Abstract
Aim: To compare multidetector computed tomographic angiography with the gold standard cardiac catheterization and
angiography in tetralogy of Fallot.
Methods: In 40 consecutive patients over 5 years of age with tetralogy of Fallot, multidetector computed tomographic
angiography and catheterization angiography studies were compared for intracardiac anatomy, pulmonary anatomy and
indices, coronaries and collaterals. Safety parameters, relative advantages and limitations were also analyzed.
Results: All catheterization studies required hospitalization whereas all tomographic studies were performed as outpatient procedures. The need for sedation and amount of contrast used were significantly greater in catheterization than
in tomographic studies. Complications noted during catheterization were access site complications in 4 patients, cyanotic
spells in 2, transient complete heart block requiring temporary pacing in 2, and air embolism in one. No complication was
observed during tomographic studies. All tomographic studies were adequate, but 2 catheterization studies were
inadequate.
Ventricular septal defects, aortic override, level of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and pulmonary artery
anatomy were equally assessed by both imaging modalities. However, tomographic studies missed additional small
muscular ventricular septal defects. There was a linear correlation between tomographic and catheterization studies
for pulmonary annulus size, artery sizes, Z-score, and Nakata index. There was complete concordance with respect to
side of aortic arch and detection of collaterals. Coronary anatomy was better delineated in tomographic studies.
Conclusions: For preoperative evaluation of tetralogy of Fallot patients, multidetector computed tomographic angiography can be used as a reliable noninvasive alternative to cardiac catheterization angiography.
Keywords
Coronary angiography, heart septal defects, ventricular, image processing, computer-assisted, pulmonary artery, tetralogy
of Fallot, tomography, X-Ray computed
Introduction
Patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) are routinely
subjected to cardiac catheterization and angiography
(CCA) for preoperative evaluation because of suboptimal information obtained from echocardiography
regarding pulmonary artery anatomy, origin and
course of coronary arteries, and major aortopulmonary
collateral arteries (MAPCA). All of these can be eectively shown with the present generation of multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCTA),
safely and noninvasively.16 Thus routine cardiac catheterization in patients with TOF may be unwarranted.
Corresponding author:
Naveen Garg, Department of Cardiology, Sanjay Gandhi PGIMS,
Raibareli Road, Lucknow, India.
Email: navgarg@sgpgi.ac.in
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Contrast material
ECG gating
Patient instruction
Scanning delay
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Results
The baseline clinical characteristics the 40 patients are
summarized in Table 2. The procedural characteristics
of MDCTA and CCA can be compared in Table 3. All
MDCTA studies were outpatient procedures, whereas
all CCA studies required hospitalization for at least 3
days. Sedation was more frequently required during
CCA, especially in patients less than 15 years of age.
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No. of patients
Male
Age (years) [range]
Height (cm) [range]
Weight (kg) [range]
Body surface area (m2) [range]
Hemoglobin level (gdL1) [range]
NYHA functional class
Class II
Class III
History of cyanotic spells
30 (75%)
11.9 8.0 [529]
123.6 29.9 [85169]
25.7 14.9 [9.553]
0.9 0.5 [0.51.7]
17.1 3.6 [12.122.9]
36 (90%)
4 (10%)
6 (15%)
MDCTA
CCA
p value
Requirement of sedation
Procedure duration (min)
Volume of contrast used (mL)
Access site complication
Severe cyanotic spell
during procedure
Transient complete heart
block requiring
temporary pacing
Air embolism
Inadequate studies
12 (30%)
17.3 1.9
44.6 17.4
0
0
22 (55%) <0.001
45.6 7.2 <0.001
97.5 7.7 <0.001
4 (10%)
2 (5%)
2 (5%)
0
0
1 (2.5%)
2 (10%)
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Figure 1. Multidetector computed tomography angiography images profiling ventricular septal defects in 3 patients. (a) Axial oblique
view showing a large perimembranous ventricular septal defect (arrow). (b) Sagittal oblique view showing aortic override with a large
perimembranous ventricular septal defect (arrow) with adequate sized left and right ventricles. (c) Axial view showing an additional
apical muscular ventricular septal defect (arrow). (d) Left ventricular angiogram of the same patient in left anterior oblique view with
cranial angulation, showing a large perimembranous ventricular septal defect with additional mid-muscular (upper arrow) as well as
apical muscular ventricular septal defects (lower arrows). Multidetector computed tomography angiography missed the mid-muscular
defect.
respectively, and also were in the range of good correlation. In further linear regression analysis, we plotted
graphs that showed a positive linear correlation
between MDCTA and CCA for dierent parameters
of PA size and its indices (Figure 5). There was complete concordance with respect to laterality of the aortic
arch with MDCTA and CCA, but arch branching
anomalies were best shown by MDCTA (Figure 6).
