GENERAL STUDY OF KG-BASIN

As far as geological setting is concerned, Krishna Godavari basin, located on east coast of India, is in
a passive margin setting with a coastal extent of 500 km, and it extends more than 200 km from the
coast into the deep sea. This basin has been fed dominantly by Krishna and Godavari river systems,
along with numerous tributaries. The basin represents a depositional setting of a well defined shelf to
shelf edge delta to deepwater. The KG basin covers the deltaic and inters deltaic areas of Krishna and
Godavari rivers and extends into the offshore. The basin extends southeast into the deep water of the
Bay of Bengal. A significant part of the onshore basinal area is covered by quaternary alluvium. This
stretch of sedimentary tract contains a vast range of geologic settings, such as coastal basin, delta, shelfslope apron, deep- sea channel, and deep water fan complex. The basin has emerged as one of the
frontier areas for future hydrocarbon exploration. The basin has significant hydrocarbon potential both
in the Tertiary delta as well as in the channel- levee- overbank splay types in deepwater.

Fig:1 Location map of Krishna and Godavari basin, east coast of India.

Tectonic History
The basin was a major intracratonic rift within Gondwanaland until early Jurassic. Exposures of Upper
Cretaceous sedimentary rocks demarcate the basin margin toward the northwest. When Gondwanaland
rifted apart, the eastern margin of the Indian peninsula was positioned at latitude 50S and was oriented
Page 1

in an east west direction. Since the Cretaceous, the Indian plate has moved northward, and the eastern
continental passive margin rotated 20 in a counterclockwise direction until it collided with Eurasia in
the late Eocene. Onshore parts in the basin record a good account of Gondwana sediments. The basin
evolved as a composite of rifted grabens, beginning in the Late Jurassic , and formed a part of the
development of the east coast divergent margin. The horsts and grabens were separated by vertical or
steeply dipping faults. Since the Cretaceous, the basin has become a pericratonic rift basin. The initial
rifting- drifting phase during this generated fluvial- lacustrine sediments all over the basin. However,
the transportation was over short distances, and therefore clastics of that time are devoid of sorting and
are mainly argillaceous arkosic sandstones. The first marine incursion appears to have occurred during
the Albian. The rift phase terminated by the end of Turonian in most parts of the basin, and
subsequently, the post- rift sedimentary sequences prograded to the east with the development of a
continental shelf-slope system. The shelf areas received deposits of clastics and carbonate sediments
while the slope registered deeper- water fan sediments. This setting ,during which progradation was
dominant , persisted throughout the Tertiary .The Paleocene and Eocene ,in part, are considered to have
been deposited during sea-level lowstands, thus forming fan complexes. From Oligocene onward, sea
level began to rise, and more accommodation was available.

In Tertiary, the deepwater area became structurally deformed by numerous sets of growth faults and
related features. In most areas, a major decollement surface is present near or at the top of the Eocene
and marks a major tectonic event .A series of growth fault systems progressively developed, with
increased sediment influx during the Oligocene through Miocene time. The onset of the Pliocene is
marked by major sea- level fall and a prominent erosional surface. These lowstand conditions prevailed
into the Pliestocene.

The regional basement horsts divide Krishna Godavari basin into several sub- basins such as Pennar,
Krishna, West Godavari and East Godavari. These sub- basins contain thick Cretaceous and older
sediments above the Archaean basement, with several intervening unconformities. The basin contains a
4-7 km thick sediment column, ranging in age from Late Carboniferous to Holocene.
Page 2

Sequence Stratigraphic Framework

Sequence Stratigraphic Framework indicates that, during lowstand period, sediments on the shelf are
transported across the subaerially exposed shelf by fluvial syatems and deposited as deep marine
sediments.Deep marine deposition significantly increases after delta progradation to the shelf edge.
Transport of considerable sediment volumes, including significant volumes of sand into the deep
marine realm via shelf edge deltas, is common during highstand times and may be enhanced by
subsequent submarine canyon development. Highstand coastlines commonly are characterized by
prograding deltas deposited during a period of decelerating relative sea level rise. Times of sea level
lowstand have been associated with periods of high sedimentation rates. During early lowstand ,
because of sea level fall, shorelines tend to prograde rapidly across the shelf, forcing depocenters to
reach the shelf edge. Rapid sedimentation on the shelf edge and upper slope gives rise to frequent
slumping, which can generate sediment gravity flows into the deep basin.

