An essay is, generally, a piece of writing that gives the author's own argument

but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of an article, a pamphlet, a

nd a short story. Essays have traditionally been sub-classified as formal and in
formal. Formal essays are characterized by "serious purpose, dignity, logical or
ganization, length," whereas the informal essay is characterized by "the persona
l element (self-revelation, individual tastes and experiences, confidential mann
er), humor, graceful style, rambling structure, unconventionality or novelty of
theme," etc.[1]
Essays are commonly used as literary criticism, political manifestos, learned ar
guments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the autho
r. Almost all modern essays are written in prose, but works in verse have been d
ubbed essays (e.g., Alexander Pope's An Essay on Criticism and An Essay on Man).
While brevity usually defines an essay, voluminous works like John Locke's An E
ssay Concerning Human Understanding and Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Princip
le of Population are counterexamples. In some countries (e.g., the United States
and Canada), essays have become a major part of formal education. Secondary stu
dents are taught structured essay formats to improve their writing skills; admis
sion essays are often used by universities in selecting applicants, and in the h
umanities and social sciences essays are often used as a way of assessing the pe
rformance of students during final exams.
The concept of an "essay" has been extended to other mediums beyond writing. A f
ilm essay is a movie that often incorporates documentary film making styles, and
focuses more on the evolution of a theme or idea. A photographic essay covers a
topic with a linked series of photographs that may have accompanying text or ca
ptions.
Contents
1 Definitions
2 History
2.1 Europe
2.2 Japan
3 As an educational tool
4 Forms and styles
4.1 Cause and effect
4.2 Classification and division
4.3 Compare and contrast
4.4 Descriptive
4.5 Dialectic
4.6 Exemplification
4.7 Familiar
4.8 History (thesis)
4.9 Narrative
4.10 Argumentative
4.11 Economic
4.12 Reflective
4.13 Other logical structures
5 Magazine or newspaper
6 Employment
7 Non-literary types
7.1 Film
7.2 Music
7.3 Photography
7.4 Visual Arts
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links

Definitions
John Locke's 1690 An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
An essay has been defined in a variety of ways. One definition is a "prose compo
sition with a focused subject of discussion" or a "long, systematic discourse".[
2] It is difficult to define the genre into which essays fall. Aldous Huxley, a
leading essayist, gives guidance on the subject.[3] He notes that "the essay is
a literary device for saying almost everything about almost anything", and adds
that "by tradition, almost by definition, the essay is a short piece". Furthermo
re, Huxley argues that "essays belong to a literary species whose extreme variab
ility can be studied most effectively within a three-poled frame of reference".
These three poles (or worlds in which the essay may exist) are:
The personal and the autobiographical: The essayists that feel most comforta
ble in this pole "write fragments of reflective autobiography and look at the wo
rld through the keyhole of anecdote and description".
The objective, the factual, and the concrete-particular: The essayists that
write from this pole "do not speak directly of themselves, but turn their attent
ion outward to some literary or scientific or political theme. Their art consist
s on setting forth, passing judgement upon, and drawing general conclusions from
the relevant data".
The abstract-universal: In this pole "we find those essayists who do their w
ork in the world of high abstractions", who are never personal and who seldom me
ntion the particular facts of experience.
Huxley adds that the most satisfying essays "...make the best not of one, not of
two, but of all the three worlds in which it is possible for the essay to exist
."
The word essay derives from the French infinitive essayer, "to try" or "to attem
pt". In English essay first meant "a trial" or "an attempt", and this is still a
n alternative meaning. The Frenchman Michel de Montaigne (1533 1592) was the first
author to describe his work as essays; he used the term to characterize these a
s "attempts" to put his thoughts into writing, and his essays grew out of his co
mmonplacing.[4] Inspired in particular by the works of Plutarch, a translation o
f whose uvres Morales (Moral works) into French had just been published by Jacque
s Amyot, Montaigne began to compose his essays in 1572; the first edition, entit
led Essais, was published in two volumes in 1580. For the rest of his life he co
ntinued revising previously published essays and composing new ones. Francis Bac
on's essays, published in book form in 1597, 1612, and 1625, were the first work
s in English that described themselves as essays. Ben Jonson first used the word
essayist in English in 1609, according to the Oxford English Dictionary.
History
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Europe
English essayists included Robert Burton (1577 1641) and Sir Thomas Browne (1605 168
2). In France, Michel de Montaigne's three volume Essais in the mid 1500s contai
n over 100 examples widely regarded as the predecessor of the modern essay. In I
taly, Baldassare Castiglione wrote about courtly manners in his essay Il libro d
el cortegiano. In the 17th century, the Jesuit Baltasar Gracin wrote about the th
eme of wisdom.[5] During the Age of Enlightenment, essays were a favored tool of
polemicists who aimed at convincing readers of their position; they also featur
ed heavily in the rise of periodical literature, as seen in the works of Joseph
Addison, Richard Steele and Samuel Johnson. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Edmu

