ANALOG LAB
EXPERIMENT BOARD
Ver. 1.0
AB-30
AB-30
1.
Introduction
2.
Theory
3.
Experiment 1
To study Op-amp as Voltage to Current converter
(Floating output and Grounded load output)
4.
Experiment 2
To study Op-amp as Current to Voltage Converter.
13
Datasheet
16
5.
Warranty
18
6.
19
7.
20
AB-30
INTRODUCTION
AB-30 is a compact, ready to use V-I AND I-V CONVERTER experiment
board. This board is useful for students to understand the working and
operation of op-amp as signal conveter. It can be used as stand alone unit
with external DC power supply or can be used with SCIENTECH
ANALOG LAB ST-2612 which has built in DC power supply, AC power
supply, function generator, modulation generator, continuity tester, toggle
switches, and potentiometer.
List of Boards :
Model
AB-01
AB-02
AB-03
AB-04
AB-05
AB-06
AB-07
AB-08
AB-09
AB-15
AB-16
AB-17
AB-18
AB-19
AB-21
AB-22
AB-23
AB-25
AB-28
AB-29
AB-31
AB-32
AB-33
AB-34
AB-38
AB-40
AB-41
Name
Diode characteristics (Si, Zener, LED)
Transistor characteristics (CB NPN)
Transistor characteristics (CB PNP)
Transistor characteristics (CE NPN)
Transistor characteristics (CE PNP)
Transistor characteristics (CC NPN)
Transistor characteristics (CC PNP)
FET characteristics
Rectifier Circuits
Common Emitter Amplifier
Common Collector Amplifier
Common Base Amplifier
RC-Coupled Amplifier
Cascode Amplifier
Class A Amplifier
Class B Amplifier (push pull emitter follower)
Class C Tuned Amplifier
Phase Locked Loop (FM Demodulator &
Frequency Multiplier/Divider)
Multivibrators (Astable / Monostable)
F-V and V-F Converter
Zener Voltage Regulator
Transistor Series Voltage Regulator
Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator
DC Ammeter
DC Voltmeter
Op-amp Characteristics
Differential Amplifier (Transistorized)
AB-30
AB-42
AB-43
AB-44
AB-45
AB-51
AB-52
AB-53
AB-56
AB-65
AB-66
AB-67
AB-81
AB-82
AB-83
AB-84
AB-90
AB-91
AB-92
AB-93
Operational Amplifier (Inverting / Noninverting / Differentiator)
Operational Amplifier (Adder/Scalar)
Operational Amplifier (Integrator/Differentiator)
Schmitt Trigger and Comparator
Active filters (Low Pass and High Pass)
Active Band Pass Filter
Notch Filter
Fiber Optic Analog Link
Phase Shift Oscillator
Wien Bridge Oscillators
Colpitt Oscillator
Kirchoffs Laws (Kirchoffs Current Law &
Kirchoffs Voltage Law)
Thevenins and Maximum power Transfer
Theorem
Reciprocity and Superposition Theorem
Tellegens Theorem
Two port network parameter
Optical Transducer (Photovoltaic cell)
Optical Transducer (Photoconductive cell/LDR)
Optical Transducer (PhotoTransistor)
AB-30
THEORY
Operational amplifier is a direct-coupled high-gain amplifier usually
consisting of one or more differential amplifiers and usually followed by a
level translator and an output stage. The output stage is generally a pushpull or push-pull complementary-symmetry pair. An operational amplifier
is available as a single integrated circuit package.
The operational amplifier is a versatile device that can be used to amplify
DC as well as AC input signals and was originally designed for performing
mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
integration. Thus the name operational amplifier stems from its original use
for these mathematical operations and is abbreviated to op-amp. With the
addition of suitable external feedback components, the modern day op-amp
can be used for a variety of applications, such as AC and DC signal
amplification, active filters, oscillators, comparators, regulator, regulators,
and others.