Page 3

Fig-2 the generalized stratigraphy of KG basin from onshore to deep offshore(After Bastia, R. Nayak,
P.Singh 2007)

DEEPWATER RESERVOIR ELEMENTS

CHANNELS.
Channels are defined as elongate negative relief features produced and/or maintained by
turbidity current flow, represent long-term pathways for sediment transport.(Mutti & Normark)
channel shape and position within a turbidite system are controlled by depositional processes or
erosional downcutting. Channel relief can be dominantly erosional or depositional in origin or
can result from a combination of both processes.

Fig-1

Channel systems can develop on the slope, at the base of the slope, and on the basin floor.the
geometries of open channels and filled channels change in response to the changes in gradient,

Page 4

from a single deep feeder channel, to shallower and broader channels in a more unconfined
setting.
Channel fill sediments may consist of a variety of sediment gravity flow deposits, from
debrites and slide block, and hemi-pelagic suspension fallout. The most common facies is thick
bedded, structure less sand. Beds commonly consist of large mud clasts and consist of poorly
sorted fine to coarse sand.

Well no D6/A2A
Length-2116.962118.94
Medium to coarse
grained sand
Massive appearing
Floating mudclasts &
brecciated sediments .
Low mud matrix.

Page 5

Well no- D6/A10A

Length-2035m-2038m
Thick, massive, clean
sand
High density turbidity
current deposits

Grain size of the channel-fill generally decreases upward, in accordance with the upward change
from more distributary like channels to smaller leveed channel.

Page 6

Fig-2

Internally, several stacking patterns are possible depending on width and depth of the master
channel, position within the channel, and internal sedimentary processes.

Page 7

LEVEE-OVERBANK DEPOSITS
Levees are sediment accumulations that form adjacent to channels when the flow
overtops the channel banks. Braided channels have no levees because in braided channels the
volume is more, and they occupy higher and higher levels within the channel. As a result of
which it never overtop the bank. But in case of meandering channels, which are narrow, higher
water levels are typically accompanied by flow stripping in which the top part of the flow
spreads outside the channel, depositing its coarser suspended load near the channel to form
levees. If the flows continue into more distal areas away from the channels, it will form overbank
deposit. At bends in the channel, the sediments tended to preferentially overspill and spread
across the surface by flow stripping and/or breaching of the levee. Hence levees are more
pronounced at the bends of the channels.
The levee-overbank deposits are mainly consists of clay and silt, but they also contain
sand and sandstones as thin bedded deposits. Because of the rapid reduction in flow velocity as
the flow overtops its banks the proximal levee receives more sediment than the distal levee. As a
result of which a wedge shaped deposit will form i.e. a thick proximal levee and a thinner distal
overbank portion. Because of the presence of higher amount of clay fraction, distal levees cant
form a reservoir. Whereas proximal levee can form a reservoir because of the presence of greater
amount of sand as compared to distal levees. Gross porosity and permeability also diminish from
the proximal to the distal levee in the direction of sediment fining and thinning.

Page 8

Fig-3

Schematic diagram of the architectural elements of fine-grained deepwater depositional systems.

Modified from Bouma (2000).

Fig-4
Page 9

Schematic illustration of the lateral distribution of permeability with distance from the channel.
( C. Jenkins, personal communication, 2003.)

