1

Introduction to George Fischer

George Fischer Limited - Profile of a company
Use of this manual

Pages

1.02 - 1.03

1.04
2

GEORGEFISCHER

1.01

George Fischer Ltd. Profile of a Company

In 1802 Johann Conrad Fischer began
producing cast iron in crucibles in a
former herb mill in Schaffhausen,
Switzerland that now forms the basis of
a large industrial undertaking which is
operative worldwide. Today
George Fischer is a modern company
with its headquarters in Switzerland and
numerous production sites in Europe
and overseas.
The George Fischer Groupss special
skills are in engineering, production,
marketing and sales of high technology
and quality processes, plants, systems
and their components. The Group is
divided into four operating divisions
which cover a large part of the
company's activities.

Important Note:
The technical data given in
this publication is for
preliminary information
purposes only and is
published without guarantee.
All line drawings are for
illustrative purposes only and
should not be regarded as
wholly accurate in every
detail.
We reserve the right to
withdraw or to alter the
specification of any product
without notice. Please consult
our General Conditions of
Supply.

1.02

The Automotive Engineering Division

develop and manufacture components
cast from iron or aluminium as well as
systems for the automotive and railroad
industry. All products are manufactured
by means of modern foundry processes
and fulfill highest quality requirements.
The Piping Systems Division is
concerned with the manufacture of
metal and plastic components with the
increasing importance of measuring and
control technology. The Manufacturing
Technology Division combines two
highly sophisticated sectors of machine
tool manufacturing: the electro-erosion
machines of Charmilles Technologies.
The Plant Engineering and
Construction Buss Group is active
worldwide in the different areas of
process technologies and plant
engineering. They plan and realise
customer-specific solutions for
comprehensive problems in most
differing industrial applications.

company to solve. New processes, new

materials and more efficient process
engineering are developed by means of
modern technology.
George Fischer also offers competent
product training and consultation given
by experienced specialists.
Sales companies in all major countries
and an extensive and highly qualified
dealer network ensure availability at all
times in conjunction with a modern
logistics system.
Products from George Fischer have
become a byword with professionals
and form an important part of the range
of metal and plastic products necessary
for pipeline construction in industry,
domestic services and utility supply
networks.

The Piping Systems Division includes

components and systems in metal or
modern plastics for conveying,
controlling, measuring and regulating
liquid and gaseous media in the fields of
industry, communal supply and building
services. This division also offers the
associated services in addition to
comprehensive problem solving
approaches.
The task of research is to devote
resources today to problems which the
markets of tomorrow will call on the
GEORGEFISCHER

Fig. 1.01
Extract from the first catalogue
for gas pipe fittings with
respective prices dated 1865.
Paradies Museum

5
Fig. 1.02
Selection of malleable iron
fittings

GEORGEFISCHER

1.03

Use of this Manual

This manual is intended for use by
individuals from the student to the
engineer to serve as a reference manual
for George Fischer malleable iron
screwed pipe fittings.
There are two main sections:
1. Technical Notes and Information
- Applications and limits of use
- Installation method
- Pipe threads
2. Product Data
- Types of fitting available
- Nominal dimensions for each fitting
- Part number identification

1.04

GEORGEFISCHER

Quality and Standards

Pages

Quality Assurance

2.02 - 2.03

Standardisation

2.04 - 2.05

Standards

2.06 - 2.07

Product Specification

2.08 - 2.09

GEORGEFISCHER

2.01

Quality Assurance
We know that our company's success
can only be secured if we meet the
expectations of our customers with
corresponding and consistant
performance.
The quality of George Fischer products
and services is determined by the
markets specific requirements.
Therefore, quality for us means far more
than the manufacture of functioning
products. Quality means the reliable
and constant correspondance of
requirement and performance".
The strive for quality accompanies all
activities of George Fischer; in
marketing, research and development,
material purchasing and production
as well as in sales, logistics and field
services.
What do we mean by Quality
Assurance?

quality of the George Fischer long term

market performance. We can thus
prove to our customers and the
organisations which monitor QA
systems how we ensure constant quality.
Quality
All George Fischer factories have the
ISO 9001/2 certificate.
The George Fischer testing laboratory is
an independent testing laboratory with
the ISO 45001 certificate. The George
Fischer UK Sales Organisation and
warehouse has the ISO 9002 certificate.
This ensures that all George Fischer
products delivered to our customers
come from an unbroken quality chain.
European standardization and
certification
George Fischer plays an active part in
European standardization bodies. We
are interested in the establishment of
high-quality testing standards and inspection principles for European certification, and we support efforts directed
towards enhanced quality and reliability.

The expressions Quality Assurance"

and Production control" are often used
as synonyms. However, we see these as
two completely different facts with a
differing philosophy.
Production control is only one of the
numerous bricks in the quality assurance
system. During and after production,
controls are carried out to determine
whether the manufactured products
meet the prescribed requirements.
In contrast to this, quality assurance is
basically dedicated to another target.
It is important to consider all areas in
generating quality products and
services. At all levels of product
conception to sales, i.e. from the product
idea to development and construction,
determination of production
procedures, testing and warehousing,
sales, training and after sales service
active filtering is implemented to avoid
faults.
What do we mean by the notion of
Quality Assurance System"?
The QA system comprises the
organisation, the procedures and means
to realise quality assurance. Our QA
system has the task of measuring the
2.02

GEORGEFISCHER

The International Standard

Series ISO 9000
1
The requirements all QA systems have
to fulfil were agreed upon worldwide.
These requirements are determined in
the standard series ISO 9000 to 9004.
ISO

BS EN 1S0

No.
9000

No.
29000

9001

29001

9002

29002

9003

29003

9004

29004

International standards
for QA systems

Object

Guide for the selection and application

of standards for Q-Management,
elements of a QA-System and for
QA evidence levels
QA-System: Evidence level for the development and construction, production, assembly
and after-sales service
QA-System: Evidence level for
production and assembly
QA-System: Evidence level for
final tests
Guide for Q-Management
and elements of a QA system

Aid for the selection

of 9001/2/3

Requirements concerning
QA-Elements

Recommendations
for the establishment
of a QA-System

Fig.2.01

ISO 9000 and ISO 9004 offer aids for

the selection of the appropriate levels of
quality assurance as well as
recommendations to establish a QA
system. The detailed requirements
according to the level are contained in
ISO standards 9001, 9002 and 9003.

The fulfilment of all requirements

according to ISO 9001 means that the
entire company including every
department possesses a comprehensive
QA system.

GEORGEFISCHER

2.03

Standardisation
ISO, CEN or BS?
ISO = International
Organisation for
Standardisation
CEN = European Committee
for Standardisation
BS = British Standard
DIN = German Standard

For many years, the standards relating to

many products were either the
International (ISO) or National (BS, DIN
etc.) standards.
With the development of the European
Community, it has been agreed to
compile and adopt new European
standards (CEN). Once a CEN standard
has been agreed and published it will
replace previously existing National
standard since the CEN standards are
designed to reflect the regular practices
in the European community.
For example, a European standard, CEN
123456, would be used in the United
Kingdom as a British Standard, BS EN
123456. The same CEN standard would
be used in Germany as a DIN standard,
DIN EN 123456. In order to avoid any
contradiction between standards, the old
British or DIN standards are withdrawn.
The same procedure is then adopted by
all EEC members as their national
standards.

Description

Standards for Malleable Iron Fittings

The main standards associated with
malleable iron pipe fittings are shown in
the table (below), which also shows the
status of each standard.
The International standard for Malleable
Iron Fittings, ISO 49 was revised in 1994
and this was followed by the CEN
standard BS EN 10242 in 1995. This new
British/European standard BS EN 10242
replaces much of the previous British
Standard BS 143/1256 for malleable
iron pipe fittings. However, because BS
EN 10242 does not cover some of the
areas included in BS 143/1256 e.g.
Bronze pipe fittings, BS 143/1256 has

ISO

CEN

BS

Threaded Pipe Fittings in

Malleable cast Iron

49:1994

10242:1995

143, 1256:1986*

Pipe Threads where Pressure

Tight Joints are made on the
Threads.
Dimensions, Tolerances and
Designation

7-1:1994

10226-1

21:1985

Pipe Threads where Pressure

Tight Joints are made on the
Threads.
Verification by means of
Limit Gauges

7-2:1982

10226-2

21:1985

Malleable Cast Iron

5922:81

1562

6681:1986

Fig.2.02

2.04

We are currently in a transitional period

where some CEN standards are
complete and have replaced the British
Standards, while others are still in
preparation. It can take a number of
years to compile and agree the
European standard and until the CEN
standard is completed, the ISO or BS
standard will still be used.

In draft form

* partially replaced by CEN

GEORGEFISCHER

been amended by removing areas of

duplication with BS EN 10242 and will
be retained as a British Standard.

BS EN 10242:1995 applies to pipe

fittings in malleable cast iron and
incorporates some important changes
regarding the following:

Quality systems - requirements

specified

Introduction of design symbols

Galvanising - higher requirements

Steel Fittings - permitted for small

sizes

Types of Fitting - wider range

specified
Despatch conditions - surface to
be free from aromatic
hydrocarbons

Multi outlet fittings - method of

numbering outlets

These are dealt with in more detail in this

manual.

GEORGEFISCHER

2.05

Standards
The following pages list some of the
standards mentioned in this publication,
which may have an association with
steel pipework, plumbing and
equipment.
Some of the national British Standard
(BS) specifications are in the process of
being replaced by new European
specifications (BS EN). It is recommended
that the status of the BS EN standard is
confirmed at the time of use.
BS 21 : 1985
Specification for pipe threads for tubes
and fittings where pressure-tight joints
are made on the threads (metric
dimensions).
BS 143/1256 : 1986

BS 1387 : 1985 (1990)

Specification for screwed and socketed
steel tubes and tubulars and for plain
end steel tubes suitable for welding or for
screwing to BS 21 pipe threads.
BS 1710 : 1984 (1991)
Specification for identification of
pipelines and services.
BS 4504 : Part 3 : Section 3.1 : 1969
Specification for steel flanges.
BS 4504 : Part 3 : Section 3.2 : 1989
Specification for cast iron flanges.
BS 4800 : 1989 (1994)
Schedule of paint colours for building
services.

Partially replaced by BS EN 10242 : 1995

Specification for malleable cast iron and

cast copper alloy threaded pipe fittings.

BS 6681 : 1986
Specification for malleable cast iron.

BS 729 : 1971 (1994)

Specification for hot dip galvanised
coatings on iron and steel articles.

BS 6956 : Jointing materials and

compounds
Part 1 : 1988 (1994)
Specification for corrugated metal joint
rings.
Part 5 : 1992
Specification for jointing compounds for
use with water, low pressure saturated
steam, 1st family gases (excluding coal
gas) and 2nd family gases.
Part 6 : 1992
Specification for jointing compounds for
3rd family gases.
Part 7 : 1992
Specification for anaerobic jointing
compounds for use with 1st, 2nd and 3rd
family gases.

BS 1192 : Construction Drawing

Practice.
Part 1 : 1984 (1997)
Recommendations for general principles.
Part 2 : 1987 (Obsolescent)
Recommendations for architectural and
engineering drawings.
Part 3 : 1987 (1997)
Recommendations for symbols and
other graphic conventions.
Part 4 : 1984
Recommendations for landscape
drawings.
Part 5 : 1990
Guide for structuring of computer
graphic information.

2.06

BS 6974 : 1991
Specification for unsintered PTFE tape for
thread sealing applications (coarse
threads).

GEORGEFISCHER

BS 7531 : 1992
Specification for compressed nonasbestos fibre jointing.
BS 6891 : 1988
Specification for installation of low
pressure gas pipework of up to 28mm
(R1) in domestic premises (2nd family
gas).