Our cohort of patients had normal origins of the coronary arteries, equally depicted by MDCTA and CCA.
Four cases of a large conal branch crossing over the
RVOT were identied equally by both modalities
(Figure 7). Interestingly, in 2 patients, initial selective
RCA angiograms missed a proximally originating large
conal branch crossing the RVOT, and this was diagnosed by a repeat RCA angiogram after a little pull
back of the catheter. There was complete concordance
with respect to detection of MAPCA (Figure 8), except
in one case in which one MAPCA was missed on
MDCTA; when MDCTA was reviewed again, the collateral was found to be present. In 3 patients initially
presenting with hemoptysis, MDCTA indicated
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Figure 3. Multidetector computed tomography angiography images showing complete pulmonary artery anatomy. (a) Coronal
oblique view (maximum-intensity projection) showing the right pulmonary artery with narrowing at its origin (arrow). (b) Sagittal
oblique view (maximum-intensity projection) showing the left pulmonary artery. (c) Axial view (maximum-intensity projection)
showing the pulmonary artery confluence with hypoplasia of the main pulmonary artery and proximal right pulmonary artery.
(d) Volume-rendered image nicely showing the entire pulmonary arterial tree. LPA: left pulmonary artery; MPA: main pulmonary
artery; RPA: right pulmonary artery.
Table 4. Pulmonary artery anatomy and indices in multidetector computed tomography angiography and cardiac catheterization and angiography in 40 patients.
Anatomy
MDCTA
CCA
Pulmonary annulus
Diameter (mm)
13.9 3.8
14.0 4.1
Z-score
1.6 1.4
1.7 1.5
Main pulmonary artery
Diameter (mm)
13.7 5.1
13.7 5.0
Z-score
1.6 2.7
1.8 2.7
Right pulmonary artery
Diameter (mm)
12.2 3.8
12.2 3.8
Z-score
0.3 1.6
0.3 1.5
Left pulmonary artery
Diameter (mm)
12.3 6.4
12.4 6.5
Z-score
1.3 2.1
1.5 2.2
Nakata index
344.4 205.7 347.4 215.5
(mm2m2)
PRV/LV
0.5 0.1
0.5 0.1
p value
0.165
0.812
0.351
0.048
Discussion
0.871
0.703
0.246
0.147
0.230
0.972
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Figure 4. Interesting multidetector computed tomography angiography images of 4 patients. (a) Axial view (maximum-intensity
projection) showing left pulmonary artery origin stenosis (arrow) followed by aneurysmal dilatation; a severely hypoplastic main
pulmonary artery and right pulmonary artery were also noted. (b) Axial view (maximum-intensity projection) showing absent left
pulmonary artery (arrow). (c) Sagittal oblique view (maximum-intensity projection) showing a dilated and dysfunctional right ventricle.
(d) Coronal view (maximum-intensity projection) showing normal pulmonary venous drainage of all 4 pulmonary veins (black arrows)
into the left atrium.
computer workstation in an unlimited number of projections. Retrospective data manipulation allows the
projection that best displays a particular anatomic feature, using interactive rotation and removing structures
such as tortuous collateral vessels that are superimposed on the area of interest in angiograms. In addition, the information gained is easy to communicate
to surgical colleagues, and the data can be retrieved
after the procedure.
Ours is the only study directly comparing MDCTA
with CCA in patients with TOF. Our results are in
accordance with the results of studies comparing echocardiography and MDCTA with the surgical ndings.1,4 Wang and colleagues2 reported the diagnostic
accuracy of MDCTA and echocardiography in TOF as
95.43% and 83.3%, respectively. While intracardiac
anatomy may be elucidated further during preoperative
transesophageal echocardiography, concerns regarding
additional VSD, ventricular adequacy and RVOT, PA
anatomy, coronary artery course, and MAPCA might
remain unresolved. Cineangiography has been traditionally employed to delineate these structures. Our
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Figure 5. Linear regression graphs showing correlations between multidetector computed tomographic angiography (MDCTA) and
cardiac catheterization angiography (CCA) for pulmonary annulus and pulmonary artery sizes and indices. PRV/LV: predicted ratio of
peak right ventricular pressure to peak left ventricular pressure.
good correlation between MDCTA and CCA for measurements of central PA size; however, this was a retrospective study in much younger patients with TOF with
pulmonary atresia.