Well no-D6/A10A
Depth-1961-1963
Thin bedded sandstone and
mudstone. Very fine grained
sand.
The sand and mud layers
are deposited as the Td,Te
divisions of the turbidites.
With a few Tc cross
laminated units.
DISTAL LEVEES

SPLAYS
This is the third major depositional element of deepwater systems. Splays form where flows
become unconfined or partially unconfined and lose capacity. Depending upon the sediment
composition, we can distinguish the following types of deposits.
1. Frontal splays developed at the down-slope ends of channels where the levees end, the flows
spread out, and the bulk of the suspended sand sized sediment is deposited.

Page 10

2. Overbank splays are developed when the flows spill over the levees as they go around bends
and ride up and over the outer channel bank.
3. Crevasse splays are developed when the flows top the bank and /or levees and erode
secondary channels across into the overbank area.
4. Channelized splays are generated when internal channels are originated within original
channels in equilibrium with smaller flows.
Crevasse splay is coarser than others and contains mud chips eroded from the levee
during formation of the crevasse.

Well no-D6/A10A
Depth-2225m-2227m
Coarse grained sand with
numerous mud chips.
Scattering of mud clasts
suggests that these are not
deposited due to
suspension. They may be
deposited as units i.e.
erosion product of levee.

Page 11

Fig-5

Different architectural elements of deepwater system

Page 12

Deepwater depositional processes

1. Pelagic and hemi-pelagic settling.
Fine grained terrigenous and volcanic material which is temporarily held in suspension in the
ocean waters is referred as hemi-pelagic. Pelagic sediments which are formed from biogenic
material which floats but sinks when the organisms dies. This material is mainly clay and fine
silt mixed with pelagic carbonate or silaceous sediments. The term hemipelagite refers to
deposits of hemi-pelagic settling of deep sea mud in which more than 25% of the fraction coarser
than 5 microns is of terrigenous, volcanogenic and/or neritic origin. The energy required for
settling is very less.

Well-KG-D6A2A
Depth-1888.53m1890.51m
Hemi-pelagic mud
This is a rubble zone

Page 13

Well no-D6/A10A
Depth-2112.2m-2116m
Complete mudstone
resulted due to the
hemi-pelagic settling

2. Sediment gravity flows

Sediment gravity flows are defined as the flow of sediment-fluid mixtures in which the
interstitial fluid is driven by the grains moving under the action of gravity. Genetically these
flows are of two types.
1. Ignitive (seismically-generated slides; instability and slope failure resulting from rapid
sedimentation)
2. Non-ignitive (Hyperpycnal flow, fine-grained underflows which trigger downslope
sandy flows)
The motion of sediment gravity flows, described briefly below, is an outcome of the interplay
among three factors:
1. The downslope component of excess weight, which acts throughout the flow;
2. The resisting forces exerted at the upper and lower surfaces;
Page 14

3. The local resistive properties of the mixture, which can be characterized, approximately at
least, by its viscosity (to the extent that it behaves as a fluid) and its shear strength (to the extent
that it behaves as a plastic).
Lowe (1982) classified sediment gravity flows on the basis of nature of the mechanism or
mechanisms by which the sediment is kept supported in the flow. There are considered to be four
such mechanisms:
1. Fluid turbulence
2. Matrix strength
3. Dispersive grain collisions
4. Fluidization.

Sediment gravity flow continuum (after D.Pyles,2002)

Page 15

Fig-s.1

Diagram showing sediment-Gravity flow continuum

Page 16

1. Debris flow:
In this type of flow matrix strength is high. So, debris flows move in a plastic, laminar, cohesive
state. Their flow properties are similar to that of wet concrete.
Debris flows are consists of two regions;
a. shear flow region, located in the lower part of the flow. Shear stresses in the bottom of the
flow exceed the matrix strength and cause the flow to shear.
b. Plug flow region, located in the upper part of the flow at the height at which the shear strength
becomes less than the matrix shear strength. At this height flow moves as a plug with uniform
velocity.
A wedge of water lubricates the basal zone giving rise to process of hydroplaning. The
effect of this water layer is deflecting upward the debris flow from the bed. The sediment:water
ratio nearly remains same throughout the debris flow. This also indicates that debris flows do not
erode the bottom.
Deposits of debris flow, often termed as debrites may be composed of mud, mixtures
of mud and sand, or mixtures of mud, sand, and gravel size particle arranged in a disorganized
manner. Because of high matrix strength generally the sedimentary structures are absent.
Sometimes slide and deformation structures can be found.