BS EN 751-2 : 1997
Sealing materials for metallic threaded
joints in contact with 1st, 2nd and 3rd
family gases and hot water.
Part 2 : Non Hardening Jointing
Compounds
Part 3 : Unsintered PTFE Tapes

BS EN 10242 : 1995
Threaded pipe fittings in malleable cast
iron.
IGE/UP/ 2 Dec 94 (formally IM/16)
Guidance notes on the installation of gas
pipework boosters and compressors in
customers premises.

Standard Specification (M&E) No. 3

Engineering Specifications: Heating Hot
and Cold Water Steam and Gas
Installations for Buildings.

GEORGEFISCHER

2.07

Product Specification
The latest European specification (BS EN
10242) defines all elements of fittings
designation and specification and is the
most significant review of fittings
standards for many years. Consequently,
many of the methods and references
used to specify malleable iron fittings are
now out of date.

The design symbol A is used to define

George Fischer malleable iron pipe
fittings manufactured in W400-05*
material with taper external and parallel
internal threads.

The following Model Specification has

been prepared to be photocopied and
used to update any references to
malleable iron fittings.
Design
Symbol

Thread Type
External
Internal

Material Grade

W400 05* or B350 10

Rp

Fig.2.03

George Fischer Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings may be specified

as follows:
BS EN 10242:1995 Threaded Pipe Fittings in Malleable
Cast Iron, Design Symbol A.

In order to specify individual fittings

the following information is required:
a)
b)
c)

type of fitting, eg Elbow, Tee

Standard, ie EN 10242
the symbol for the fitting, A1, B1
(see George Fischer literature)

d)
e)
f)

Fitting size
Surface Finish eg. Black - Fe,
Galvanised - Zn
design symbol

Examples
i) Equal Female Elbow, size 2", Black Finish, Design Symbol A.
Elbow EN 10242-A1-2-Fe-A
ii) Reducing Tee with Run 2" and Branch 1", Galvanised finish, Design Symbol A.
Tee EN 10242-B1-2x1-Zn-A
* future designation in accordance with
BS EN 1560: GJMW-400-5

2.08

GEORGEFISCHER

Specification for Threaded Pipe Fittings

in Malleable Cast Iron

Fittings
All threaded pipe fittings in malleable
cast iron shall be in accordance with
BS EN 10242, Design symbol A, as
manufactured by George Fischer, or
similar.

Installation
Should be in accordance with the
George Fischer Malleable Iron Fittings Technical Manual, A guide to the design
and installation of low carbon steel
pipeline systems (LITGF0531, Section 4).

Quality
All threaded pipe fittings in malleable
cast iron shall be manufactured under a
quality system in accordance with EN
29001 or EN 29002 and certified by a
third party certification body operating
to EN 45012, as a means of ensuring
that the fittings conform to the specified
requirements.

GEORGEFISCHER

2.09

2.010
2.10

GEORGEFISCHER

Technical

Pages

Material - Malleable Cast Iron

3.02 - 3.03

Corrosion Protection

3.04 - 3.05

Working Pressures and Temperatures

3.06 - 3.07

Size Designation

3.08

Fittings Design

3.09 - 3.10

Designation of Fittings

3.11 - 3.12

Union Fittings

3.13 - 3.15

Sealing Gasket Dimensions

Steel Tubes

3.16
3.17 - 3.18

GEORGEFISCHER

3.01

Material - Malleable Cast Iron

What is it?
Malleable Cast Iron is the traditional
material for manufacturing pipe fittings
whose characteristics make it an ideal
choice.

Fig. 3.01
Complex shape with thin wall
section.

It is an iron-carbon alloy which combines

the outstanding properies of cast iron
and steel to produce a material which
can still be cast but has improved
strength and ductility. It also allows the
production of complex shapes combined
with a thin wall section. (Fig. 3.01)
In its cast state it is very hard and brittle
and unsuitable for most engineering
applications. A controlled heat
treatment process (known as annealing)
is applied to the cast material which
changes the structure and reduces the
carbon content. The resulting
microstructure gives a material which is
less hard, no longer brittle and now has
good malleable and ductile properties
while retaining a sufficiently high strength.

Fig. 3.04
Blackheart structure 70 x - uniform carbon
distribution

Types
There are two distinct types of malleable
cast iron which are dependent mainly on
the annealing method used. Their names
result from the different visual
appearances at the fracture surfaces:
1. Whiteheart malleable iron is
produced by annealing in an oxidising
atmosphere. The result is a lower carbon
content, particularly in the surface zone
of the material. (Figs. 3.02 & 3.03)

Fig. 3.02
Whiteheart structure, section
through complete test piece
5 x Reduced carbon content
at surface.

The reduction in the carbon content of

the whiteheart malleable iron offers a
number of advantages when compared
with blackheart, for the manufacture of
pipe fittings.

Iron (Fe)

Fig. 3.03
Whiteheart structure 100 x.
Part section of test piece,
reduced carbon content at
surface

3.02

Carbon (C)

higher strength for the same

elongation
improved galvanising, better iron/
zinc alloy formation
after further heat treatment limited
welding may be possible.

2. Blackheart malleable iron is usually

annealed in an inert atmosphere
(protective gas or vacuum) and has a
uniform microstructure. The higher
carbon content is evenly distributed
throughout the structure. (Fig. 3.04)

GEORGEFISCHER

Material Grade and Properties

Within the material types, a number of
different grades are possible. The grades
are defined by :

material type, B = Blackheart, W=

Whiteheart

This is particularly important for welded

components, since changes in the
material structure may occur as a result
of the high temperatures during the
process.

minimum tensile strength (N/mm 2)

percentage elongation of a
standard test piece

The most recent standard for malleable

cast iron is the new BS EN 1562,
expected to be published in 1997/98,
this will supersede BS 6681:1986.

George Fischer malleable iron pipe

fittings are manufactured using
whiteheart malleable cast iron with a
minimum tensile strength of 400 N/mm 2
and an elongation of 5%. This is
designated by : W400-05.

eg W = whiteheart
400 = tensile strength (N/mm 2)
05 = percentage elongation

5
Welding and Brazing
The whiteheart malleable cast iron used
for George Fischer pipe fittings,
(GTW-400-05) is not ideal for welding or
brazing. This is mainly due to the levels of
carbon, silicon, sulphur and manganese.

The carbon level of the whiteheart

material is much lower at the surface
than below the surface. In order for
welding or brazing to be successful the
carbon level must be reduced to less
than 0.3%. This reduction in carbon level
must take place to the depth which will
be affected by the welding process. It is
therefore necessary to subject the
whiteheart component to a secondary
heat treatment.

To ensure a satisfactory weld, it is always

recommended that full tests are carried
out on the heat treated specimens and
test pieces to determine the appropriate
procedure to ensure that the required
performance levels and standards can
be achieved.
GEORGEFISCHER

3.03

Corrosion Protection
Corrosion
The two main causes of corrosion which
can affect ferrous components are:

a chemical reaction with oxygen in a

moist atmosphere or medium which
results in the formation of an oxidised
layer ie. rust
an electro-chemical reaction
resulting from dissimilar metals in
contact. Which of the materials
will corrode and the rate of corrosion
is dependent on the relative positions
of the materials in the electrochemical series.

Protection Methods
Protection of iron based components
from the causes of corrosion is usually
carried out by using a coating material.
The coating may be classified as either a
barrier coating or a sacrificial coating.

Metal

Chemical
Symbol

Normal
Electrode
Potential
(volts)

Noble or Cathodic, i.e. protected end.

Gold
Platinum
Silver
Mercury
Copper
Lead
Tin
Nickel
Cadmium
Iron
Chromium
Zinc
Aluminium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Lithium

Au
Pt
Ag
Hg
Cu
Pb
Sn
Ni
Cd
Fe
Cr
Zn
Al
Mg
Na
K
Li

+ 1.42
+ 1.20
+ 0.80
+ 0.80
+ 0.345
0.125
0.135
0.250
0.40
0.44
0.71
0.76
1.67
2.34
2.71
2.92
3.02

Base or Anodic, i.e. corroded end.

Fig. 3.05

3.04

Barrier Coatings rely on providing a

physical barrier between the component
to be protected and the corrosive
influences. Examples of coatings
commonly used include paint, plastic
coating and electro-plating. These
should be selected carefully taking into
account the possibility of coating
damage and its effect. If the parent metal
becomes exposed to the corrosive
influences and the coating material has a
higher electrical potential than the
parent metal, the rate of corrosion may
be greater than that of the uncoated
component.
Sacrificial Coatings rely on the
electrical potential occurring between
dissimilar metals. The metal with the
lower potential will corrode in preference
(or sacrificially) to the metal with the
higher potential. Zinc is below iron in the
electro-chemical series (ie. has a lower
electrical potential than iron) and is
therefore often used to protect iron
based components and structures.
Hot Dip Zinc Galvanising
The corrosion resistance of malleable
iron fittings is significantly improved by
hot dip galvanising. During this process

the fittings are dipped into a bath of

molten zinc to achieve a complete and
uniform coating. fittings meet the
galvanising requirement of BS EN 10242
which require the depth of zinc to be at
least 500 g/m 2, which is equivalent to a
thickness of 500 x 10 -6 m (0.5mm).
Hot dip galvanising provides a coating
which offers improved corrosion
resistance compared with coatings
which are simply deposited on the
parent metal, as in electroplating.
Fig. 3.06 shows a section through a

galvanised product illustrating three main

zones;
1 pure zinc
2 zinc/iron alloy
3 malleable iron parent material

2
3
Fig. 3.06 Section through hot dipped zinc
galvanised malleable iron fitting 300 x.

The top layer of pure zinc provides an

effective barrier coating to the
component. Since zinc is relatively low in
the electro-chemical series it oxidises
fairly readily forming a surface layer on
top of the pure zinc layer.
The zinc/iron alloy is the result of the
chemical reaction which takes place at
the high temperatures of the galvanising
process. The superior corrosion
protection offered by hot dip galvanising
is mainly due to the formation of the zinc/
iron alloy layer which is tough and
resistant to damage.

GEORGEFISCHER

The malleable iron parent material

remains unaffected by the process.
Hot dip galvanising can be regarded as
a multi layered coating which is highly
effective against physical damage. If the
pure zinc layer is damaged it will quickly
oxidise and continue to protect the
parent metal. If severe damage takes
place, beyond the zinc/iron alloy layer,
then it is possible that the oxide later will
quickly re-form to cover the exposed
area. In extreme cases of coating
damage where the parent metal remains
exposed, the galvanising will corrode
sacrificially, giving continued protection
to the malleable iron parent metal.

Electro-plating
For practical reasons, steel fittings are
electro-plated instead of galvanised. In
the electro-plating process zinc is
deposited from an electrolyte by
applying an electric current to the
workpiece.

The zinc coating achieved in this way is

simply an outer layer, which is deposited
on the base material to form a barrier
coating (no alloy formation takes place
with the base material). The maximum
plated coating thickness is 25x10 -6m
(0.025mm). The coating thickness of hot
dip galvanising is generally 20 times
greater.

GEORGEFISCHER

3.05

Working Pressures and

Temperatures
Malleable Iron pipe fittings are used by a
wide range of industries for connecting
steel pipes for the conveyance of liquids
and gases, mainly water, oil, gaseous
fuels and air. The different market sectors
and applications where these fittings are
used are many and varied;

Gas supply
Water heating
Sprinklers
Hospitals
Process Industries
Mining
Original equipment manufacturers
Petro chemical
Industrial piping
Mechanical services

Intermediate pressures for temperature

ratings between 120C and 300C may
be obtained using linear interpolation.
For normal applications the lowest
service temperature for fittings is -20C.
Performance and reliability of the piping
system at these extremes of pressure and
temperature are dependent on the pipe
material, the threaded joint and the
sealing material used.
Attention should also be given to any
additional regulations, codes of practice
or guide lines which apply to particular
types of installation and restrict the
pressures and temperatures from those
given.

