undeviated waves come to
focus at O on the screen placed at the focal point of the lens L 2 . Light waves undergoing
diffraction at the sharp edges of the point O.
L1
F
C'1
C
d
Source of light
()
L2
A'1
B'1
A1
C1
x
O
B1
I minima
central
maxima
H
Converging
lens
BH = path difference
Screen
2.
3.
4.
5.
Interference of Light
Produced by two coherent sources. It
Is a phenomenon of redistribution of
light energy in the regions of
overlapping of light.
Pattern consists of alternate dark and
bright fringes of equal width.
Intensity of all bright fringes are equal
and dark fringes are zero.
For bright fringe path difference = n
2n 1
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Diffraction of Light
Produced by sharp edges whose
dimension is comparable with
wavelength of light, and encroachment
into geometrical shadow.
Pattern consists of alternate dark and
bright fringes of unequal width.
Intensity of successive bright fringes
decreases and dark fringes increases.
For bright fringe path difference =
2n 1
2
For dark fringe path difference = n
AB
d
BM Path difference d sin
d sin (2n 1)
im
B
p2
p2
p1
p1
p0
2/a
/a
/a
2/a
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(ii) It is the ability or capacity of an optical instrument to show two close objects from a
distance as separate images.
One of the consequences of diffraction is that the point object does not give rise to a
point image (and also spectral line). The image of the point object is actually the diffraction
pattern consisting of central maxima followed by other maxima and minima in concentric
rings, with rapidly decreasing intensity.
When two images of the objects appear to
overlap on each other, they are said to be Unresolved.
B
A
Object
B1
A1
Diffraction pattern
Images
Negative
The function of a microscope is to magnify image of an object and to give its finer
details which cannot be observed by naked eye.
Let A and B two objects and A1 and B1 be their images formed by a microscope.
Actually these images are diffraction patterns consisting of central maxima and other maxima
and minima of rapidly decreasing intensity.
Hence the size of A1 and B1 will be grater than that of A and B due to diffraction.
Suppose A and B are brought closer and closer, than A1 and B1 will come closer and closer.
At a particular distance(stage), A1 and B1 overlap even though A and B are separate.
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Limit of Resolution:
The minimum distance between two objects for which microscope can produce
images which are just separated is called Limit of resolution of the Microscope.
Limit of Resolution of a microscope=d=
2 sin
Where is the refractive index of the medium between the object and objective.
is the semi vertical angle of cone of rays that enters the objective.
wavelength of light.
1)
According to him,
Two point sources are just resolved, if the central maximum of the diffraction
pattern of one source just falls on the first minimum of the other.
OR
2)
If the separation between their central maximum is just equal to the separation
between the principal maximum of one and its first minimum.
d
separation
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