Chapter 5 5 Volcanism Volcanism: Igneous Processes

Chapter5
Chapter5
Volcanism
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Mt.Mayon_tam3rd.jpg
IGNEOUS PROCESSES
Magmatism
formation of igneous rocks from magma
Plutonism
intrusive igneous rock crystallizes from magma and slowly cools
below the surface of the Earth
Volcanism
includes all phenomena resulting from and causing magma within
the crust or mantle of a planet to rise through the crust and form
volcanic rocks on the surface
N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology
Lecture Notes: Volcanism
Volcaniceruptions
Governed largely by the physical and chemical characteristics
of the erupting magma
volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Gif/Drawings/RockClassif-A.gif
Pyroclastic materials e.g. volcanic dust, volcanic ash, lapilli,

scoria, bombs, blocks
aroundthephilippines.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Mayon_Volcano_Eruption_2.jpg
VOLCANISM
Types of volcanic eruptions

Explosive
pyroclastic rocks or fragmental rocks, ash fall, pyroclastic
flows, debris avalanches, pyroclastic surges, lahars
Non-explosive/effusive
lava flows, spatter cones, lava fountains,
flood basalt
VOLCANISM
Types of volcanic eruptions

g
p
gas release under decompression
arise from interactions between water and magma
driven by the expansion of steam
aroundthephilippines.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Mayon_Volcano_Eruption_2.jpg
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS: MAGMATIC
media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/48/4948-004-9AC9A872.jpg

Hawaiian type
- lava flows from the vent in a relative gentle, low level eruption (effusive)
- basaltic lavas: low viscosity, low content of gases, and high temperature at the
vent
- very little amount of ash
1954 Klauea, USA (HI)
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Eruption_1954_Kilauea_Volcano.jpg

Strombolian type
- characterized by short-lived and explosive eruptions of lavas
- basaltic lavas of intermediate viscosity
- deposit mostly scoria
2007 Anak Krakatau, Indonesia
www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/perm/krakatau/icons-strombolian-eruption/krakatau-strombolianmf8663.jpg

Vulcanian type
- highly viscous lava
- volcanic bombs and blocks; andesitic to dacitic rather than basaltic
2009 Tavurvur, Papua New Guinea
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Tavurvur_volcano_edit.jpg

Pelean type
- driven by the collapse of rhyolite, dacite, and andesite lava domes that often
create large eruptive columns
1984 Mt. Mayon, Philippines
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Pyroclastic_flows_at_Mayon_Volcano.jpg

Plinian/Vesuvian type
- associated with volatile-rich dacitic to rhyolitic lavas, and occur most typically
at stratovolcanoes
1991 Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Pinatubo91eruptio
n_clark_air_base.jpg

Ultra Plinian type
- VEI: ash plumes over 25 km (16 mi) high and a volume of erupted material
10 km3 (2 cu mi) to 1,000 km3 (200 cu mi) in size
1883 Krakatoa, Indonesia
(lithograph)
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Krak
atoa_eruption_lithograph.jpg
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS: PHREATOMAGMATIC

Surtseyan
- caused by shallow-water interactions between water and lava
1963 Surtsey, Iceland
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Surtsey_eruption_2.jpg
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS: PHREATOMAGMATIC

Subglacial
2010 Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Fimmvorduhals_2010_03_27_dawn.jpg
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS: PHREATIC

- only blast out fragments of pre-existing solid rock from the volcanic conduit; no
new magma is erupted
1980 Mt. St. Helens, USA (WA)
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Phreatic_St._Helens.jpg
VOLCANISM
Products of volcanic eruptions:

Lavas and lava flows
a moving outpouring of lava, which is created during a non-explosive
effusive eruption
VOLCANISM
Aa
rough or rubbly surface composed of broken lava blocks called clinker
- usually of higher viscosity than phoehoe
- typically erupt at temperatures of 1000 to 1100C
Klauea, USA (HI)
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Aa_large.jpg
VOLCANISM
Pahoehoe
- smooth, billowy, undulating, or ropy surface
- typically have a temperature of 1100 to 1200 C
Klauea, USA (HI)
volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/lava_pics/pahoehoe.jpg
VOLCANISM

Pyroclasts and pyroclastic flows
pubs.usg
gs.gov/pp/p1563/fi
gures/table1w.gif
belmont.sd62.bc.ca/teacher/geology12/photos/volcanoes/pyrocl
asts.jpg
VOLCANISM