Malleable Iron pipe fittings are designed

and tested to withstand the pressures
and temperatures specified in the ISO 49
and BS EN 10242 standards. Unless
otherwise specified, the George Fischer
range of fittings may be used for the
temperatures and pressures specified
below:

Working temperature and pressure ranges for malleable iron fittings

permissible working pressure

bar
25
20

0
-20

120
working temperature

300

Fig. 3.07

3.06

GEORGEFISCHER

The maximum temperature for different

types of union fitting is tabulated below.

Temperature Ratings for George Fischer Unions

Type

Fig. No.

Temperature Limit

Flat Seat

92, 95, 100, 101,

330, 331, 332,
335, 336, 338

Limited by gasket material.

For gasket Fig. No. 202 = 230C.
If other gaskets are used, consult
manufacturer.

Taper Seat

96, 98, 102, 103,

340, 341, 344

300C

Bronze/Iron

342

210C

Double Bronze

342a

210C

Spherical Seat

346

300C

Fig. 3.08

Specially Pressure Tested

Fittings
5

Fittings for use at higher pressures, up to

100 bar maximum, are available in the
size range 1/ 2" - 2", on request. The
fittings are subject to additional pressure
tests at the manufacturing plant and are
identified with a yellow marking and
date stamped. A works certificate is
available on request.

Type Tested Fittings

7

Fittings used on some types of fire

extinguishing systems are subject to a
type test. The type test is a pressure test
of 300 bar which is applied to each
fitting shape. The fitting must withstand
this pressure without bursting.
During production, these fittings are
subjected to separate individual pressure
tests (up to 100 bar maximum), marked
with red and date stamped. A works
certificate is available on request.
Type tested fittings are only available to
order from the current George Fischer
range of malleable iron fittings.

GEORGEFISCHER

3.07

Size Designation

Fittings and Threads

Pipes
The size of a particular Low Carbon
Steel (LCS) tube to BS 1387 is based on
the internal bore dimensions. This was
originally given in imperial dimensions
and known as Nominal Bore.
For example, a 1/ 2" LCS tube has an
internal bore diameter of approximately
1
/ 2".
The concept of nominal size (DN) is now
used to designate the size of a particular
pipeline. It is defined in ISO 6708 as a
numerical designation of size which is
common to all components other than
components designated by outside
diameters or thread size. It is a
convenient round number which is only
loosely related to manufacturing
dimensions.
Nominal size is designated by the letters
DN followed by a number. This number is
the approximate bore diameter
measured in millimetres.

The size designation of the pipe fitting is

determined by the thread size
designation which is derived from ISO 7.
The nominal size (DN) should not be
used to designate the size of thread
or fitting.
Relationship between fitting size and
nominal size
The relationship between the
designation of the fitting size (same as
the thread size) and the nominal size
(DN) is shown in the table below.

Thread designation and nominal size

Designation
of thread size
/fitting size
Nominal size
DN

/8

/4

/8

8 10

/2

/4

15 20

1 11/ 4 11/ 2 2

2 1/ 2 3

25 32 40 50 65

80 100 125 150

Fig. 3.09

3.08

GEORGEFISCHER

Fittings Design
When considering the design of a fitting
there are a number of other factors to be
taken into account, in addition to the
choice of thread and material.
Strengthening of internal threaded
outlets
Fittings with internal threads are
reinforced on the outside by designing a
band or bead of material around the
circumference of the outlet. (Fig. 3.10)

Reinforcing bead

The bead strengthens the outlet of the

fitting and reduces the possibility of
damage during joint making.
Spanner Flats
Union fittings for example, have spanner
flats. The across flats dimension for
George Fischer fittings is shown in the
product section of this manual. The
minimum length or width of spanner flats
is specified in BS EN 10242 and given
below. This is to ensure compatibility with
standard spanner widths.

Fig. 3.10
Part section through internal
thread.

Minimum length of spanner flats

Thread size

Min. length of
spanner flats

/8

/4

/8

5 5.5

/2

/4 11/4 11/2
6

6.5

2 1/2

7.5

Fig. 3.11

Ribs
Some fittings may incorporate ribs into
the fittings design. The main function of
the rib is to facilitate manufacture during
the casting process, although they often
allow the fitting to be held more securely
during installation.
Dimensions
Dimensions for individual fitting types
and sizes are specified in BS EN 10242.
Those fittings conforming to this
standard are identified in this manual
and the associated dimensions are
detailed.
Length Tolerances
The applicable tolerance depends on
the dimension being considered and is
tabulated in the following table. For
straight fittings (e.g. nipples and sockets)
GEORGEFISCHER

the overall length is considered. For

fittings with a change of direction (e.g.
bends and tees) the face to centre
dimension is used.
Dimensions
(overall lengths)

up to
over 30
over 50
over 75
over 100
over 150
over 200

to 30
to 50
to 75
to 100
to 150
to 200

Maximum
deviations

1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0

Fig. 3.12

Angle Tolerances
The alignment of the axes of the screw
threads is designed to be within 0.5 of
the specified angle.

Chambered Fittings
Fittings with internal threads may be
designed and manufactured in two
different ways.

1) the internal thread is machined into the

wall of the fitting. (see Fig. 3.13)
2) the internal thread is machined into the
wall where the section has been made
thicker. (see Fig. 3.14)

The latter type is sometimes referred to

as a chambered design.
The main features of a chambered fitting
are:
the thread is full form along its
complete length, there are no washout
threads.

the thread length may be shorter,

since all threads are useful threads.

the wall section is strengthened where

the thread is machined.

no unnecessary removal of the

galvanising takes place during thread
machining, and the galvanising remains
intact right up to the last thread.

3.09

The joint is correctly made since the

seal is made in the threads and not in
the washout threads.

George Fischer malleable iron fittings

utilise both types of design, although
over recent years an increasing number
of fitting types are supplied in the
chambered design.

Fig. 3.13
Internal thread machined into wall of fitting.

Fig. 3.14
Chambered design: thicker section at thread
position.

3.10

GEORGEFISCHER

Designation of Fittings
In order to be certain that the desired
fittings are specified and supplied, it is
important to have a standard method of
designating the various elements
associated with malleable iron pipe
fittings.
Fittings which are in accordance with BS
EN 10242 use the following elements of
designation:
a) Type of Fitting
All the types of fitting shown in the
Product Data section of this manual are
referred to by a standard name. The
name given to each fitting denotes its
type. e.g. long sweep bend.
b) Standard

For reducing fittings with two

unequal outlets, the largest size is
given first.
Fittings with three outlets which
are the same size on the run but
increasing or reducing on the
branch are specified by stating the
run size followed by the branch.
For fittings with three different
sized outlets, two methods have
evolved and are described below.

Method a
The fitting outlets are numbered as
follows:

1 - Largest outlet on run

2 - Branch size
3 - Smaller outlet on run

This is the standard applicable to the

products and is used by manufacturers,
specifiers and purchasers to ensure that
the required performance and quality
requirements are met. e.g. EN 10242.

c) The Symbol
Each type of fitting covered by the
International and European standards
have been allocated a symbol to denote
the fitting type. These symbols are
shown in the product data section with
each fitting type. This symbol identifies
exactly the type of fitting required.
e.g.
G1 Long Sweep Bend, 90 with internal
threads

6
Fig 3.15
Method a for specifying outlets.

G1/45 Long Sweep Bend, 45 with

internal threads

G4 Long Sweep Bend, 90 with internal

and external threads
d) Fitting Size
The method of sizing each fitting is
standardised and has been used in the
accompanying product data. The size of
the fitting is denoted by the size of the
outlets or pipes it is designed to connect.

The standard rules for sizing fittings are

summarised below:

GEORGEFISCHER

For equal fittings (outlet the same

size), this size should only be given
once.
3.11

Method b
The fitting outlets are numbered as
follows:
1 - Largest outlet on run
2 - Smaller outlet on run
3 - Branch size

Thread Type
Ext.
Int.
R

Rp

Material Grade
W400-05* or B350-10

Fig. 3.17

Examples of Fitting Designation

run
branch

run

Design
Symbol

branch

Fig. 3.1 6 Method b for specifying outlets.

The UK has traditionally used method b,

while many other countries use method
a. In the interests of global
standardisation, both the ISO and EN
standards state that method b should
be phased out from the year 2000, after
which time all fittings should be
designated using method a.

i) A 45 Long Sweep Bend, size 1 1/ 2,

black finish, external thread x internal
thread, Taper (R) / Parallel (Rp) threads in
whiteheart W400 - 05* malleable cast
iron.
Designation:
Long Sweep Bend EN 10242-G4/45
- 1 1/ 2 - Fe-A
ii) A Reducing Tee with run 1 and 3/ 4 and
branch 1/ 2, galvanised finish, parallel
threads in whiteheart W400 - 05*
malleable cast iron.
Designation:
Tee EN 10242-B1-1 x 1/2 x 3/ 4 -Zn-A
This example uses method a for
designating the sizes.

e) Surface Finish
Two standard finishes are available,
black or galvanised. The black finish
(sometimes called natural or self colour) is
designated internationally by the symbol
Fe. The galvanised finish is designated by
the symbol Zn.
Traditionally, English speaking countries
have used B for black and G for
galvanised, while for example, German
speaking countries would use S for
schwarz (black) and V for verzingt
(galvanised). Other countries may use
different characters.
f) Design Symbol
The latest editions of the ISO and EN
standards use the concept of design
symbols to specify the thread
combination and material.
* future designation in
accordance with
BS EN 1560: GJMW-400-5

3.12

George Fischer pipe fittings are

designated using the design symbol A for
taper/parallel threads and Whiteheart
W400- 05* malleable cast iron.
GEORGEFISCHER

Union Fittings
Function and Installation
In order to assemble a pipeline system it
is necessary to be able to rotate either
the pipe or the fitting to make the
threaded connection. Inevitably there
are occasions where it is not practical to
do this, usually when making the last joint
in the system.
The union fitting is designed to enable
two pipes to be connected and sealed
without having to turn either pipe. The
union consists of three parts:

Union Bush

Fig. 3.18
Component parts of union
fitting

Union Nut

Union End

The procedure for connecting the pipes

is as follows:
1. Joint the union bush to end of first
pipe.
2. Place the union nut over the end of
the second pipe.
3. Joint the union end to the second
pipe.
4. Assemble the sealing faces together
and fasten the union nut to the union
bush.
5. Pressure test and commission.
Types of Union
A variety of different union fittings have
evolved for different applications. The
use of a particular type of union is a
matter for the pipeline specifier and
mainly influenced by custom and
practice within different market sectors.
Most unions consist of the parts detailed
above and are installed in the same way.
The type of union is determined by the
shape and material used in the sealing
faces.

GEORGEFISCHER

Flat Seat Unions

In this design the seal is effected by
compressing a sealing material (gasket)
between two flat metal faces.

Fig. 3.19
George Fischer
Flat Seat Union

Gasket

This type of union ( Fig. 330) is

ideally suited to pipes which are
regularly dismantled for maintenance,
because the union may be re-used if the
gasket is replaced. The application and
temperature limitations on this type of
union are usually determined by the
selection of gasket material. See page
3.16 for gasket dimensions.
The lengths and z dimensions given in
this manual refer to an assembled union
with a gasket thickness of between 2
and 3mm.
George Fischer can also supply the
component parts of flat seat unions as
separate items.
Taper Seat Unions - Iron/Iron
This union ( Fig. 340) relies on the
sealing properties of two opposite
tapers between the metallic faces which
are compressed together.
During installation we recommend that
the sealing faces are cleaned, inspected
and lubricated prior to final tightening. A
general engineering oil is suitable.
This union is manufactured from
malleable cast iron and the taper seats
are machined directly on to the union
end and union bush castings. This design
is intended to meet the temperature and
pressure ranges given in on page 3.06
and is suitable for a wide range of
applications.
The detail design of the union seat is left
to the discretion of the manufacturer. The
taper angle of these unions is 7.
Component parts should not be
interchanged.

