Anda di halaman 1dari 31

Chapter








   
   
       
  
      
     
    
 
  
  
 
     
        
       
        
          
    
 
 

  
  
 



  

 
 
   
 
    

   

 

  
 

 
  
                     

  


   
      
     
  
 




 

   
  






GG  

G

 G G.

 G G.





   



LG

L   G.

      L.


   
   
  
In any lumped network, for any of its loops and at any time,
2
6
1
the algebraic sum of the branch voltages around the loop is
zero.
5



 

    G 


  



 
   

   


   

   


       
                  





   


 


 

  
 



 
 



   



 




  







 
 




nodes
b\ n 1 2 3
1 1 0 0
2 0 1 0
3 0 0 0

 4 0 0 1
5 0 1 1
6 1 1 0
7 0 1 0

4
0
0
1
1
0
0
1

 

  

 

4
4

2
1

   


 


    



 


 



 
 

nodes
b\ n 1 2 3 4
1 1 0 0 0
2 0 1 0 0
 
3 0 0 0 1
4 0 0 1 1





  
  

   
 
  

1

   

  


  

   - 
   
     
   
   
   
1
2
3
4
5
6
7


-








-


  
-   

  
 
  

  
- 



 -
- 


  


 = 
 = 
 = 
 =
 =
 =
 =



...(.)

  

    


 
 
=  if the              bus to reference bus and is
orientedinthesamedirection.



 

     


  

     
 
     
 
  
t\n
1
2
 
3
4

nodes
1 2 3
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 1

4
0
0
1
0

 

    
            
  
 

 

 
 
 
  

  
 
  

 

 
   

 



- 

 



-

-

 - 
 
-



-

-
-

 
 = 

-


 


 








   


 

  


     
     
              

    

  
    
   
  
      
  
   
  
 
       
 





L3

1
6

L2

3
L1

   


   basicloopandisorientedinthesamedirection.


= ,ifthe   basicloopandisorientedintheopposite
direction.
= 0,ifthe  basicloop.
ThematrixfortheexampleofFig..0isgivenby
Loops
L1 L 2
1 0
1
2
1 1
3 1 0
  4 1 0
5 1 0
6 0
1
7 0 0
b\ l

L3
0
1
1
0
0
0
1

  


  
  
 
       
           

    

 


 
  


   

 


  

Loop

...(.)



 

  




       
 
  
  
  


    -   
   -- 

-
    
   

   
  


  

 




  











  


        


        
         
 
 

b/ l
1
2
3

4
  
5
6
7

Open loops
Basic loops
L 4 L5 L6 L7 L1 L2 L3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
1
0
0
0
1
0

0
0
1
0
0
0
0

0 0
1 0
0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0 0
1

       





 















  



 


    
  
   
     
     
   
   
    
  


    
  

     
          
  
 

  






   

  
 
  
        
       
        
      
 
 
   
     
    

   
V1

i1

L1
M
L2

i2

V2

  

   


 



+ 



 



+  



 



COMPUTER TECHNIQUES AND MODELS IN POWER SYSTEMS

andaretheselfinductancesofthetwocoilsand 
  
    
 =+
 =+
...(.6)
Itisimportanttonotethat(.6)doesnotdependontheconnectivitybetweenthetwocoils
andiswrittentakingintoaccountonlytheindividualelementcurrentsandvoltages.Wecancall
thetwocoilsasprimitiveelementsandtogethertheyformaprimitivenetwork.






   

jsk
p

ik
+

vsk

+
Vk

 Geer prmtve eemet.

       


   
 
   
 
  
 

 
 
    
 



   
 

      


  

  

  
 s 

 

  
 


 

 
  

     3



 
  

   
   

NETWORK TOPOLOGY

ik



+
ek
vk

 Impedce form of the prmtve eemet.

 +   
     






  
   

  
   
 

 
   
 

   
 


  
 
   
  
     

   
       
    
 
 

 

 



  

     
 
 
 
 
    

 









06

0

 0   

 .7

 
   
 

 
 



 
 



  
 

  
 
 
 

   
  
 


 



   



   
 

 

  

  
  
  







COMPUTER TECHNIQUES AND MODELS IN POWER SYSTEMS



  

   
     
jk
p

ik

yk

vk



Admttce form of the prmtve eemet.

 
 
     


 

  
  
    
 
 
       
   

 
 





 

  


 

    

-  
   






2.6

 

 
-   



-  

SINGULAR TRANSFORMATIONS

         


  
                  
   

2.6.1

Bus Admittance and Bus Impedance Matrix

    



    
        
           
         





    


 

 


    

 

 


  =    

 

  =   

 

     



    
    

 
 
  
       

    
 
 



    




  


 
   
   


  




 
 
    

 

 
  

    
  
    

 



  


 

 


  



  



 
 


  

 
 



  

    
    

    

 

 







  
 



 







 
 




 
3

1
4



  

              
    
 
    
  
   
  


 































  


 
    
 


    


- 

 
 -
 

-




- 


- 

    


 

 
 
  
 
 

 
 




 






 




 




 

 
 



          

- 
 


 

 
 






 



-    -   



-  
-    -   



- 





    

-    

     -     


 
 
-  
       


        
       






 



 
 












  






      



       
1

     


       


    





 

y10

y20

Z12

Z24
Z13

Z23

Z34
3

y30

y40









 +  









 + 








 +  



  