Page 17

2. intermediate flows
On the basis of sediment support mechanism Lowe(1982) defined three types of
intermediate flows. Viz: Grain flows, Liquified flow, Fluidized flows.
1. Grain flows are dispersions of particles maintained within a current completely by dispersive
pressure arising due to the grain to grain collisions. This process indicates a relative greater
concentration of sediment in the flow. Grain flows mostly occurs on slopes approaching the
angle of repose of sub-aqueous sand.
In deepwater, grain flows form thin beds of avalanche foresets on dune slip faces.
2. In liquified and fluidized flow pore fluids are squized i.e. forced upward during sediment
transport, as particles settle toward the base of the flow.
Deposits from both these flows exhibit fluid escape structures like dishes and vertical
pipes. These structures form when vertically escaping water creates a cavity within the flow,
causing internal , localised collapse.
Lowe also identified a different type of unusual deposit, that is formed from a water flow
transitional between a turbidity current and a debris flow. This type of deposit is called as slurry
bed. these beds contain 10-35% detrital mud matrix, are enriched in water escape structures, and
are grain supported. These are originated in low density turbidity current conditions.
3. Turbidity Currents are gravity flows in which the sediment is supported by upward
turbulence of the fluid within the flow. It is trigger by gravity. The mass of suspended sediment is
denser than water. Typically produces normal graded bedding.

Fig-s.4
Schematic diagram of different stages of turbulent flow down the slope
Page 18

As the density contrast diminishes, the flow wanes and decelerates to zero at the end point.
Coarser material is deposited first, whilst finer material is transported further in suspension.
Turbidites are the deposits of turbidity currents.
The lower contacts of sediment-gravity-flow beds are almost always sharp, and often
erosional, reflecting the initially very strong current. Upper contacts are usually gradational,
although the gradation is often complete over a small thickness, of the order of a centimeter.
Normal grading is characteristic of turbidity-current deposits, reflecting temporal decrease in
current velocity, and therefore size of sediment carried. Inverse grading is common at the base of
both turbidity-current deposits and debris-flow deposits; the mechanics of its development is not
clear.
Thickness of sediment-gravity-flow deposits ranges from a few millimeters, in the case of
feather-edge distal turbidites, to well over ten meters, in the case of deposits from the largest
debris flows or flows intermediate between turbidity currents and debris flows.
Sediment-gravity-flow deposits range from well stratified (as in most turbidity-current
deposits), to wholly non-stratified (as in many debris-flow deposits). Structures range from nonstratified through parallel-laminated to cross-stratified, usually but not always on a fairly small
scale; soft-sediment deformation is common as well. Because sediment-gravity-flow deposits are
deposited rapidly, we might expect them to have rather loose packing and excess pore water;
dewatering structures, mainly dish structures and vertical pipe like structures, are common.

Page 19

(Modified after Donald R. Lowe) The products of sedimentary gravity flow

Bouma sequence is a distillation of observations of a large number of turbidites, and most
turbidites show deviations from it. This is only to be expected, because all three of the factors
that govern the vertical sequence of grain size and structure within a turbidite (current velocity,
bed aggradation rate, and size of deposited sediment) can vary independently of one another.
Theres infinity of possible temporal sequences of variation of these three factors, and each
produces a different vertical sequence.