3.13

Fig. 3.20
George Fischer Iron/Iron
Taper Seat Union

Iron/Iron taper seat unions

should not be used again
after dismantling

Each tapered face is subject to a

manufacturing tolerance. It is therefore
impossible to have two exactly matching
tapers and the seal achieved during the
final tightening will start as line contact.
The local pressure at the point of contact
can be intense and may cause some
deformation of the seat. If the union is
dismantled during pipeline maintenance
it will not be possible to reassemble it so
that the taper seats fit together in exactly
the same position and the sealing
capability is likely to be reduced.
If it is necessary to regularly dismantle
and re-assemble the union fitting, then
alternative types of union should be
considered.
Spherical Seat Unions - Bronze/Iron
This type of union fitting ( Fig 342)
is often referred to as the Railroad
pattern and originated for connecting
compressed air and steam service pipes
on railway wagons and carriages.
The seat in the union bush is made from
bronze which is inset into the malleable
iron casting and the seat in the union end
is machined into the malleable iron. The
iron seat is machined with a spherical
profile and the bronze seat has a
tapered profile.

Fig. 3.21
George Fischer Bronze/Iron
Spherical Seat Union

3.14

The different seat materials minimise the

possibility of corrosion between the
sealing faces, ensuring that the union can
be easiliy dismantled. The use of a
harder iron seat and a softer bronze
seat, combined with the profile, ensure
that any surface roughness and variation
in manufacturing tolerances are
accommodated and a reliable seal is
consistantly achieved, even after making
and breaking the joint a number of times.
During manufacture, the individual
components are washed and corrosion
protected. Union bushes and ends are
pressure tested at 20 bar and then
loosely assembled with the union nut.
These union parts should not be
interchanged and are not available
separately.
Always clean, inspect and oil the sealing
faces before reassembling. Any
corrosion or pitting will adversely affect
the sealing ability.
Due to the method of fixing the bronze
insert, this type of union is limited to a
maximum temperature of 210C.
Spherical Seat Unions - Bronze/
Bronze
Often referred to as the Navy union
( Fig 342a), this design originated
for use on piping systems in steamships
and is often used on steam and
condensate lines today.
The sealing faces are the most important
aspect of any union fitting and the
combination of a marine environment
and steam is particularly aggressive on
ferrous sealing faces. Bronze is not
susceptible to the same corrosion and
pitting and was therefore selected for the
seat material.
The Navy union uses two bronze sealing
faces which are inset into the union end
and bush. To improve the sealing
characteristics, the seat in the union bush
is tapered and the seat in the union end
is spherical.

GEORGEFISCHER

Fig. 3.22
George Fischer Bronze/
Bronze Spherical Seat Union

The union may be reused if the seats are

cleaned, inspected for damage and
lightly oiled before assembly.
The components are matched and
pressure tested as a pair and lightly oiled
during assembly. The component parts
should not be interchanged and are
not available separately.
Due to the method of fixing the bronze
inserts, this type of union is limited to a
maximum temperature of 210C.
Spherical Seat Unions - Self Aligning
The Fig. 346 unions (often referred
to as Mac unions) have large iron to iron
sealing faces which are spherically
machined. This design was originally
developed from a taper/taper seat
union and is suitable for awkward pipe
connections where access is difficult.
The Mac spherical seat union allows
connection of pipes which are angularly
misaligned in any direction, up to 6 off
centre. Springing or bending of pipes
during assembly is minimised and the
joint is resistant to vibration.

Fig. 3.23
George Fischer Spherical
Seat Mac Union

The union end and bush parts are

matched during manufacture. The
components are not interchangeable
or available separately.
The spherical seat design allows the
fitting to be dismantled re-made. In this
instance the sealing faces should always
be inspected, cleaned and lubricated.
Note: Any marks such as corrosion or
pitting on the spherical surfaces could
adversely affect the sealing
performance.
Interchangeability
The basic dimensions of union fittings are
standardised in BS EN 10242 for flat and
taper seat unions. The precise design of
the sealing faces are at the
manufacturers discretion.
The George Fischer metal seat union end
and union bush components are
supplied as pairs. These parts should
not be interchanged with parts either
from other George Fischer unions or
parts manufactured by another
supplier.
Components of metal seat unions are
not available separately. If
interchangeability is required then only
the flat seat design can be used and
components only interchanged with
parts of George Fischer manufacture.
Tightening Torques
The following torques (see table below,
Fig. 3.24 ) may be used as a guide to
achieve a pressure tight union joint.

8
Union Fitting Tightening Torques
Size

Tightening torque Nm

40

/8

/4

11/4

11/2

2 1/2

60

80

120

150

180

240

310

350

470

/2

Fig. 3.24

GEORGEFISCHER

3.15

Sealing Gaskets

Gasket
Inside diameter x
Outside diameter

Thickness

Fastening thread,
G

Joining thread
Fitting size, R/Rp

Sealing Gasket Dimensions

13 x 20
17 x 24
17 x 24
22 x 30
21 x 30
24 x 34
21 x 28,5
27 x 36
27 x 38
26,5 x 34,5
34 x 43
32 x 44
43 x 53
38 x 48
42 x 55
42 x 52
48 x 60
46 x 62
54 x 64
61 x 73
60 x 78
75 x 97
88 x 110
115 x 135

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3

Can be used for

Special
dimensions of
union piece parts
figure no.. ...

For complete unions

(and/or regulating sockets and plugs ),
Figure Number ...

95 97 100 101 330 331 332 335 336 338 595 599a 1330 1335 370 372 376
1

/4
3
/8
1
/2
1
/2
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2
2 1/ 2
3
4

/8
3
/4
3
/8
1
/2
1
1 1/ 8
1
/2
3
/4
1 1/ 4
3
/4
1
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 8
2
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
2 1/ 4
1 3/ 4
2
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
4
5

recommended gasket recommended gasket for Fig. no. 373 for the middle plane face gasket supplied
Fig. 3.25

Gasket (inside diameter x

Jointing Nominal outside diameter) can be used
thread diameter,
for flange Figure No...
R/Rp
DN
326
329
1
/2
22 x 43
24 x 51
15
3
/4
28 x 53
30 x 61
20
1
35 x 63
36 x 71
25
1 1/ 4
43
x
75
45 x 82
32
1
1 /2
49 x 85
49 x 92
40

Gasket (inside diameter x

Jointing Nominal outside diameter) can be used
thread diameter,
for flange Figure No...
R/Rp
DN
326
329
2
61 x 95
61 x 107
50
2 1/ 2
77 x 115
77 x 127
65
3
90 x 123
90 x 142
80
4
115
x
152
115
x 162
100

Fig. 3.26

3.16

GEORGEFISCHER

Steel Tubes
Background
There are a multitude of steel pipes or
tubes used in industry for many
engineering applications. This section will
be restricted to those steel pipes defined
by BS 1387:1985 (ISO 65) which may be
used with George Fischer malleable iron
pipe fittings.
Steel pipes to BS 1387:1985 are the
traditional material for most steel
plumbing and pipework applications.
Sometimes referred to as mild steel
tubes, the correct title is Low Carbon
Steel (LCS) tubes. These pipes are used
for conveying many different media
including water, steam, compressed air,
gases and oils.
Types
There are three main grades of steel
tube. All have the same outside diameter
but different wall thickness. The thickness
series are designated; light, medium and
heavy. The dimensions are given below.

Type Identification
The different thickness series of LCS tube
are colour coded by the manufacturer
for ease of identification.
The tubes have a 50mm band of colour
near the end of each tube, according to
the following:
Light tubes
- brown
Medium tubes - blue
Heavy tubes - red
Surface Finish
Steel tubes are available in either self
colour (known as black) or galvanised
finish.
Tube Ends
The tube can be supplied with either
plain or screwed ends. The screwed ends
are threaded in accordance with BS 21
(ISO 7) and supplied with a threaded
socket.

Dimensions of Steel Tubes

The following tables detail the dimensional data for the three thickness series of steel
tube, defined by BS 1387 (ISO 65)

Dimensions of steel tubes: light

Nominal
size (DN)

Designation
of thread

Outside diameter
max.

min.

mm

mm

Thickness

Mass of black tube

Screwed and
Plain end
socketed
kg/m
kg/m

/4

13.6

13.2

1.8

0.515

0.519

10

/8

17.1

16.7

1.8

0.670

0.676

15

/2

21.4

21.0

2.0

0.947

0.956

20

/4

26.9

26.4

2.3

1.38

1.39

25

33.8

33.2

2.6

1.98

2.00

32

1 /4

42.5

41.9

2.6

2.54

2.57

40

1 /2

48.4

47.8

2.9

3.23

3.27

50

60.2

59.6

2.9

4.08

4.15

65

2 /2

76.0

75.2

3.2

5.71

5.83

80

88.7

87.9

3.2

6.72

6.89

100

113.9

113.0

3.6

9.75

10.0

Fig. 3.27

GEORGEFISCHER

3.17

Dimensions of steel tubes: medium

Nominal
size (DN)

Designation
of thread

Outside diameter
max.

min.

mm

mm

Thickness

Mass of black tube

Screwed and
Plain end
socketed
kg/m
kg/m

13.3

2.3

0.641

0.645

10

17.4

16.8

2.3

0.839

0.845

21.7

21.1

2.6

1.21

1.22

20

/4
/8
1
/2
3
/4

13.9

27.2

26.6

2.6

1.56

1.57

25

15

34.2

33.4

3.2

2.41

2.43

32

1 /4

42.9

42.1

3.2

3.10

3.13

40

1 /2

48.8

48.0

3.2

3.57

3.61

50

60.8

59.8

3.6

5.03

5.10

65

2 /2

76.6

75.4

3.6

6.43

6.55

80

89.5

88.1

4.0

8.37

8.54

100

114.9

113.3

4.5

12.2

12.5

125

140.6

138.7

5.0

16.6

17.1

150

166.1

164.1

5.0

19.7

20.3

Fig. 3.28

Dimensions of steel tubes: heavy

Nominal Designation
size (DN) of thread

Outside diameter
max.

min.

mm

mm

Thickness

Mass of black tube

Screwed and
Plain end
socketed
kg/m
kg/m

13.3

2.9

0.765

0.769

10

17.4

16.8

2.9

1.02

1.03

21.7

21.1

3.2

1.44

1.45

20

/4
/8
1
/2
3
/4

13.9

27.2

26.6

3.2

1.87

1.88

25

15

34.2

33.4

4.0

2.94

2.96

32

1 /4

42.9

42.1

4.0

3.80

3.83

40

1 /2

48.8

48.0

4.0

4.38

4.42

50

60.8

59.8

4.5

6.19

6.26

7.93

8.05

65

2 /2

76.6

75.4

4.5

80

89.5

88.1

5.0

10.3

10.5

100

114.9

113.3

5.4

14.5

14.8

125

140.6

138.7

5.4

17.9

18.4

150

166.1

164.1

5.4

21.3

21.9

Fig. 3.29

3.18

GEORGEFISCHER

Pipe Threads

Pages

Types and Designation

4.02

Comparison of Jointing and Fastening

Thread Tolerances

4.03

Design and Function of Jointing Threads

4.04

Thread Engagement

4.05

Thread Cutting

4.06

Assembly Method

4.07

Notes on Taper/Parallel Threaded Joints

4.08

Thread Measurement
Key Data for Threads to ISO 7/1
Thread Jointing and Sealing

4.09 - 4.11
4.12

4.13 - 4.14
5

GEORGEFISCHER

4.01

Types & Designation

Basic Whitworth Form

H/6

r
H

27.5 27.5

Pitch P

H/6

H = 0.960 491 P
h = 0.640 327 P
r = 0.137 329 P

Fig. 4.01

Basic form of taper pipe

thread

r
H

h
r

27.5 27.5

Pitch P
Axis of screw

90

Fig. 4.02

Over generations many different types

of screw threads have been developed
for particular applicatons, which include
fastening components, power
transmission and materials handling.
In the nineteenth century, most factories
that needed a fastener would devise
their own system. Clearly this resulted in
all sorts of compatibility problems. The
English mechanical engineer and
inventor, Sir Joseph Whitworth (18031887) devised a standardised threading
system in 1841 to tackle these difficulties.
The Whitworth thread form is based on
a 55 degree thread angle and rounded
roots and crests. See Fig. 4.01.
The Whitworth thread form was selected
for use as a connecting thread for pipes,
which was made self sealing by cutting
at least one of the threads on a taper.
This became known as the British
Standard Pipe thread (BSP Taper or BSP
Parallel thread). The Whitworth thread is
now used internationally as a standard
thread for jointing low carbon steel
pipes. See Fig. 4.02.
Pipe threads can be divided into two
types:

