in PDF
In the previous articles, we discussed Time Signals & Signal Transformation as well as
some Standard Time Signals. In these free GATE Notes, we will discuss some Signal
Classification based on Properties. These study material are useful for GATE EC and
GATE EE as well as other exams like BARC, BSNL, DRDO, ISRO, IES etc. These notes may
also be downloaded in PDF so that your exam preparation is made easy and you ace
your exam.
You are strongly advised to go through previous articles before starting off with this
module.
Recommended Reading
Laplace Transforms
Limits, Continuity & Differentiability
Mean Value Theorems
Differentiation
Partial Differentiation
Maxima and Minima
Methods of Integration & Standard Integrals
Vector Calculus
Vector Integration
Time Signals & Signal Transformation
Standard Time Signals
The variable of time is discrete. The weekly Dow Jones stock market index is an example
of discrete-time signal.
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Signals extending from any finite point of time t0 to + are known as right-sided signals.
non zero ; t o < t <
x(t) = {
o
; otherwise
Here are some examples:
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Causal Signal
Note:
Every causal signal is right sided signal but every right sided signal need not be causal
signal. Every anti-causal signal is left sided signal but every left sided signal need not be
anti-causal signal.
Example 1:
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Categorize the following signals according to causality and left sided or right sided
signals.
Solution:
i. Causal and right sided signal.
ii. Causal and right sided signal.
iii. Noncausal and right sided signal.
iv. Causal and time limited signal.
v. Anticausal and left sided signal.
vi. Anticausal and left sided signal.
n () .
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n odd (anti ) .
Even and odd signals are mutually exclusive. Therefore, any signal can be represented as a
sum of even and odd signals.
i.e. x(t) = xe (t) + xo (t) ------1
xe (t) = even part of x(t)
xe (t) = xe (t)
xo (t) = odd part of x(t)
x0 (t) = x0 (t)
x(t) = xe(t) + x0(t)
x(-t) = xe(t) x0(t) ------2
From equation 1 and 2
1
xe (t) = 2 [x(t) + x(t)]
x0 (t) =
1
2
[x(t) x(t)]
Properties:
i. Even + Even = Even
ii. Odd + Odd = Odd
iii. Even + Odd = neither even nor odd
iv. Even Even = Even
v. Even Odd = Odd
vi. Odd Odd = Even
vii. T odd function = 0
viii. T even function = 2T/2 even function
Example 2:
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Solution:
1) x(t) = (t)
Since (t) = (t)
Therefore (t) is an even signal.
Even part xe(t) = (t) and odd part x0(t)=0
2) x(t) = u(t)
Since u(t) u(t) and u(t) u(t)
Therefore, u(t) is neither even nor odd signal.
u(t) = xe(t) + xo(t)
1
1
xe (t) = 2 [u(t) + u(t)] = 2
1
1
2
sgn(t)
3) x(t) = sgn(t)
sgn(t) = u(t) u(t)
sgn(t)= u(t) u(t)= sgn(t)
sgn(t) = sgn(t)
sgn(t) is an odd signal.
Therefore, xe(t) = 0
xo(t) = sgn(t)
Important Points:
i. u (t) + u(-t)=1 and
. u(t) = 12[1 + sgn(t)]
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u (t)u(t) = sgn(t)
()
1 + ()
Another important point to note here is that addition or subtraction of a DC signal does
not affect the periodicity of the signal. So, the time period for the second signal is the same
as the first.
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The condition of periodicity is satisfied if and only if the signal repeats for every t0 {kT
; kz}, i.e. every periodic signal is everlasting signal. Fundamental period of nonperiodic
signal is undefined or infinite. For every periodic signal fundamental period is finite. For
continuous time periodic signals, fundamental period can be both rational number and
irrational number.
Example 3:
Find period of x(t) = sin(2t + 600 )
Solution:
Here, = 2 rad/sec
2
Fundamental period, T0 = =
2
2
sec
Example 4:
Test the periodicity of the following signal
1) sin(t + )
2) cos(t + ). u(t)
3) e-j(at+b)
Solution:
1) x(t) = sin (t + )
x(t+T) = sin ((t+T) + ) = sin (t + +T)
Since sin(t + 2 k) = sin(t) ; k =o,1,2.
Therefore sin(t + +T) = sin (t + ) if T = 2k
T=
2k
Fundamental period To =
at k = 1
aT = 2 k
T =
2k
a
2
a
Step 3. If all the above ratios are rational then the signal is periodic otherwise signal is
aperiodic.
. If signal is periodic then the fundamental period is given by
T0 =
Step 3. If all the above ratios are rational then the signal is periodic otherwise signal is
nonperiodic.
Step 4. If signal is periodic then the fundamental frequency is given by.
w0 =
G.C.D of numerators of 1 ,2 ,3
L.C.M of denominators of 1 ,2 ,3
Example 5:
5
Solution:
5
: 1 = 2 ,
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2 = 3
1
2
15
4
= rational, 0 =
G.C.D.of {5,2}
L.C.M.of {2,3}
T0 = 20 = 2(6) = 12
Method 2:
Fundamental time period of sine and cosine =
T1 =
T1
T1
2
5
( 2)
4
15
= 4/5, T2 =
2
2
( 3)
=3
= rational
x(t) is periodic.