Coronary artery anatomy is an important surgical
concern in patients with TOF with hypoplastic pulmonary annulus requiring a transannular patch. Any coronary or large branch crossing the RVOT should be
delineated before surgery. In our study, coronary
arteries crossing the RVOT were picked up by
MDCTA in all 4 cases. Interestingly, in 2 patients, a
large conal branch crossing the RVOT was initially
missed on a selective right coronary angiogram and
was diagnosed by a repeat angiogram after pulling
back the catheter (Figure 7). So, in this regard,
MDCTA is superior to CCA; diagnosis of coronary
artery anomalies can be dicult using selective coronary angiography, and is not without risk. In one large
study of TOF patients, MDCTA compared to surgical
ndings had 100% sensitivity and 100% specicity for
detecting coronary artery abnormalities.15 Kasar and
colleagues4 reported 96% accuracy of MDCTA in
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Figure 6. Multidetector computed tomography angiography images showing vascular abnormalities (extracardiac) in 4 patients.
(a) Sagittal oblique view (maximum-intensity projection) showing a left aortic arch with a trifurcating right brachiocephalic trunk
(arrow). (b) Volume-rendered image showing a right aortic arch (arrow) with a reverse branching pattern; the 1st branch is the left
brachiocephalic trunk, the 2nd is the right common carotid artery, and the 3rd is the right subclavian artery. (c) Sagittal oblique view
(maximum-intensity projection) showing a left aortic arch and patent ductus arteriosus. (d) Coronal oblique view (maximum-intensity
projection) showing bilateral superior venae cavae. PDA: patent ductus arteriosus; SVC: superior vena cava.
Figure 7. Large conal branch of the right coronary artery crossing over the right ventricular outflow tract (arrow). (a) Multidetector
computed tomography angiography (volume-rendered image). (b) Right coronary angiogram of the same patient, which initially missed
this proximally originating large conal branch crossing over the right ventricular outflow tract, and was diagnosed by repeat angiography after a little pull back of the catheter.
Kasar and colleagues4 reported similar radiation exposure per MDCTA study (3.5 4.7 mSv). The dose range
for diagnostic cardiac catheterization in children has
been reported as 0.2 to 14.4 mSv.16,17 Thus MDCTA
has an advantage over CCA in reducing the radiation
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Figure 8. Multidetector computed tomography angiography images showing major aortopulmonary collaterals in 3 patients.
(a) Volume-rendered image showing major aortopulmonary collaterals (arrow) originating from the descending thoracic aorta and
supplying the right lower lobe of the lung with an arborization defect, and (b) Corresponding cineangiogram of the same patient,
showing the same collateral (arrow). (c) Coronal oblique view (maximum-intensity projection) showing a prominent right bronchial
collateral (arrow). (d) Coronal oblique view (maximum-intensity projection) showing a collateral originating from the left subclavian
artery (arrow).
Figure 9. Major aortopulmonary collateral detection by multidetector computed tomography angiography, and coil embolization
during cardiac catheterization just before surgery. (a) Volume-rendered image showing a large aortopulmonary collateral originating
from the descending thoracic aorta and connecting with the left pulmonary artery; the collateral has long-segment narrowing in its mid
segment (arrow). (b) Corresponding cineangiogram showing the same collateral. (c) The collateral was coil embolized during the same
catheterization study, and the patient underwent successful and uneventful surgery on the same day.
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Table 5. Advantages and disadvantages of multidetector computed tomography angiography and cardiac catheterization and
angiography.
Variable
MDCTA
CCA
Noninvasive
Not required
Less frequently required
Low
Short
Low
Can be manipulated and viewed
in unlimited no. of projections
Equal
Invasive
Required
More frequently required
Higher
Longer
Higher
Not possible
Can be missed
All can be imaged in one go
Always picked up
Good delineation
Can be imaged
Extracardiac cause can be identified
Probably better
None
None
Less
Low
Can be confusing
Not possible
Extracardiac cause not identified
Catheter positioning difficult
Possible
Possible
More
Higher
Equal
CCA: cardiac catheterization and angiography; MDCTA: multidetector computed tomography angiography; RVOT: right ventricular outflow tract;
VSD: ventricular septal defect.
dysfunction and severe tricuspid regurgitation, requiring extensive and prolonged catheter manipulation and
large amounts of contrast and uoroscopy time;
MDCTA showed the relevant anatomy with ease
(Figure 4). Thus in TOF patients with severe RV dysfunction and severe tricuspid regurgitation, initial
MDCTA may be the best choice.
Hemoptysis in TOF patients is assumed to be due to
collaterals, but tuberculosis is also very common in our
country and can present with hemoptysis. MDCTA
may be helpful in indicating pulmonary tuberculosis
in these patients. In our study, 3 patients presenting
with hemoptysis were found to have pulmonary
parenchymal inltration on MDCTA, which was later
conrmed to be tuberculosis. Color Doppler echocardiography is the imaging technique of choice for the
initial assessment of a patient with TOF. It is a relatively inexpensive noninvasive technique that provides
anatomic and functional information in real time.
However, echocardiography is operator-dependent
and has diculty visualizing extracardiac anatomy
(PA and its branches, peripheral PA, origin and
course of coronary arteries and MAPCA). All these
limitations of echocardiography in TOF patients can
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