Jointing Thread

Fastening
Thread

Jointing Thread

Fig. 4.03
The George Fischer Union,
showing both jointing and
fastening threads.

a) Jointing threads - which are pipe

threads for joints made pressure tight
by sealing on the threads and are
taper external and parallel or taper
internal threads. The sealing effect is
improved by using an appropriate
jointing compound (see page 4.13 ).
These threads are standardised in
ISO 7-1 and the new BS EN 10226-1,
which will supersede BS 21:1985.
b) Fastening threads - are pipe threads
where pressure tight joints are not
made on the threads. Both threads
are parallel and sealing is effected by
compression of a soft material onto
the external thread, or a flat gasket.
These threads standardised in ISO
228-1 and BS 2779:1986. (BS EN
10227-1 is being prepared and will
supersed BS2779).

threads, taper external and parallel

internal. For special applications, a
parallel fastening thread is required. See
Figure 4.03 of a union which uses
the two types of thread.
Pipe Thread Designation
The size designation of a pipe thread is
derived from ISO 7. See page 3.08 for
pipe size designation.
Before a revision of BS21 in 1973 an
internal pipe thread that was specified ,
for example , by 1 1/2" BSP. Pl may now
simply be referred to as Rp1 1/2.
Similarly, a taper thread which was
designated by 1 1/2 BSP. Tr EXT is now
designated by R 1 1/2.
The method of designating the different
types of pipe thread is detailed below
using thread size 1 1/2" as an example.
Jointing thread to ISO 7-1, BS EN
10226-1
Internal thread
(right-hand)

parallel

Rp 1 1/2

External thread
(right-hand)

taper

R 1 1/2

Note: LH is added to designate left-hand

thread, Rp 1 1/2 -LH
Fig. 4.04

Fastening Thread to ISO 228-1, BS

2779 (BS EN 10227-1)
Internal thread
(right-hand)

parallel

G 1 1/2

External thread parallel

(right-hand)
Tolerance class A

G 1 1/2 A

External thread parallel

(right-hand)
Tolerance class B

G 1 1/2 B

Note: LH is added to designate left-hand

thread, G 1 1/2- LH
Fig. 4.05

George Fischer malleable iron pipe

fittings are produced with jointing
4.02

GEORGEFISCHER

Comparison of Jointing and

Fastening Thread Tolerances
1
Jointing threads to ISO 7-1
Internal thread
maximum size

Internal thread
maximum size

External thread
maximum size

Internal
thread
G

Internal
thread
Rp

thread diameter

Fastening thread to ISO 228-1

External
thread
R

Nominal
size
External
thread
G ... A

Internal thread
minimum size

External thread
minimum size

2
Internal thread
minimum size

External thread
maximum size

External thread
minimum size

External
thread
G ... B

4
... for tolerance ranges used by

External thread
minimum size

Fig. 4.06

5
Combination of Jointing and
Fastening Threads
If a parallel external pipe thread, G
(fastening thread to ISO 228-1), is
screwed together with a parallel internal
pipe thread R p , (jointing thread to ISO 71), special consideration is required since
this combination may not assemble
together and does not necessarily lead
to a pressure tight joint. (see ISO 228-1
section 3 and/or BS21:1985 Table 6).

GEORGEFISCHER

4.03

Design and Function of

Jointing Threads
Thread shape, dimensions, tolerances
and designations per thread size are
specified in ISO 7-1(CEN 10226).

Terms relating to Pipe Threads

sufficient allowance for tightening or

wrenching the joint.
Wrenching Allowance is the length
of useful thread which is provided to
allow tightening or wrenching of the
components, beyond the hand tight
position, in order to achieve a
pressure tight joint.

Total thread
Useful thread (not less than gauge length plus fitting allowance)
Incomplete
thread

Complete thread

Washout
thread

Vanish cone

End of longest permitted internal

thread at hand tight engagement

Gauge plane
Gauge
diameter
d

Major cone

T1
2

T1
2

Wrenching
allowance

Gauge length

Fig. 4.07
Allowance equivalent
to positive tolerance
on internal thread

Fitting allowance

Taper External Threads, R

The taper has a combined ratio 1:16.
The most important parts of the thread
are :

Gauge Length is the length along the

axis from the gauge plane to the
end of the thread. This will vary
within a tolerance. The design
dimensions ensure that assemby with
the internal thread is always possible,
even when the internal thread is at
the minimum diameter.

Fitting Allowance is the length of

useful thread required to provide for
assembly with an internal thread.
Even when the internal thread is at
the maximum diameter, there is still
4.04

Washout Thread is the part of the

thread which is not fully formed at
the root. This section is not useful
thread and does not contribute to the
effectiveness of the joint.

Internal Threads, Rp or Rc
The length and design of the internal
thread must be such to allow the external
thread to be screwed in sufficiently to
achieve adequate compression and
sealing in the threads, even when the
external thread is at the maximum
permitted length.

GEORGEFISCHER

Thread Engagement
Thread engagement is the standard
distance that the pipe may be screwed
into the fitting. This dimension is
fundamental to the development of the z
method (see section 6). The following
Thread Size

* useful thread = gauge

length plus fitting allowance.
includes wrenching
allowance.

/4

/8

/2

/4

table illustrates the design thread

lengths. The gauge length is the design
hand tight position and the fitting
allowance is for adjustment and
tightening. The figures are for an internal
thread to mid tolerance.

1 1/4

1 1/2

2 1/2

Gauge length
(hand tight)

Turns
(mm)

4 1/2
6.0

4 3/4
6.4

4 1/2
8.2

5 1/4
9.5

4 1/2 5 1/2 5 1/2

10.4 12.7 12.7

6 7/8 7 9/16 8 15/16 11

12 3/8
15.9 17.5 20.6 25.4 28.6

fitting
allowance

Turns
(mm)

2 3/4
3.7

2 3/4
3.7

2 3/4
5.0

2 3/4
5.0

2 3/4
6.4

2 3/4
6.4

2 3/4
6.4

3 1/4
7.5

4
9.2

4
9.2

4 1/2
5
10.4 11.5

wrenching
allowance

Turns
(mm)

1 1/2
2.0

1 1/2
2.0

1 1/2
2.7

1 1/2
2.7

1 1/2
3.5

1 1/2
3.5

1 1/2
3.5

2
4.6

2 1/2
5.8

2 1/2
5.8

3
6.9

average
thread
engagement*

Turns
(mm)

7 1/4
10

7 1/2
10

7 1/4
13

8
15

7 1/4
17

8 1/4
19

8 1/4
19

10 1/8 11 9/16 12 15/16 15 1/2 17 3/8

24 27
30
36
40

3 1/2
8.1

Fig. 4.08
Table of Nominal Thread Lengths

GEORGEFISCHER

4.05

Thread Cutting
The usual method of producing pipe
threads on low carbon steel tube is to
cut them using a threading machine.
(Details of the George Fischer pipe
cutting and threading machines can be
found in section 8).
Alternatively, pipe threads can be
produced using hand tools known as
stocks and dies.
If a number of pipe threads have to be
cut, the benefits of using a machine
include: accuracy which is repeated on
each thread and significant time savings.
Once the machine is set for a particular
size, cutting and threading times of 20
seconds are not unusual.

4.06

GEORGEFISCHER

Assembly Method
The important dimensional data relating
to thread lengths and their asssembly is
detailed in Fig. 4.08. As an example, the
correct method of assembling a 1" pipe
joint is described.

Fig. 4.09
Hand tight position

Fig. 4.10
Position after wrenching

1. Apply the appropriate jointing

compound (see page 4.13).
2. Engage the threads and tighten to
the hand tight position ( see Fig. 4.09 )
which is designed to be at the
gauge length.
3. Using a wrench, continue to tighten.
The number of turns which are
necessary to achieve a pressure tight
seal is the wrenching allowance. This
is 1 1/2 turns for a 1" connection. (See
Fig. 4.10 ).

If the size of the internal thread coincides

with the gauge plane on the external
thread, then all of the fitting allowance
may be used for tightening the joint, 2 3/4
turns for a 1" connection. Depending on
the sizes of both threads, small variations
to the number of turns may be required
to position the outlet of the fitting or to
adjust the length of the pipeline.

GEORGEFISCHER

4.07

Notes on Taper/Parallel
Threaded Joints
A pressure tight joint is achieved by the
compression in the threads resulting from
tightening in the wrenching allowance.
This compression and sealing occurs in
the first few turns of the internal thread.
As wrenching takes place, the internal
thread will stretch to accommodate the
external taper. This ensures a perfect
metal to metal contact which minimises
the effects of threads produced at
different ends of the permissible
tolerances. Variations within the
tolerances can occur between threads
which are factory produced and those
produced on site, whether by machine or
hand cut.
The metal to metal contact enables the
joint to withstand tensile and
compressive loads and bending stresses.
In order to achieve the best sealing effect
the following points should be taken into
account:
threads must be produced to allow the
components to be screwed together,
without jointing compound.
the jointing compound should be
applied sparingly, since it is only
required to fill the inevitable deviations
from the theoretical thread profile and
the roughness of the thread surfaces.
sufficient threads must be available for
wrenching, even when the internal
thread is at maximum diameter.
the end of the useful thread should not
be screwed in further than the first full
formed internal thread.
the washout thread will normally
remain visible after tightening with a
wrench (typically 1 to 2 threads).
Sealing and compression
performance may be reduced if
attempts are made to seal on the
external washout thread.
allowances for thread chamfers may
be necessary (see page 4.10)

wrenching allowances are adopted,

then the stresses in the fitting will be
within the elastic limit of the material so
that no permanent deformation occurs.
The fitting may then be reused.

Reuseability
Fittings may be reused only if no
permanent deformation has occured
during the jointing process. If the correct
4.08

GEORGEFISCHER

Thread Measurement
Background
Threads are produced world-wide by
many thousands of factories and also
individuals working on site. It is important
to know that the threads on the pipe and
fittings are in accordance with the
appropriate standard. Measurement of
threads is known as gauging and is
carried out using a set of standardised
gauges.
Gauges are precision instruments which
should be regularly checked for
accuracy by a calibration laboratory.
They are therefore expensive. Any
gauging system must be readily
available, quick and easy to use, and be
resiliant in a production or site
environment.
Over the years, different countries have
developed a number of slightly different
ways to measure the same thread, with
some types of gauge attempting to
measure more than one of the thread
parameters. As a result it is possible to
obtain slightly different results depending
on the measuring system used. Therefore
a component which is to standard using
one set of gauges may not appear to be
to standard using a different method.

Gauge
plane
Gauge plane

Gauge plane

Gauge plane

4
Fig. 4.12
Full form, plain plug and ring gauges.

Thread inspection is carried out by

assembling the gauge and the
workpiece together. The accuracy of the
threaded component is determined by
the position of the start of the thread,
relative to the step in the gauge. Figure b
shows gauging of internal and external
threads at both the maximum and
minimum sizes.