Fig-s.6
Page 20

Fig-s.5

Different possible temporal sequences due to the variation of current velocity, bed aggradation
rate, and size of deposited sediment.
Ta division (coarse non-laminated): rapid deposition of the coarsest sediment, involving
sediment accumulation near the bed and then dewatering, as the current first passes; absence of
lamination reflects nonexistence of a well defined sedimentfluid interface upon which traction
takes place.
Tb division (parallel-laminated): High-velocity flow over a well defined sedimentfluid
interface; abundant fallout of sediment from suspension, followed by active traction; the bed
phase is high-velocity plane bed.
Tc division (rippled): Lower-velocity flow over a well defined sediment fluid interface;
abundant fallout of sediment (commonly very fine to fine sand) from suspension, followed by
active traction; the bed phase is ripples. Climbing-ripple cross lamination is produced by downcurrent movement of the ripples in the presence of overall aggradations of the bed by sediment
fallout.
Td division (draped fine sediment): delicate interlamination of very fine sand, silt, and mud
draping the underlying tractional deposits; draping of sediment results from fallout while the
current is not strong enough to produce traction.
Te division (residual mud): deposition of mud brought into the area by the turbidity current and
left behind as the turbidity current passed by; deposition is from very slowly moving fluid, and
leaves no structures. The turbidite mud passes gradually up into inter-turbidite background
mud.
Lowes (1982) classified low- and high- density turbidity current on the basis of
concentration of sediments in the flow. Weimer and Slatt (2007) kept 10 % sediment
concentration as the boundary between the high and low-density turbidity currents, since grains
are able to maintain grain-to-grain contact, provided the sediment concentration in the flow is
more than 10 % (Pratson et al., 2000 and Marr et al., 1997).
Lowe applied the designation S (for sandy) and R (for rudaceous, meaning gravely) to
sediment deposited from high-density turbidity currents.
S1--- turbulence reached to the bed and settling sediment was
sediment to form dunes and plane beds.

worked as bed load

S2--- contain stacked, thin, inversely graded bed deposits.

S3--- deposited during high sediment fall out rates.
Page 21

Tt--- reworked form of top of S3, by energetic largely bypassing low density flow. Show
scour at the base.

Vertical profile of sediment Grain size and sedimentary structures illustrating high to low
density turbidity current deposit using the terminology of Lowe (1982).

LITHOFACIES
Page 22

A mappable subdivision of a stratigraphic unit that is distinguished from adjacent units

based on its lithologic(i.e. physical, chemical, biological) properties. They are typically thicker
than single beds. Sediments in the KG-D6/A2A & KG-D6/A10A cored interval have been
classified into 5 major lithofacies;
1. Thick bedded sandstone
2. Thin bedded sandstone
3. Mass transport deposits
4. Mud stone
5. Injectite sandstones
Thick bedded sandstones
These units are more than 50 cm thick. They contain nearly 80% sand in them. The mud contain
is always below 50%.
Characters- 1. Medium to coarse grained. 2. Massive appearing to faintly laminated 3.
Poor sorting . 4. Low mud matrix 5. Mud stone clasts with planar fabric. 6. Quartz granules and
pebbles are common.
Distinct contacts are not visible, but can be assumed by the abrupt change in grain sizes. The
sands within this facies are of excellent reservoir quality. According to Donald R. LOWE
classification these are identified as S3 facies.

Page 23

Well no D6/A2A
Length-2116.962118.94
Medium to coarse
grained sand Massive
appearing , Floating
mudclasts & brecciated
sediments.Low mud
matrix.
Facies-S3
High density turbidity
current deposits.
Well no D6/A10A
Length-2035m2038m
Medium to coarse
grained sand
Massive
appearing
Floating Quartz
granules and
pebbles.
Facies-S3
High density
Thin bedded sandstone
Page 24

These units are less than 50 cm thick. The sand contain varies from 20%-80% and mud contain
can exceed 50%.
Characters-1. Fine to medium grained. 2. Ripple, parallel ,and convolute lamination are
well observed. 3. Mud laminae alongwith planar fabric is also visible. 4. Upper contact is
gradational.
According to Donald R. LOWE classification these are categorized as Ta,Tb,Tc facies.