nd Burke and Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote essays for the general public. The ea
rly 19th century in particular saw a proliferation of great essayists in English
William Hazlitt, Charles Lamb, Leigh Hunt and Thomas de Quincey all penned nume
rous essays on diverse subjects. In the 20th century, a number of essayists trie
d to explain the new movements in art and culture by using essays (e.g., T.S. El
iot). Whereas some essayists used essays for strident political themes, Robert L
ouis Stevenson and Willa Cather wrote lighter essays. Virginia Woolf, Edmund Wil
son, and Charles du Bos wrote literary criticism essays.[5]
Japan
Main article: Zuihitsu
As with the novel, essays existed in Japan several centuries before they develop
ed in Europe with a genre of essays known as zuihitsu
loosely connected essays a
nd fragmented ideas. Zuihitsu have existed since almost the beginnings of Japane
se literature. Many of the most noted early works of Japanese literature are in
this genre. Notable examples include The Pillow Book (c. 1000), by court lady Se
i Shonagon, and Tsurezuregusa (1330), by particularly renowned Japanese Buddhist
monk Yoshida Kenko. Kenko described his short writings similarly to Montaigne,
referring to them as "nonsensical thoughts" written in "idle hours". Another not
eworthy difference from Europe is that women have traditionally written in Japan
, though the more formal, Chinese-influenced writings of male writers were more
prized at the time.
As an educational tool
University students, like these students doing research at a university library,
are often assigned essays as a way to get them to analyse what they have read.
Main article: Free response
In countries like the United States and the United Kingdom, essays have become a
major part of a formal education in the form of free response questions. Second
ary students in these countries are taught structured essay formats to improve t
heir writing skills, and essays are often used by universities in these countrie
s in selecting applicants (see admissions essay). In both secondary and tertiary
education, essays are used to judge the mastery and comprehension of material.
Students are asked to explain, comment on, or assess a topic of study in the for
m of an essay. In some courses, university students must complete one or more es
says over several weeks or months. In addition, in fields such as the humanities
and social sciences,[citation needed] mid-term and end of term examinations oft
en require students to write a short essay in two or three hours.
In these countries, so-called academic essays, also called papers, are usually m
ore formal than literary ones.[citation needed] They may still allow the present
ation of the writer's own views, but this is done in a logical and factual manne
r, with the use of the first person often discouraged. Longer academic essays (o
ften with a word limit of between 2,000 and 5,000 words)[citation needed] are of
ten more discursive. They sometimes begin with a short summary analysis of what
has previously been written on a topic, which is often called a literature revie
w.[citation needed]
Longer essays may also contain an introductory page that defines words and phras
es of the essay's topic. Most academic institutions require that all substantial
facts, quotations, and other porting material in an essay be referenced in a bi
bliography or works cited page at the end of the text. This scholarly convention
helps others (whether teachers or fellow scholars) to understand the basis of f
acts and quotations the author uses to support the essay's argument, and helps r
eaders evaluate to what extent the argument is supported by evidence, and to eva
luate the quality of that evidence. The academic essay tests the student's abili
ty to present their thoughts in an organized way and is designed to test their i
ntellectual capabilities.
One of the challenges facing universities is that in some cases, students may su

bmit essays purchased from an essay mill (or "paper mill") as their own work. An
"essay mill" is a ghostwriting service that sells pre-written essays to univers
ity and college students. Since plagiarism is a form of academic dishonesty or a
cademic fraud, universities and colleges may investigate papers they suspect are
from an essay mill by using plagiarism detection software, which compares essay
s against a database of known mill essays and by orally testing students on the
contents of their papers.[citation needed]
Forms and styles