This problem is being addressed by the

international experts from the major
industrial markets, who are attempting to
devise a gauging system which will be
adopted world-wide. The result of this
international effort will be the revision to
the ISO 7-2 standard, after which the
new European standard BS EN 10226-2
will be compiled.

Start of
thread

Thread Gauges

External thread of
maximum gauge length

Both the jointing threads and the

fastening threads are measured with
different sets of go and no go
standardised plug and ring gauges. The
UK uses gauges detailed in BS 21 for
jointing threads and ISO 228-2 for
fastening threads. Since the majority of
pipe threads are jointing threads we will
consider in more detail how they are
gauged.

GEORGEFISCHER

General purpose pipe threads in

accordance with ISO 7-1 or BS 21 are
usually gauged with gauges detailed in
BS 21 system B. This uses Taper full form
plug and ring gauges and Taper plain
plug and ring gauges. (See Fig. 4.12 )

Ring gauge
Gauge plane

Gauge
length
(max)

Gauge
length
(min)

Gauge
plane
Plug gauge

Internal thread (parallel

or taper) of maximum
size

External thread of
minimum gauge length

8
Start of
thread

Internal thread (parallel

or taper) of minimum
size)

Fig. 4.13

4.09

It is important to remember that thread

inspection using gauges is a
comparative test and when checking a
parallel internal jointing thread,
allowance must be made for the
chamfer.

George Fischer have developed a

method where the measuring point
remains at the front face of the fitting
after applying a correction for the effect
of the chamfer. (See the nomogram on
the following page, Fig. 4.15 ).

Effect of Thread Chamfer on Gauging

Result
Most threads are chamfered during
production, to remove any sharp edges
and to ensure ease of assembly. This has
a significant effect on the gauging result,
particularly when inspecting internal
parallel threads.
The key to understanding this is that the
measuring point is always the start of the
thread relative to the step on the gauge.
If, for example, a parallel internal thread
has been chamfered with a chamfer
greater than 1 pitch, then the start of the
thread has been moved to a point inside
the fitting. It is this point inside the fitting
that must be compared with the step on
the gauge. (see Fig. 4.14 )
External Thread
Chamfer > 1 pitch
Chamfer < 1 pitch
Start of
thread

Start of
thread

Minor cone

Internal Thread

Major
cone

Start of
thread

Start of
thread

Chamfer < 1 pitch

Chamfer > 1 pitch

Fig. 4.14
Effect of a chamfer on start of thread

4.10

GEORGEFISCHER

The nomogram is used as follows:

Example

1. Measure the outside diameter D A of

the chamfer and plot this point on the
D A axis.

On a 3/4" fig. 90 elbow a chamfer

diameter (D A) of 28.3mm was measured.
By drawing a line through the points
D A =28.3mm and the 3/4" size, and
extending the line to intersect the n axis,
n= 1/4 is read off. The gauge would be
retracted from the hand tight position by
1
/4 turn and the position of the front face
of the fitting compared with the step on
the gauge.

2. Draw a straight line between the D A

plotted point and the point
corresponding to the size of the
thread being inspected.
3. Continue the straigth line to intersect
the n axis and read off the value of n.
This is the number of correction
revolutions to be applied.
4. Correction is carried out by retracting
the plug gauge by n revolutions from
the hand tight position. At this new
position, the size is measured by
comparing the front face of the fitting
with the step on the gauge.

4
D

DA

/ 4" to 3/ 8"
/ 2" to 3/ 4"
1" to 2"
21/2" to 4"

for Rp

A = measured diameter of the thread chamfer

n = number of correction revolutions for the plug gauge

example.:
D A = 28,3 mm

1/4 gauge
revolution

Theoretical chamfer diameter DA on the fitting front face

9
Fig. 4.15 Nomogram (to be reproduced only with the express permission of George Fischer)

GEORGEFISCHER

4.11

4.12

mm
mm
cm2
l/m
kg/

mm
mm
cm2
l/m
kg/

Medium Duty
Wall thickness
Inside diameter
Bore area
Capacity
Pipe mass,plain
end black pipe

Heavy duty
Wall thickness
Inside diameter
Bore area
Capacity
Pipe mass,plain
end black pipe

Threaded pipes
Outside diameter mm
Surface area
m 2/m

Pipe threads
Gauge diameter mm
(thread external dia.
at the gauge plane)
Pitch
Number of threads/inch
Gauge length
turns
(external thread)
mm
Tolerance for
mm
gauge length
Fitting Allowance turns
Useful thread
turns
Wrenching
turns
allowance

Thread size
Nominal diameter DN

19
4 1/2
6
1.3

2 3/4
7 1/4
1 1/2

28
4 3 /8
4
0.9

2 3 /4
7 1/8
1 1/2

2.6
5.0
0.19
0.020
0.49

2.0
6.2
0.30
0.030
0.40

2.9
7.7
0.47
0.047
0.77

2.3
8.9
0.62
0.062
0.64

13.5
0.042

1.337

0.907

10.2
0.032

13.157

/4
8

9.728

1
/8
6

2.9
11.4
1.02
0.102
1.02

2.3
12.6
1.25
0.125
0.84

17.2
0.054

2 3 /4
7 1/2
1 1/2

19
4 3 /4
6.4
1.3

1.337

16.662

3
/8
10

3.2
14.9
1.74
0.174
1.44

2.6
16.1
2.04
0.204
1.21

21.3
0.067

2 3/4
7 1/4
1 1/2

14
4 1/2
8.2
1.8

1.814

20.955

1
/2
15

3.2
20.4
3.27
0.327
1.87

2.6
21.7
3.70
0.370
1.56

26.9
0.085

2 3 /4
8
1 1/2

14
5 1/4
9.5
1.8

1.814

26.441

3
/4
20

4.0
25.7
5.19
0.519
2.93

3.2
27.3
5.85
0.585
2.41

33.7
0.106

2 3/4
7 1/4
1 1/2

11
4 1/2
10.4
2.3

2.309

33.249

1
25

Key Data for Threads to ISO 7-1, BS21 and Threaded Pipes to
ISO65, BS1387

4.0
34.4
9.29
0.929
3.79

3.2
36.0
10.18
1.018
3.10

42.4
0.133

2 3/4
8 1/4
1 1/2

11
5 1/2
12.7
2.3

2.309

41.910

1 1/4
32

4.0
40.3
12.76
1.276
4.37

3.2
41.9
13.79
1.379
3.56

48.3
0.152

2 3 /4
8 1/4
1 1/2

11
5 1/2
12.7
2.3

2.309

47.803

1 1/2
40

4.5
51.3
20.66
2.066
6.19

3.6
53.1
22.15
2.215
5.03

60.3
0.189

3 1/4
10 1/8
2

11
6 7 /8
15.9
2.3

2.309

59.614

2
50

4.5
67.1
35.36
3.536
7.93

3.6
68.9
37.28
3.728
6.42

76.1
0.239

4
11 9 /16
2 1/2

11
7 9 /16
17.5
3.5

2.309

75.184

2 1/2
65

5.0
78.9
48.89
4.889
10.30

4.0
80.9
51.40
5.140
8.36

88.9
0.279

4
12 15 /16
2 1/2

11
8 15 /16
20.6
3.5

2.309

87.884

3
80

5.4
103.5
84.13
8.413
14.50

4.5
105.3
87.09
8.710
12.2

114.3
0.359

4 1/2
15 1/2
3

11
11
25.4
3.5

2.309

113.030

4
100

5.4
128.9
130.59
13.050
17.90

5.0
129.7
132.12
13.212
16.6

139.7
0.439

5
17 3/ 8
3 1/2

11
12 3/8
28.6
3.5

2.309

138.430

5
125

5.4
154.3
186.99
18.699
21.30

5.0
155.1
188.94
18.894
19.8

165.1
0.519

5
17 3 / 8
3 1/2

11
12 3 /8
28.6
3.5

2.309

163.830

6
150

Key Data for Threads to ISO 7/1

Fig. 4.16

GEORGEFISCHER

Thread Jointing and Sealing

Principles
In a threaded connection the threads
provide the mechanical strength but
should not be relied upon to give a
pressure tight joint. The metal to metal
contact between threads will resist loads
from pipeline expansion and contraction,
in addition to any bending moments
which may be applied to the joint.
A pressure tight joint is achieved by using
a jointing compound or thread sealant
which will act as a filler for gaps
between the threads and also fill any
roughness on the threaded surface.
Types of Jointing Compound
A wide and varied number of jointing
compounds exist and it is only intended
to make some general observations and
comments in this section.
Care should be taken when selecting
a thread sealant to ensure it meets the
specification requirements of each
installation.
Most thread sealants consist of a viscous
liquid or paste which is applied to the
threads before screwing together. The
notable exception is PTFE tape, which is
made from pure PTFE material and has a
wide application.
Selection of a Thread Sealant
A number of jointing compounds are
used as general purpose thread sealants
but the wide variety of pipework
applications has led to the development
of thread sealants for specific
applications.
For example:

steam
marine
potable water
natural and LP gases
compressed air
fuels

Before selecting a sealant it is necessary

to be aware of the type of environment

GEORGEFISCHER

that the joint will have to endure.

Some of the main points for
consideration are:
operating temperature and
pressure of system

the fluid in the pipe and its

characteristics

exposure to vibration

exposure to thermal shock

(expansion and contraction)

health and safety aspects (e.g.

toxicity, flammability)

Other factors which may affect the

selection of jointing compound:

setting or curing times before

system may be pressurised

ability to dismantle connections ease of maintenance

size of thread

ease of application

shelf life

Consideration of these factors will assist

in selection of the most appropriate
jointing compound for a particular
application. Confirmation of suitability
should be addressed to the
manufacturer concerned and their
recommendations strictly followed.
Method of Application
Reference should always be made to the
manufacturers instructions for the exact
method of application. Meanwhile, the
following guidelines illustrate some of the
general principles.
The threads to be jointed must be clean
and dry, free from rust, dirt, oil and
grease. If a joint is being re-made then
any previously used jointing compound
must be removed.
Pastes
The jointing compound is normally
applied to the external thread using a
brush. Apply the reinforcing material if
required and the joint is then screwed
together.
4.13

Reinforcing Material
Dependent on manufacturers
instructions it may be necessary to use a
reinforcing material in conjunction with
the jointing compound.
This is traditionally hemp which is wound
evenly around the threads, starting at the
front of the thread and wound in the
direction of the threads towards the
washout.
Note: Hemp is not permitted for use on
hot and cold water according to the UK
Water Byelaw Scheme, although a hemp
substitute is available from some
suppliers.
For threaded joints above 2" the use of
reinforcing material is generally
considered essential, mainly due to the
larger gaps between the threads which
require filling and sealing.

All jointing compounds in contact with

potable water must be approved by
the UK Water Byelaw Scheme.
Many mechanical service installations
will have the jointing compound
specified and there may be some slight
variations between different contracts.
Most requirements for thread sealants
are detailed in BS 6956, Jointing
Material and Compounds. The new
European standards are currently being
introduced as part of the BS EN 751
series.

PTFE Tape
This material is used as a general
purpose thread sealant. The tape is
applied to the external thread by starting
at the front of the thread and winding in
a clockwise direction towards the
washout. This ensures that the sealing
material is drawn into the threads as the
joint is made.
A slight tension to the tape, during the
application should be maintained which
will help to achieve the correct
positioning.
The number of turns required is
somewhat dependent on the thread
type and thread quality, although as a
general guide use a single wrap up to 2"
threads and double or multiple wraps
above 2".
Standards and Specifications
With any piping installation it is important
to take account of any standards or
requirements which have been detailed
by the specifier. This is particularly
important when dealing with potable
water and gas installations.