 +  






 +  


   
 




  




































 




 


 



























 

 



 

 

+



 
 
+ 
 




  +  




  


 
+ 
 

 

 +  


 

 +  
 
+ 





   
 
 + 




 
 + 



  
  

 
+ 


  

     
     

 
    
  
  


     


    




     

 

      

    
 
   

     
      


     
      
     

     



   


  
      
 
  
    
 









 
 
 
 
 


              




 



2
Xg1

Xg2






 


 









 



 


 










 
 
















 





















 
 
  
 
 

 




   

 

 
 
 
  








 




 


 
 


 


 

 
 


 

 


 

 


 
 



 

 

 

 


  
     
   


  
 
 
    
   
      

 
  
   
      
 
 
  



 


   
 
   
 
 













 

 






















 
 




 

 
 

 




 
  
  
     
 
 



 




 
 

 


















 
 




 
  

  

     
      
 



 

   


 
      
 
      
  

 +   
   


    

    




  

       


 

  
    




 

    

 

 
   
  

 

 
   

  


 
       

  

  





4
CS3

1
1

CS1
4



Tree branch
Link

CS2




 







 

 

   
 
- 













-  
  
    
     
  -    -   
   -   - 
 
 
  

   
   -  

  - 

 










 
 


  




     
 

      






    

   









     



    





   




    






 

  




      

- 


  
 





 
 
  
- 

-
-



- 






3
2

L2
1
L1
4



 

 


 - 

- 


- 

-  




     



  

4
5

4
2

1
1



6
0

 



    

 
     
 
  
   




3
1

  


- 


  


- 




-

-











-

-


  
  


- 

  









-

  




 
 

   

 






  







  
   
 






- 
-

     



       




 

   



 






  
  









   



  
   

 








  


 

  


 
 




   







    

 

 



 
jk

ik

ik
v=

Fictitious
node

Link

Fictitious tree
branch


 
    










 


 


 
 


   

  
 
 





 





    


 



 
 

    
 
           


  


 






   +  
   






    =  
    











 



  
 

 
 
  



 
 

 
 
 





 +    +   +   
     

 

 





 


 

 



  

 


      
      
 


 +        = 
      +  






  



 

      


    


         

 
 


   
   =   1
0

 =   = 

 

1
 

1

 =      =  



 
 =    
 

  






3

2
4

 =  
 







  
  







  
 











  = 



 
 
   
= =



 
 
   
 

    

= 



 
 
 

= 


 
 =  



 








   
  


=    =


Thus,

 =
  1=l]

(.6)isanon-singulartransformationof[

...(.65)



 







  
  
 
  


  
  
  

 


   

   

   


    
  





      


  


        

  
    

    =     =    = 
        


 






 




   

  


 
     
  


 
    
  
     
    
  

   


   
          
 
     


 

 
    
    

  
  





 

2.7.6

Power Invariance of Singular Transformations



   

  
     
        
 
           
 
      
  



    


 
  
   
   

      





        


   





     

 
    

  


Branch Admittance Matrix



     



               
       



    







       





 

    
     
   



    



 

  




   



  

        


       



     



 
 
        






 

 
  


 
 



    
    
 





    

   
 



 





 
   

  
   

  
      
    

 



  
 


  

    

  
 


  



 

 





 
 
 

  
 

   






 

  

2.8.2







Singular Transformations

 
 
 

 

2.8.3

Non-singular Transformations





          








 




 
           
 














 
 

 
  
 
 

2.8.4

Current and Voltage Relationships

    

      

      

      

    

    



  
 
   
   
 
 
   
 
       





  





  
 


-
-



- 






 


  
  

        

 


 
- 
 




 

- 

- 


- 
 
-     
 
-  
 





- 

-  -  - 

   
      
  
-   
    -  -  
 -  






 


 








- 


  
 - 
 

-  
-   -  -   - 
 

- 
-  
-    
 
-    -   

- 
- 
- 












 
 




 
 







-    


   -   -  
  -  - 
 -   
  -   - 
  - 
-  -    
 
  -  - 
-   
 
  - 
-    
    -   -  
  -  - 

  
- 
 
  - 

-  
 - 
     
-  - 



 


 


-
   
 


-



-
-


          


 





-1    -  


=   -1 -1    -  
   -1  
 
-    
=   -   -  
  -  - 


 -1
    
-    
 


-1
-1





-1




 
        


  

  

 


  
  
 

 

   
    
 

  

  
 
 
  



 


   
   


  


   
 
   
 

 
 
     

  
  


 

    
  
 
  
  
 
 


   


 

      

 



  
   



 

 
 
  
 

 
   



    
    



 

 

  
 
 
 

 
    1
  
  

 

  
  
     
 
  


    

 
  

  
 
 
 
 

 
  




 
 
  
 
 
 
     
 
  
  
 

   

     
  
 

 
 
 
 
 

 
    





 
  
   oo(looimedancematrix)
andoo(looadmittancematrix),whichcanbeformedfromtherimitivematricesbysingular
transformation.Allthecoefficientmatricescanalsobeobtainedfromnon-singulartransformationsbyusingaugmentedloo-incidencematrixandaugmentedcutsetincidencematrix.

  


1        
 
 

 

  
    
  

T

Anda mungkin juga menyukai