Well no D6/A2A
Length-1887.08-1888m
Medium to fine grained sand
Ripple laminated
Facies-Tc
low density turbidity current
deposits.

Page 25

Well no D6/A10A
Length-2072m-2073m
Medium to fine grained sand
Ripple and parallel laminated
Facies-Tc,Tb
low density turbidity current
deposits.

Mass transport complex

Mass transport deposits are defined as most deepwater features or stratigraphic intervals that
have been resedimented(moved) since their time of original deposition. They commonly overlie
an erosional base upfan, becoming mounded downfan, are externally mounded in shape, and
pinch out laterally.(rogger slatt) Weimer (1989) used the term mass-transport complexes for
those features that occur at the base of depositional sequences and are overlain and/or onlapped
by channel and levee sediments.
Characters 1.very muddy matrix 2. Common matrix support of the larger clasts, 3. Suspended
mud clasts 4. Abundant very coarse grained sand and extra-basinal clasts.

Page 26

Fig-

This facies is considered to be of poor reservoir quality, due to it chaotic and convoluted nature.

Well no D6/A10A
Depth-2111-2112m
very muddy matrix
Abundant very coarse
grained sand
Debris flow deposits.

Page 27

Mudstone
The mudstone lithofacies is composed of mudstone containing <10% sand , most or all of which
are fine grained. Deposition was generally by very low energy,in some cases through hemipelagic sedimentation. This facies was generally very brittle, as a result of which numerous
rubble zones are found. Because of its low porosity and permeability,it is not considered as a
reservoir rock of petroleum.

Well no D6/A2A
Length-2073m-2074m
Mud stone
(This portion is a disturbed
core)
Facies Te
Pelagic and hemi-pelagic
settling.

Well no D6/A10A
Length-2114m-2116m
Mudstone
Facies Te

Page 28

Injectite sandstones
These are the results of post-depositional events. Features indicative of sand injection are
1. anomalous coarse sand layers with embayed upper contacts
lenses.

2. Sand blobs

3. Buried sand

These anomalous coarse sand layers may represent sand boils.(Dr.G.Shanmugam) Sand boils
form when sediment that has a high water content is injected upward to the surface due to
increase in pore pressure through the vertical fractures.
General triggering mechanism of injections are 1. Sedimentary slumping 2. Sedimentary
depositional loading 3.glacial loading 4. Tectonic stress 5. Seismically induced liquification 6.
Igneous intrusion 7. Impact origin.(Dr.G.Shanmugam)

Well KG-D6/A10A
Depth-2084.4m
Sand injection
Anomalous coarse sand
layer within mudstone

Page 29

Well KG-D6/A2A
Depth-2116m
Sand injection
Anomalous coarse sand
layer within mudstone
with sharp margin

Well KG-D6/A10A
Depth-2088.5m
Sand injection
Anomalous pinch-out
coarse sand layer
within mudstone

Page 30

Well no-D6/A2A
Table 1

Core Top of
no core(m)

Bottom
of
core(m)

Total Sand(m) Claydepth(m)

(m)

Core- 1886.50
1

1893.43

6.93

0.8

4.93

Core- 2109.00
2

2120.94

11.91

7.69

4.22

Core- 2121.00
3

2130.25

9.25

7.9

0.35

Page 31

Core- 2195.00
4

2196.00

TOTAL

1.00

0.6

0.15

29.09

16.19

9.65

Well no-KG-D6/A10A

Cored intervalsD6/A10A
Core no Top of
core(m)

Bottom
of
core(m)

Core
Sand(m Clay(m
length(m) )
)