4.14

GEORGEFISCHER

Pipeline Design

Pages

Fluid Flow in Steel Pipes

5.02 - 5.03

Pipeline Sizing - Pressure Loss

5.04 - 5.06

Fittings - Pressure Loss

5.07 - 5.09

Water Flow in Straight Pipes - Pressure Loss

5.10 - 5.19

Useful Pipe Properties

5.20

Valves - Pressure Loss

5.21 - 5.24

Compressible Fluids

5.25 - 5.27

Steam

5.28 - 5.29

Water Hammer

5.30 - 5.32

GEORGEFISCHER

5.01

Fluid Flow in Steel Pipes

and is measured in metres squared

per second (m 2/s).

The flow of fluids is a complex process,

the study of which is known as fluid
dynamics. Fluid transport is affected by
the physical properties of the fluid, the
type of flow, the pipe dimensions and the
properties of the pipe material. There are
very few transport problems which can
be completely solved by the purely
mathematical equations of fluid
dynamics. For everyday situations the
solutions are dependent on
experimentally determined factors, such
as the friction factor. Most real problems
can be solved using the Darcy formula,
which relies on this experimental friction
factor.

Density and Viscosity for Water

Physical Properties of Fluids

Velocity of Fluid

The properties relevant to fluid flow are

summarized below.

The mean velocity of a fluid is given by:

Density: This is the mass per unit volume

of the fluid and is generally measured in
kg/m 3. Another commonly used term is
specific gravity. This is in fact a relative
density, comparing the density of a fluid
at a given temperature to that of water
at the same temperature.
S=

= kinematic viscosity (m 2/s)

= absolute viscosity (Pa s or Ns/m 2)
= density (kg/m 3)

Temperature
C

10
75
150

Density Absolute viscosity

Pa s
kg/m 3

1000
975
917

1.3 x 10 -3
0.4 x 10 -3
0.2 x 10 -3

Fig. 5.01 Extract from CIBSE Guide C4.3

v= Q
A
v = velocity of fluid (m/s)
Q = volume flow rate (m 3/second)
A = pipe cross sectional area (m 2)

water

S = specific gravity (dimensionless)

= density of fluid (kg/m 3)
water = density of water (kg/m 3)
= 1000 at 10 C
Viscosity: This describes the ease with
which a fluid flows. A substance like
treacle has a high viscosity, while water
has a much lower value. Gases, such as
air, have a still lower viscosity. The
viscosity of a fluid can be described in
two ways.
a) Absolute (or dynamic) viscosity: This
is a measure of a fluid's resistance to
internal deformation. It is expressed
in pascal seconds (Pa s) or newton
seconds per square metre (Ns/m 2).
[1Pas = 1 Ns/m 2]
b) Kinematic viscosity: This is the ratio of
the absolute viscosity to the density
5.02

GEORGEFISCHER

Types of Fluid Flow

Reynolds Number

When a fluid moves through a pipe two

distinct types of flow are possible,
laminar and turbulent. Laminar flow
occurs in fluids moving with small
average velocities and turbulent flow
becomes apparent as the velocity is
increased above a critical velocity. In
laminar flow the fluid particles move
along the length of the pipe in a very
orderly fashion, with little or no sideways
motion across the width of the pipe.
Turbulent flow is characterised by
random, disorganised motion of the
particles, from side to side across the
pipe as well as along its length. There
will, however, always be a layer of
laminar flow at the pipe wall - the socalled 'boundary layer'.

A useful factor in determining which type

of flow is involved is the Reynolds
number. This is the ratio of the dynamic
forces of mass flow to the shear
resistance due to fluid viscosity and is
given by the following formula.
vd i

Re = Reynolds number (dimensionless)

Re =

d i = pipe inside diameter (m)

v = velocity of fluid (m/s)
= kinematic viscosity (m 2/s)

In general for a fluid like water when the

Reynolds number is less than 2000 the
flow is laminar. The flow is turbulent for
Reynolds numbers above 4000. In
between these two values
(2000<Re<4000) the flow is a mixture of
the two types and it is difficult to predict
the behaviour of the fluid.

The two types of fluid flow are described

by different sets of equations. In general,
for most practical situations, the flow will
be turbulent.

6
Disturbed Turbulent Flow Re >2000 and Re <4000

Laminar Flow - Re < 2000

v
7
v
8

Disturbed Turbulent Flow - Re> 4000

Fig. 5.02
Velocity profiles for different types of flow.

GEORGEFISCHER

5.03

Pipeline Sizing Pressure Loss

b) changes in size and shape or

direction of flow
c) obstructions

Pipeline Sizing
What size should the pipe be?
The following formula can be used as a
first approximation for a given flow rate.
d = 1.13

Q
v

where v = flow velocity (m/s)

d = inside pipe diameter (m)
Q = flow rate (m 2/s)
Normally the flow velocity is unknown
and must be approximated. The
following are generally accepted design
velocities.
Liquids v = 1.0-3.0 m/s
Gases v= 10-30 m/s

For normal, cylindrical straight pipes the

major cause of pressure loss will be
friction. Pressure loss in a fitting or valve
is greater than in a straight pipe. When
fluid flows in a straight pipe the flow
pattern will be the same through out the
pipe. In a valve or fitting changes in the
flow pattern due to factors (b) and (c) will
cause extra pressure drops.
Pressure drops can be measured in a
number of ways. The SI unit of pressure
is the pascal. However pressure is often
measured in bar. To convert from bar to
pascals we use:
1 bar = 10 5Pa
Another way of measuring pressure
drop is in terms of head loss. To convert
head loss to pascals we use :
p = Hg

Example
What size steel pipe should be used
when the flow rate Q = 8 x 10 -3 m 3/s and
the velocity v = 2m/s?

where p = pressure drop in pascals

H = head loss in metres
= density of fluid (kg/m3)

d =1.13

8 x 10
2

-3

g = acceleration due to gravity

= 9.81m/s 2

= 0.071m = 71mm
In this case a 3'' (DN80) steel pipe can be
used, since it ha a nominal bore of
80.9mm. The next size down is 2 1/2"
(DN65) which has a bore of 68.7mm and
would cause a reduction in the required
flow rate to 7.45 x 10 -3m 3/s. If the flow
rate may be slightly less than 8 x
10 -3 m 3/s, it would be more economical
to use the smaller pipe.
Pressure Loss
Whenever fluid flows in a pipe there will
be some loss of pressure due to several
factors:
a) friction- this is affected by the
roughness of the inside surface of the
pipe, the pipe diameter, and the physical
properties of the fluid.

5.04

GEORGEFISCHER

Fluid Flow in Straight Pipes

The pressure drop due to friction is given
by Darcy's formula:
H pi = 2fv 2
gd i
H pi = head loss (m/m)
f = friction factor (dimensionless)
v = fluid velocity (m/s)
g = acceleration due to gravity= 9.81m/s 2
d i = inside pipe diameter (m)
The friction factor (f) is a dimensionles
constant which is dependent on the
Reynolds number (Re) and the roughness
of the pipe material. For turbulent flow
(Re > 4000 for water) the friction factor
has a very complex formula. However, a
practical means of calculating the friction
factor is provided by Moody's diagram
shown in Fig. 5.03 . A value for the friction
factor can be read directly from this
Example
Find the pressure loss per unit length for
water flow at 3 l/s through 2 1/ 2" (DN65)
medium grade BS 1387 steel pipe at
10C.
Pipe size
65mm
Inside diameter
d i = 68.7 x 10 -3 m
Relative roughness 6.7x10 -4
See page 5.20 Useful Pipe Properties

Cross-sectional area
A = x (68.7x10 3m/2) 2m 2
Volume flow rate
Q = 3x10 -3 m 3/s
Absolute viscosity = 1.3Pa s x 10 -3
Density
= 1000kg/m 3
(both from Fig. 5.01)

Step 1
Calculate Reynolds number
Re = vd i

find flow velocity

v = Q = volume flow rate
A cross-sectional area
= 3x10 -3
( x (68.7x10 -3 ) 2
4
= 0.81m/s
find kinematic viscosity
GEORGEFISCHER

diagram provided the Reynolds number

and the relative roughness of the pipe
material are known. Values for the
relative roughness are given in the table
on page 5.20. When considering steel
pipes it is not only necessary to allow for
pipe roughness, but also possible build
up of scale and rusting.
Pipe roughnesses and correction factors,
used to account for these, are given in
tables on page 5.20.
Equivalent length: this is the length of
pipe which will produce a frictional
pressure loss of one velocity pressure. It is
given by:

le = di
4f
l e = equivalent length (m)
d i = inside pipe diameter (m)
f = friction factor (dimensionless)

= = 1.3x10 -3 =1.3 x10 -6 m 2/s

1000

Re = vd i = (0.81) x (0.0687)

1.3 x10 -6
= 4.3x10 4
Step 2
Use Moody diagram to determine the
friction factor. For a Reynolds number of
4.3 x10 4 and a roughness of 6.7 x 10 -4
we find f = 0.006

Step 3
Find head loss in m/m

H pi = 2fv 2 =2 x (0.006) x (0.81) 2

g di
(9.81) x (0.0687)

= 0.012 m/m = 12mm/m

Step 4
If necessary change to pascals.
p = H g
=(0.012) x (1000) x (9.81) = 118 Pa

So the pressure loss in this system is

12mm/m or 118 Pa/m
5.05

Moodys Diagram

Fig. 5.03

5.06

GEORGEFISCHER

Fittings - Pressure Loss

There are two general types of fittings.
Reducing (or expanding) fittings change
the cross sectional area of flow, while
deflecting fittings alter the direction of
flow (e.g. bends and elbows). Couplings
or unions offer no appreciable resistance
to flow so may be considered as straight
pipe.
The pressure drop for a valve or fitting
consists of two parts:
1. The pressure drop we would obtain
for straight pipe of the same length as
the fitting.
2. The pressure drop of the fitting itself.
The pressure loss factor ( - value) of the
fitting is determined experimentally and
allows us to calculate the total pressure
drop due to both of these factors.

Example 1
What is the - value for a system of 1
inch (DN25) diameter with a malleable
cast iron elbow and a diverging tee
where the flow being considered is
along the run of the tee?

Step 1
Find the - value for the malleable cast
iron elbow. From the table we see this is
0.8. ( Fig. 5.05)

Step 2
Find the - value for the tee junction.
The run is the important part so we have
flow from A 1 to A 3 in Fig. 5.05 . So we read
the basic 3 value of 0.2. We do not need
to add on a reduction or enlargement
factor as the pipe bore does not change.
Step 3
Find the total - value

Finding the - value

The - value for all the fittings will be:

Fig. 5.05 gives the value for several

TOTAL = 0.8 + 0.2 = 1.0

fittings. For the elbows and bends, the value can be easily read directly from the
table. For example a 90 elbow 1 1/ 4
(DN32) has = 0.7 However the situation
may be more complex. In some pipe
systems we may have a reduction or
enlargement in pipe size. This change in
size has a - value which depends on
the ratio of the two pipe areas (see
example below).
Tees and junctions have - values which
vary depending on which branch is
being considered. Once the basic value for the relevant branch has been
determined extra factors need to be
added on. The first is for the elbow or
bend (if the flow is through the straight
section of a tee then this is zero). Finally
any reduction or enlargement in pipe
cross sectional area must be accounted
for.

Example 2
What is the - value for the following
system?
Diverging junction (DN 32)

1" (DN 25) pipe

Reducer

6
1 1/4 " (DN 32) pipe

Fig. 5.04

The diverging junction has the effect of a

90 elbow.

Step 1
Find the basic - value for a diverging
junction. The table gives 2 = 0.5 (Fig. 5.05)
Step 2
Find the contribution due to the 90
elbow. From the elbows and bends table
we see for a 32mm 90 elbow we have
= 0.7.
Step 3
Find the contribution to due to the
reduction from 32mm pipe to 25mm
pipe.