Fundamental period of x(t) = T0 =
L.C.M.of {3,4}
G.C.D.of {5,1}
12
1
T0 = 12
Example 6:
Solution:
Method 1:
2
T1 = , T2 =
T1
T2
Since
2
2
2 4
T1
T2
22
Since
= irrational
Method 2:
1 = 2, 2 =
1
=4
22
2
=
2
1
2
Example 7:
Find fundamental period of x(t) = sin t + cos t
Solution:
1 = 1, 2 =
1
1
= = irrational
x(t) is non-periodic
0 < E < and P = 0 conditions for energy signals or 0 < [x(t)]2 dt <
A signal x(t) is said to be power signal if its power is finite and energy is infinite.
T/2
dW
dt
dW
dq
dq
dt
d(qv) dq
dq
dt
= v. i
V2dc
R
2
= Idc
R
v2 (t)
R
T/2
Pavg = T T/2
T/2
i2 (t)R dt
T T/2
dt =
= T T/2 i2 (t)dt
1
T/2
Therefore, nonperiodic signals can viewed a special case of periodic signal in which
T
Power of periodic signals
1
T/2
P = T T/2 x 2 (t)dt
Power of non-periodic signals
T/2
T 2
= T1 2T R(t)dt
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T/2 2
2
Vdc
= T1 T/2
(t)dt
T/2
Example 8:
Find power of A sin(t+).
Solution:
x(t)= A sin(t + )
2
T/2
T/2 1cos(2t+2)
A
Pavg = T1 T/2
A2 sin2 (t+)dt =
dt
T T/2
2
T/2
T/2
A2
= 2T [t |
T/2 cos(2wt + 2)dt]
T/2
A2
= 2T T =
Pavg =
A2
2
A2
2
2
A
Rms value = Pavg = A2 = 2
Note:
i. Signal power is independent of frequency and phase. It depends only on amplitude.
ii. Total Power of any signal is equal to sum of the powers associated with individual
signals if the individual signals are orthogonal to each other.
Example 9:
Find the power and energy of the following signals.
1)A 2) Au(t)
3) Ar(t)
Solution:
1) x(t) = A
E = A2 dt = A2 [t|
=
T/2
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T/2
T/2
= lim T1 A2 T = A2
T
P = A2
Hence, a DC signal is a power signal
2) x(t) = A u(t)
2
E = (A u(t)) dt = A2 0 (1) dt =
P = lim
2
1 T/2
(A u(t))2 dt= lim AT 0T/2(1)2 dt
T T/2
T
2
T
2
E = (Atu(t))2 dt = A2 0 t 2 dt = A2 dt = A2 t3 |
0
E=
1 T/2 2 2
1 T/2
(Atu(t)2 dt= lim
A t dt
T T T/2
TT 0
P = lim
T
A2 t3 2
T T 3 0
P=
Therefore, x(t) = Ar(t) is neither energy nor power signal.
Note:
i. Every energy signal is nonperiodic but every non-periodic signal need not be an
energy signal.
ii. Every periodic signal is power signal but every power signal need not be periodic.
iii. If any signal is neither energy nor power signal then it is always nonperiodic.
iv. For every energy signal, amplitude of the signal tends to zero as |t|
v. If the signals have the common limits then the total energy is not same as the sum of
the energies of individual signals.
Example 10:
Find energy of the signal x(t) = e-2t u(t) + e-3t u(t)
Solution:
Lets consider
x1 (t) = e2t u(t)
x2 (t) = e3t u(t)
= 16(e e0 ) = 6
[e4t |0 +
4
1
1
37
= 4 + 6 + 5 = 60
1
[e4t |0 +
[e5t |0
E1 + E2 = 4 + 6 = 12
E E1 + E2
Note:
i. Signal energy is independent of location. If depends only height of the signal and width
of the signal.
ii. Signal energy is directly proportional to width of the signal and square of the
amplitude of signal.
Example 11:
If energy of x(t) is E then find the energy of the following signals in terms of E.
1) x(t-T)
2) x(-t)
3) x(T-t)
4) x(4t)
t
5) x ( 5)
6)10x(t/3)
7) 2x(2t + 5)
Solution:
1) Since signal energy is independent of location of the signal and x(t-T) is shifted version
of signal x(t).
Therefore energy of x(t-T) will be same as energy of x(t)
i.e. E1 = E
2) x2 (t) = x(-t)
x2 (t) is inverted version of x(t)
And by time reversal, height and width of the signal are not changed.
Therefore, signal energy will remain same / unchanged.
i.e. E2 = E
3) x3 (t) = x(T-t)
E3 = E (reason refer to 1 and 2)
4) x4 (t) = x(4t)
x4 (t) = x(4t) is compressed version of signal x(t) by a factor 4.
Hence, width of the signal x(4t) b =
Therefore, E4 =
b
4
b = 5b, E b
E5 = 5E
6) x6 (t) = 10x(-t/3) Scaled, expanded and reversed signal
New amplitude A = 10 A, and new width b = 3b
E A2 and E b
E6 = 102 3E E6 = 300E
7) x7 (t) = 2x(2t+5)
A = 2A, b =
E
A2
b
2
,Eb
b
E7 = (2)2 2 E = 2E
With this, we conclude the basics of signal. In next article, we will start with the systems.
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