1969
2018.6
2024.8
2027.9
2031.35
2042.2
2048.2
2077.6

12
0.6
5.8
2.5
3.35
8.7
2.7
5.6

KG-D6/A2A
Core -1
Core-2
Core-3
Core-4
Core-5
Core-6
Core-7
Core-8

1957
2018
2019
2025.4
2028.
2033.5
2045.5
2072

5.11
0.03
4.6
2.4
2.8
8.12
2.04
2.6

6.44
0.08
0.6
0.1
0
0
0.15
2.02
Page 32

Core-9
Core-10
Core-11
Core-12
Core-13
Core-14

2078
2105
2111
2206
2207.8
2219

2089.6
2110.5
2116
2207.8
2218.5
2229.9

11.6
5.5
5
1.8
10.7
10.9
Total86.7

1.1
3.8
0.5
1.2
8.5
8.5
51.3

9.2
0.8
3.2
0.5
1.6
1.9
26.59

Sand distribution
There is no systematic distribution of lithofacies among these two wells. In the KG_D6/A2A
well, sand percentage is more than mud and dominates in the cored interval. The same can be
observed in the case of well KG-D6/A10A. In this case nearly 58% of the cored interval contains
100% sand content.

33.6
%
66.4
%

KG-D6/A2A

Page 33

35%
65%

KGD6/A10A

Page 34

Very good- very coarse grained sand good-coarse and medium grained sand poor-mudstone

IDNTIFICATION OF DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT BY LITHOFACIES

A. A mudstone unit contain less amount sand <10% and larger amount containing mud.
Mudstone deposited by low density turbidity containing higher amount of the mud and through
the hemi-pelagic sedimentation this condition prevail in the basin floor.
b. Thin bedded sandstone units are less than 50 cm thick. The sand contain varies from 20%-80%
and mud contain can exceed 50%. These are generally deposited in the declining erosive
condition and non-erosive, turbidity current. This environmental condition prevails in the levee
portion of the channel. In depositional lobes the similar types of deposits are also reported.
c. Thick bedded sandstone bed contain larger amount of sand >80%, mostly these beds are
channel sand or amalgamated massive sand in which no grading , no well defined sedimentation
unit defined, sand beds are generally massive showing that these are deposited under high
density turbidity current and higher rate of fall out of the sediments. Medium bedded sandstone,
intermediate between thick and thin sandstone beds, are deposited in the last stages of high
density turbidity current. This type of condition prevails in the proximal part of the levee or
channel margin.
D. Mass transport deposits include slide, slump, and debris flow deposits. These are mainly
muddy unit which indicate the presence of sufficient mud and the presence of the local slope.
These are mainly associated with channel-levee and depositional lobes.

Page 35

DIFFERENT DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES OPERATED IN KG-D6/A2A AND

KG-D6/A10A CORED INTERVAL

WELL KG-D6/A2A
Sr
no.
1

Depth(m)

lithofacies

1886.6-1887.08

medium bedded
sandstone & mudstone

Depositional
process
High density
turbidity current
Page 36

1887.08-1888

1888-1893.2

4
5

2109-2112.7
2112.7-2119.54

2119.54-2122.2

2122.2-2129.18

8
9

2129.18-2129.8
2195-2196

Thin bedded sandstone

Low density
turbidity current
Mud stone
Pelagic &
hemipelagic settling
Slurry flow deposits
Debris flow
Thick bedded sandstone High density
turbidity current
Thin bedded sandstone Low density
& mudstone
turbidity current
Thick bedded sandstone High density
turbidity current
Rubble zone
Rubble zone

WELL-KG-D6/A10A
Sr
no.
1

Depth(m)

lithofacies

Depositional process

1957-1964.6

Low density turbidity

currents

1964.6-1969

2018-2019

Thin bedded
sandstone & mud
stone
Thick bedded
sandstone
Rubble zone

High density turbidity

currents
Page 37

2019-2020.35

2020.35-2042

6
7

2042-2045.5
2045.5-2048.2

2072-2075.7

2075.7-2076.4

10

2076.4-2086

11

2086.6-2089

12

2089-2089.6

13

2105-2108.55

14

2108.55-2109.72

15

2109.76-2112.22

16

2112.22-2116

17

2206-2207.32

18

2207.32-2208.24

19

2208.5-2209.25

20

2209.25-2214.3

Mass transport
deposits
Thick bedded
sandstone
Core absent
Thick bedded
sandstone
Mass transport
deposits
thin bedded sandstone
Mass transport
deposits
Mud stone
Thin bedded
sandstone
Thick bedded
sandstone
Medium bedded
sandstone
Mass transport
deposits
Mud stone
medium bedded
sandstone and
mudstone
Rubble zone, dark
brown sand
Thin bedded
sandstone
Thick bedded