The op-amp may be used as a voltage to current converter and current to
voltage converter for both ac as well as dc input signal. This is explained as
follows
Voltage-to-Current Converter :
Op-amp circuit as voltage to current converter can be used in two
configurations
1.
2.
The very first configuration is op-amp with floating load (as shown in
fig.1). In this circuit the feedback resistance will act as a load and as it is not
connected to ground it will be called as floating.
The input voltage will be applied to the non-inverting input of op-amp and
the feedback voltage across resistance RL will drive the inverting input
terminal. This circuit will also be called as Current-series negative feedback
amplifier as the feedback voltage across RL (applied to inverting terminal)
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depends on the output current iout and is in series with the input difference
voltage Vid.
According to Kirchoffs volyage law for input loop,
Vin = Vid + Vf
..(1)
This means in the circuit of fig.1 an input voltage Vin can be converted into
an output current. If the RL is a precision resistance then output current will
be precisely fixed.
The second configuration of voltage to current converter is that in which
one terminal of load is grounded and the load current is controlled be an
input voltage. The circuit is as shown in fig.2.
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And
Fig.3a
I-V Converter
..(3)
Fig.3b
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into proportional output voltage. In our AB-30 board we have used the
same logic.
Applications of I-V Converter :
Object :
To study the Op-amp as Voltage to Current Converter.
Apparatus Required :
1.
2.
3.
Function Generator.
4.
Ammeter.
5.
Circuit Diagram :
Circuit used to study the operation of V-I Converter is shown below :
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Fig. 4
11
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Procedure :
6.
7.
Connect ammeter between points e and Vout (this will connect a load
at the output of op-amp and at the same time current flowing through
the floating load can be observed on ammeter).
8.
9.
10.
O/p DC Current
(Practical value)
O/p DC Current
from Eq.1
(Theoretical Value)
1V
2V
3V
4V
5V
11.
12
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12.
13.
14.
I/p AC
voltage
(Vin)
R.M.S. I/p
Current
Vrms=Vp-p/ 2
O/p AC Current
(Practical value)
O/p AC Current
from Eq.2
(Theoretical
Value)
1Vp-p
2Vp-p
3Vp-p
4Vp-p
5Vp-p
1.
2.
3.
4.
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I/p DC voltage
(Vin)
O/p DC Current
(Practical value)
O/p DC Current
from Eq.1
(Theoretical Value)
1V
2V
3V
4V
5V
R.M.S. I/p
Current
Vrms=Vp-p/ 2
O/p AC Current
(Practical value)
O/p AC Current
from Eq.2
(Theoretical
Value)
1Vp-p
2Vp-p
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3Vp-p
4Vp-p
5Vp-p
EXPERIMENT 2
Object :
To study the Op-amp as Current to Voltage Converter.
Apparatus Required :
1.
2.
3.
Ammeter.
4.
Voltmeter / Oscilloscope.
5.
Function Generator.
6.
Circuit Diagram :
Circuit used to study the operation of I-V Converter is shown below :
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c
Fig. 4
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Procedure :
1.
2.
3.
Vary the pot to vary the input current from 1mA, gradually upto
5mA (1mA, 2mA, 3mA, 4mA and 5mA) and note the respective
voltage on voltmeter in the following table. This is the practical
value of voltage.
4.
O/p DC Voltage
(Practical value)
(Vout)
O/p DC Voltage
from Eq.1 (Vout)
(Theoretical Value)
5mA
10mA
15mA
20mA
24mA
5.
6.
Vary the pot to vary the input current from 1mA, gradually upto
15mA (1mA, 3mA, 5mA 15mA) and note the respective
voltage on voltmeter in the following table. This is the practical
value of voltage.
7.
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1mA
3mA
5mA
7mA
9mA
11mA
13mA
15mA
DATASHEET
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
18
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19
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20
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WARRANTY
21
AB-30
22
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LIST OF ACCESSORIES
1.
2.
3.
23