Volcanic gases
include gases trapped in cavities (vesicles) in volcanic rocks, dissolved
or dissociated gases in magma and lava,
lava or gases emanating directly
from lava or indirectly through ground water heated by volcanic action
vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Baker/Images/Baker81_gas_sam
pling_fumarole_mount_baker_1981_med.jpg
vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/MSH/Images/MSH81_collecting_
gas_samples_base_dome_09-24-81_med.jpg
VOLCANIC LANDFORMS
VOLCANIC LANDFORMS
Shield volcanoes
- built almost entirely of fluid lava flows
- named for their large size and low profile, resembling a warrior's shield
Mauna Kea, USA (HI)
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Mauna_Kea_from_Mauna_Loa_Observatory%2C_Hawaii_-_20100913.jpg
VOLCANIC LANDFORMS
Composite/Stratovolcanoes
- a tall, conical volcano built up by many layers (strata) of hardened lava,
tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash
- characterized by a steep profile and periodic, explosive eruptions
Krakatoa, Indonesia
Mt. Vesuvius, Italy
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Indonesia%2C
_Sunda_Straits.jpg
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Naplesbay01.jpg
VOLCANIC LANDFORMS
Composite/Stratovolcanoes
Mt. Mayon, Philippines
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Mt.Mayon_tam3rd.jpg
VOLCANIC LANDFORMS
Volcanic cones
- depend upon the nature and size of the fragments ejected during the eruption
e.g. spatter cones, ash cones, tuff cones, and cinder cones
Pu
u
(Klauea),
Puu
(Klauea) USA (HI)
cinder-and-spatter cone
Diamond Head, USA (HI)

tuff cone
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropp
ed.jpg
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Diamond-HeadHawaii-Nov-2001.jpg
VOLCANIC LANDFORMS
Volcanic cones
- depend upon the nature and size of the fragments ejected during the eruption
e.g. spatter cones, ash cones, tuff cones, and cinder cones
Paricutin, Mexico
cinder cone
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Paricutin.jpg
VOLCANIC LANDFORMS
Caldera
- formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption
Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines
Taal Volcano, Philippines
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Pinatubo92pi
natubo_caldera_crater_lake.jpg
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Taal_volcano_
aerial.jpg
VOLCANIC LANDFORMS
Plug domes
- a roughly circular mound-shaped protrusion resulting from the slow extrusion
of viscous lava from a volcano
Mt. St. Helens, USA (WA)
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/MSH06_aerial_crater_from_north_high_angle_0912-06.jpg
VOLCANISM
Activity of volcanoes
Active
erupted during the last 10,000 yrs
Inactive
no activity during the last 10,000 yrs
Potentially active
volcanic activity between 1.65 Ma to 10 ka
VOLCANISM
Volcanoes in the Philippines
VOLCANISM
Volcanoes in the
Philippines
22 active volcanoes and more
th 200 inactive
than
i
ti
most are subduction related
but exotic types also exist,
e.g. Amoguis Volcano in
Palawan
VOLCANISM
Mayon Volcano
Bikol: Bulkang Magayon,'Beautiful Volcano'
stratovolcano; most active of the active volcanoes in the

Philippines,
Philippines having erupted over 49 times in the past 400
years (1616 - present)
post-1814 eruption
1928 eruption
www.fabulousphilippines.com/mayon-eruption-1814-1.jpg
1814 eruption 2,200 deaths

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mayon_1928_1.jpg
VOLCANISM
refers
to
volcanic
f
t any potentially
t ti ll dangerous
d
l
i process
(e.g., lava flows, pyroclastic flows)
any potential loss or damage as a result of the volcanic
hazard that might be incurred by persons, property, etc. or
which negatively impacts the productive
capacity/sustainability of a population
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Lava flow
a moving outpouring of lava, which is created during a non-explosive
effusive eruption
Kahaualea, USA (HI)
1984 rift eruption at Krafla, Iceland
64.19.142.11/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9
/9f/Pahoeoe_fountain_edit2.jpg/800pxPahoeoe_fountain_edit2.jpg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lava_flow_at_Krafla,_1984.jpg
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Tephra fall
1997 eruption at Montserrat, West Indies
vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Imgs/Gif/Hazards/Tephra/tephra_diagram.gif
dbstr.ct.ingv.it/iavcei/Monty-fall_97.jpg
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Tephra fall
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Tephra
1815 Mt. Tambora eruption (Indonesia)
the most powerful in recorded history (VEI-7)
death toll: ~92,000
eruption column lowered global temperatures, and some experts believe
this led to global cooling and worldwide harvest failures
en.wikipedia.org/w
wiki/File:1815_tambora_exp
losion.png
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Tephra
1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption (Philippines)
the 2nd largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century (VEI-6)
ejected roughly 10 km3 of magma, and 20 million tons of SO2
injected large amounts of aerosol into the stratosphere more than any
eruption since that of Krakatoa in 1883, resulting to a global temperature
drop of ~0.5
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TOMS_AI_Jun16_91.gif
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinatubo_dust_layer.jpg
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
a fast-moving current of superheated gas (~1,000

C) and tephra, which reaches speeds of up to 700
km/h
a higher proportion of gas to rock ratio (lower
density) makes it more turbulent to form
pyroclastic (or base) surges
1984 Mayon Volcano, PH
1965 Taal Volcano, PH
assets.nydailyn
news.com/img/2009/02/03/gal_volccano_1965_taal.jpg
Pyroclastic flow
pyroclastic density current
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyroclastic_flows_at_Mayon_Volcano.jpg
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Pyroclastic flows and surges