Debris flow
High density turbidity
currents
High density turbidity
currents
Debris flow
Low density turbidity
currents
Debris flow
Pelagic and hemipelagic
settling
low density turbidity
currents
high density turbidity
currents
High density turbidity
currents
Debris flow
Pelagic and hemipelagic
settling
Low density turbidity
currents
Debris flow
Low density turbidity
currents
High density turbidity
Page 38

21

2214.38-2218.5

22

2219-2220.68

23

2220.68-2221.82

24

2221.82-2228.74

25

2228.74-2230

sandstone
Mud stone & medium
bedded sandstone
Thick bedded
sandstone
Thin bedded
sandstone
Thick bedded
sandstone
Mud stone

currents
Low density turbidity
currents
High density turbidity
currents
Low density turbidity
currents
High density turbidity
currents
Pelagic and hemipelagic
settling

A10A

Page 39

Distribution of depositional processes in well a10a

A2A
Page 40

Distribution of depositional processes in well a10a

DIFFERENT DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS OPERATED IN KG-D6/A2A

AND KG-D6/A10A CORED INTERVAL

KG-D6/A2A
Page 41

Sl
no

Top of
core(m)

Bottom of
core(m)

Depth(
m)

Depositional
element

1.

1886.58m

1888

1.42

Channel
deposits

2.

1888

1893.2

5.2

slope

3.

2109

2112.7

3.7

Debris flow

4.

2112.7

2120.59

7.89

Channel
deposits

5.

2121

2129.86

8.86

Channel
deposits

6.

2195

2195.98

0.98

Channel
deposits

KG-D6/A10A
Sl
no

Top of
core(m)

bottom of Depth(
core(m)
m)

Depositional
elements

1.

1957

1964.64

7.64

Distal levee

2.

1964.64

1968.38

3.74

Overbank splay

3.

1968.38

1969

0.62

Channel sand

4.

2018

2020.35

2.35

Debris flow

5.

2020.35

2024.8

4.45

Channel deposits

6.

2025.4

2031.35

5.95

Channel deposits

7.

2033.5

2042.4

8.9

Channel deposits
Page 42

8.

2045.5

2048

2.5

Channel margin

9.

2072

2074.18

2.18

Channel sand

10
.

2074.18

2076.5

2.32

Bottom current
reworked
sediment

11
.

2076.5

2077.4

0.9

Debris flow

12
.

2078

2080

Debris flow

13
.

2080

2083.42

3.42

Slumped slope

14
.

2083.42

2089.60

6.18

Debris flow

15
.

2105

2105.45

0.45

slope

16
.

2105.45

2108.6

2.15

Debris flow

17
.

2108.6

2109.78

1.18

Channel sand

18
.

2109.78

2110.5

0.52

Debris flow

19
.

2111

2113.32

2.32

Debris flow

Page 43

20
.

2113.32

2116

2.68

slope

21
.

2206

2207.42

1.42

Channel deposits

22
.

2207.42

2208.19

0.77

Debris flow

23
.

2208.19

2218.5

10.31

Channel sand

24
.

2219

2228.8

9.8

Channel sand

25
.

2228.8

2229.90

1.1

slope

If we take into consideration the sandy debrite and muddy debrite concept of Dr.Shanmugam for
these two wells, we can get the following result.

DEPOSITIONAL
FACIES

KG-D6/A2A WELL
m

KG-D6/A10A
m

Sandy debrite

17.89

61.49%

47.95

58.6%

Muddy debrite

11.20

33.51%

29.85

33%

Page 44

Page 45