1902 Mt. Pelee eruption (France)
the worst volcanic disaster of the 20th century
consisted of superheated steam and volcanic g
gases and dust ((T: >1,075
C), with speeds calculated to be over 670 km/hr, killing ~30,000 people
media-1.web.britannica.com/eb-media/68/93168-004A4B26548.jpg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pelee_1902_3.jpg
VOLCANIC HAZARDS

1902 Mt. Pelee eruption (France)
the worst volcanic disaster of the 20th century
4.b
bp.blogspot.com/_SrDMO4j63jA/S
Sk4VrAQD8hI/AAAA
AAAABNI/-csoSDtVIM
Mw/s400/cyparis.jpg
prison cell of Louis-Auguste Cyparis (Ludger Sylbaris)
static.atlasobscura.netdna-cdn.com/images/place/the-prison-cell-of-ludgersylbaris.8527.large_slideshow.jpg
VOLCANIC HAZARDS

1883 Krakatoa eruption (Indonesia)
combination of pyroclastic flows, volcanic ashes, and tsunamis caused
more than 36,000 deaths
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia
a/commons/4/49/Krakatoa_
eruption_lithograph.jpg
en.wikipedia.org//wiki/File:Map_krakatau.gif
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Volcanic gases
kill by acidic corrosion; others kill by asphyxiation
Mt. St Helens eruption
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MSH04_crater_eruption_image_1213
PDT_10-01-04.jpg
64.19.142.12/pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-262/gas.jpg
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Volcanic gases
Lake Nyos (Cameroon)
1st known large-scale asphyxiation caused by a natural event
August
g
21, 1986: possibly
y triggered
gg
by
y a landslide, Lake Nyos
y suddenly
y
emitted a large cloud of CO2, which suffocated 1,700 people and 3,500
livestock in nearby towns and villages
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Debris avalanches
very high velocity flows of large volume mixtures of rock and regolith that
result from complete collapse of a mountainous slope
often triggered by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
Goodell Creek, USA (WA)
Mt. St. Helens, USA (WA)
64.19.142.11/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thum
b/3/3e/Goodell_Creek_Debris_Avalanche.jpg/800pxGoodell_Creek_Debris_Avalanche.jpg
vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/MSH/Images/MSH83_debris_a
valanche_looking_downstream_10-05-83.jpg
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Lahars
Javanese: berlahar
a type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic
material, rocky debris, and water that can flow up to ~100 km/hr, for more
than 300 km
1982 Galunggung Volcano eruption,
Indonesia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galunggung_lahar.jpg
1980 Mt. St. Helens eruption, USA (WA)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MSH80_mudline_muddy_river_with_
USGS_scientist_10-23-80.jpg
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Lahars
1985 Nevado del Ruiz eruption (Colombia):
The Armero tragedy
the 2nd deadliest volcanic disaster of the 20th century
four enormous lahars with speeds up to 12 m/s engulfed the town of
Armero, killing more than 20,000 of its almost 29,000 inhabitants
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armero_aftermath_Marso.jpg
www.findingdulcinea.com/docroot/dulcinea/fd_images/news/onthis-day/November/On-this-Day--Mudslide-in-Colombia-Kills-23000/news/0/image.jpg
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Lahars
1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption (Philippines):
The Cabalantian tragedy
the 2nd largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century (VEI-6)
October 1, 1995: pyroclastic material rushed down because of heavy rain
and turned into an 8-m lahar killing hundreds of people
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F
File:River_valley_filled_in_by
_pyroclasstic_flows,_Mt._Pinatubo.jpg
3.bp.blogspot.com/_r8TnL3eN1Eo/SsTKSJk0G2I/AAAAAAAAA
HU/DgFQAbQZZH8/s1600-h/cabalantian+7.jpg
Benefits
Fertile agricultural
lands
Source of
geothermal energy
benign source of
electricity

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Chapter5

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

Pyroclastic materials e.g. volcanic dust, volcanic ash, lapilli,

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

Types of volcanic eruptions

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

Types of volcanic eruptions

arise from interactions between water and magma

driven by the expansion of steam

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS: MAGMATIC

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS: MAGMATIC

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS: MAGMATIC

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS: MAGMATIC

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS: MAGMATIC

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS: MAGMATIC

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS: MAGMATIC

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS: PHREATOMAGMATIC

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS: PHREATOMAGMATIC

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS: PHREATIC

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

Products of volcanic eruptions:

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

Products of volcanic eruptions:

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

Products of volcanic eruptions:

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

Mt. Vesuvius, Italy

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

Diamond Head, USA (HI)

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines

Taal Volcano, Philippines

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

Volcanoes in the Philippines

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Volcanism

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Volcanism