GEORGEFISCHER

5.07

First we find the ratio of the two cross

sectional areas.
cross sectional area = x (radius)2
A 1 = x (32) 2
4

A 2 = x (25) 2
4

L ef = d i
4f
L ef = equivalent length of fitting (m)
= pressure loss factor (dimensionless)

A 2 = 0.6
A1

d i = internal pipe diameter (m)

The value corresponding to

A 2 = 0.6
A1

For an entire pipe system, the equivalent

length of all the fittings is added to the
actual length of pipe to give a total
effective length. The total pressure loss is
then equal to this effective length
multiplied by the pressure loss per unit
length for the appropriate material and
pipe diameter (see Figs. 5.08-5.10) .

is = 0.25.
Step 4
Find the total by adding together
contributions from the previous three
steps.

f = friction factor (dimensionless)

TOTAL = 0.5 + 0.7 + 0.25 = 1.45

Calculating pressure loss

Once we have calculated the value we
can find the pressure loss in two ways.
Method 1
Here we use the following formula.
p fi = v 2
2
p fi = pressure change in fittings (Pa)
= pressure loss factor (dimensionless)
= density (kg / m 3)
v = flow velocity (m/s)
The flow velocity for a given volume flow
rate and pipe dimension can be found in
the water flow pressure loss tables. The
pressure loss for the valves and fittings is
simply added to the pressure loss for the
straight pipe in a system to find the total
pressure loss.
Method 2
Equivalent length
The equivalent length of a fitting is the
length of pipe, of the same material and
diameter as the fitting, which would give
the same pressure loss as the fitting itself.
It can be calculated as follows.

5.08

GEORGEFISCHER

Pressure Loss Factors for Pipe Fittings

(based on velocity pressure of combined flow. Factors refer to the branch
indicated by the subscript, e.g. 2 is for flow from branch 2).

Tees and Junctions

2

Diverging

Diverging

0.5

0.5

Converging

factor for bend

or elbow as
appropriate
+

factor for
enlargement or
reduction where
bores differ

0.2

factor for
enlargement or
reduction where
bores differ

Converging

factor for bend

or elbow as
appropriate

factor for
enlargement or
reduction where
bores differ

Reductions

Enlargements

Based on velocity pressure in smaller pipe

Based on velocity pressure in smaller pipe

A2
A1

A2
A1

A1
A2

A1
A2

0.1
0.2
0.3

0.55
0.50
0.45

0.4
0.6
0.8

0.40
0.25
0.05

0.1
0.2
0.3

0.80
0.65
0.50

0.4
0.6
0.8

0.35
0.15
0.05

Elbows and Bends

DN

Type

10-25mm 32-50mm

65-90mm

>100mm

0.6

0.6

Malleable Cast Iron

90 Elbow

0.8

Malleable Cast Iron

45 Elbow

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

Malleable Cast Iron

Bend

0.7

0.5

0.4

0.4

Malleable Cast Iron

Return Bend

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7

Fig. 5.05
Extract from CIBSE Guide, Table 4.36.

GEORGEFISCHER

5.09

Water Flow in Straight Pipes

- Pressure Loss
The following tables (Figs. 5.08-5.10) relate
a pressure loss per unit length (in pascals)
to the volume flow rate in the pipe. The
correction tables which precede them
allow compensation for rust and a
higher temperature. The value read from
the flow tables is multiplied by the
appropriate factor from the correction
tables.

Example
The pressure drop for water at 10C,
flowing at 1 x 10 -3 m 3/s through heavy
black 1 1/ 2 " (DN40) pipe, can be read
from Fig. 5.08 as 220 Pa/m.
However if this pipe were rusted we
would need to apply a correction factor.
As the nominal pipe size required is not
actually listed in Fig. 5.06 we use the next
size up, 2" (DN 50). Our pressure loss is
about 200 Pa so we read off a
correction factor of 3.3. We multiply our
original pressure loss by this factor to
find the loss for rusted pipes. 220 x 3.3
gives us 726 Pa/m.
For new pipes the pressure loss is 220
Pa/m, but for rusted pipes it would be
726 Pa/m.

Correction factors for rusted steel pipes

Nominal pipe size
mm
inches
1
15
/2
25
1
50
2
100
4

2
1.0
2.4
2.3
2.3

5
3.2
2.7
2.5
2.4

Pressure loss as read from tables

10 20
50 100 200
3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.3
2.9 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.7
2.7 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.3
2.5 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.9

500 1000
4.5 4.7
3.9 4.0
3.4 3.5
3.1 3.1

Fig. 5.06

Correction factors for water at 150C

Nominal pipe size
mm
inches
1
15
/2
25
1
50
2
100
4

2
1.00
0.90
0.90
0.95

5
1.00
0.90
0.92
0.96

Pressure loss as read from tables

10 20
50 100 200
0.91 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.99
0.92 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.99
0.94 0.96 0.98 1.0 1.0
0.97 0.99 1.0 1.0 1.0

500 1000
1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0

Fig. 5.07

5.10

GEORGEFISCHER

Pressure loss in steel pipes

The following pages (5.12-5.17) tabulate
the pressure loss data for water flowing
in different grades of steel pipe at either
10C or 75C, for a range of flow rates.

GEORGEFISCHER

5.11

Pressure loss for water flow at 10C in

steel pipes
with velocity of flow (v), for heavy grade
(H) and galvanised (G) steel

Volume
flow
rate
l/s
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50

Pressure loss per unit length (Pa/m) and velocity of flow (v)
20 mm
25 mm
32 mm
3
/ 4 in
1 in
1 1 / 4 in

15mm
1
/ 2 in
H
140
420
880
1500

G v
175
600
1500
2250
3500
5000
7000
9000
11000

0.28
0.57
0.85
1.13
1.42
1.70
1.98
2.26
2.55

H
25.0
92.5
200
320
480
660
880
1200
1400
1700

G v
50
120
250
450
700
1000
1250
1750
2000
2750

0.16
0.32
0.48
0.64
0.80
0.95
1.11
1.27
1.43
1.59

3000
3500
4500
5000
5500
6500
7000
8000
9000
10000

1.75
1.91
2.07
2.23
2.39
2.56
2.71
2.87
3.03
3.18

H
6.5
32.5
62.5
120
160
220
280
360
460
540
640
760
880
1000
1200
1300
1500
1600
1800

G v

40 mm
1 1 / 2 in

G v
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.24
0.28
50 0.32
60 0.36
80 0.40

50
80
130
200
275
400
500
600
800

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.41
0.51
0.61
0.71
0.82
0.92
1.02

2.0
8.0
17.5
27.5
40.0 50
52.5 70
70.0 90
87.5 110
120 140
140 175

0.8
2.5
0.19
0.25
0.31
0.37
0.44
0.50
0.56
0.62

1.5
3.5
7.5
12.5
20.0
25.0
32.5
42.5
50.0
62.5

900
1100
1250
1500
1750
2000
2150
2250
2500
2750

1.12
1.22
1.32
1.43
1.53
1.63
1.73
1.83
1.94
2.04

160
200
220
240
280
320
360
380
420
460

200
225
275
320
350
400
450
500
550
600

0.68
0.75
0.81
0.87
0.93
1.00
1.06
1.12
1.18
1.24

72.5
85.0
97.5
120
140
150
160
180
200
220

7000
11000

3.06
4.08

980 1500
1700 2250
3500
5000
7000

1.87
2.49
3.11
3.73
4.35

460
760
1200
1700

90
100
120
140
160
175
200
225
250
275

0.44
0.48
0.52
0.56
0.60
0.64
0.68
0.72
0.76
0.80

600
1000
1750
2250
3000

1.19
1.60
1.99
2.39
2.79

Fig. 5.08
Data extracted and re-arranged (uses volume flow rate rather than mass flow rate)
From CIBSE Guide, tables C4-17, C21.

5.12

GEORGEFISCHER

Pressure Loss for water flow at 10C

in steel pipes
With velocity of flow (v), for heavy grade
(H) and galvanised (G) steel.

Volume
flow
rate
l/s

Pressure loss per unit length (Pa/m) and velocity of flow (v)
50 mm
2 in
H
G

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.8
4.0
8.0
15.0
20.0

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

27.5
35.0
45.0
55.0
65.0

50.0
55.0
70.0
80.0

65 mm
2 1/ 2 in
H
G

80 mm
3 in
H
G

0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25

100 mm
4 in
H
G

0.3
1.5
2.5
4.0
5.5

0.03
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.15

0.2
0.5
1.0
2.0
2.5

0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10

0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7

0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06

0.31
0.36
0.41
0.46
0.51

7.5
9.5
12.5
15.0
20.0

0.18
0.21
0.24
0.27
0.3

3.5
4.5
5.5
7.0
8.0

0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20

1.0
1.3
1.5
2.0
2.5

0.08
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.13

4.5
7.5
12.5
17.5
22.5
27.5
32.5
40.0

50.0

0.19
0.25
0.32
0.38
0.45
0.51
0.57
0.64

1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

140
240
340
480
640
820
1100
1300

175
300
450
700
900
1250
1500
1750

0.76
1.02
1.27
1.53
1.78
2.04
2.29
2.55

37.5
62.5
92.5
140.0
180.0
220.0
280.0
340.0

50.0
80.0
110.0
175.0
225.0
275.0
350.0
450.0

0.45
0.60
0.75
0.90
1.06
1.21
1.36
1.51

17.5
27.5
42.5
57.5
77.5
97.5
120.0
160.0

50.0
70.0
90.0
120.0
150.0
175.0

0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10

1500
1800

2250
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
7000

2.80
3.06
3.31
3.57
3.82
4.08
4.33
4.59
4.84
5.10

400.0
480.0
540.0
620.0
720.0
800.0
900.0
1000.0
1200.0
1300.0

500.0
600.0
700.0
800.0
1000.0
1100.0
1250.0
1350.0
1500.0
1750.0

1.66
1.81
1.96
2.11
2.26
2.41
2.56
2.71
2.87
3.02

180.0
220.0
240.0
280.0
320.0
360.0
400.0
440.0
500.0
540.0

225.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
450.0
500.0
550.0
650.0
700.0

1.10
1.20
1.29
1.39
1.49
1.59
1.69
1.79
1.89
1.99

47.0
55.0
65.0
72.5
82.5
92.5
110.0
120.0
130.0
140.0

55.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
110.0
130.0
140.0
160.0
175.0

0.70
0.76
0.83
0.89
0.96
1.02
1.08
1.15
1.21
1.27

8000

5.61

1500.0
1800.0

2000.0
2250.0
2750.0
3200.0
3500.0
4000.0
4500.0
5500.0
6000.0

3.32
3.62
3.92
4.22
4.52
4.82
5.13
5.43
5.73

640.0
760.0
880.0
1000.0
1200.0
1300.0
1500.0
1700.0
1800.0

800.0
1000.0
1250.0
1350.0
1500.0
1750.0
2000.0
2250.0
2500.0

2.19
2.39
2.59
2.79
2.99
3.18
3.38
3.58
3.78

180.0
200.0
240.0
280.0
300.0
340.0
380.0
420.0
480.0

200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
450.0
500.0
550.0
600.0

1.40
1.53
1.66
1.78
1.91
2.04
2.17
2.29
2.42

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

Fig. 5.08 (contd).

GEORGEFISCHER

5.13

Pressure loss for water flow at 75C in

steel pipes
with velocity of flow (v), for heavy grade
(H) and medium grade (M) steel

Volume
flow
rate
litres/sec
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50

Pressure loss per unit length (Pa/m) and velocity of flow (v)
15mm
1
/ 2 in
H
90
360
760
1300
2000

20 mm
3
/ 4 in
M

25 mm
1 in

65
240
500
880
1400
1900

0.28
0.57
0.85
1.13
1.42
1.70

20
15
70
55
160 120
260 200
400 300
560 420
760 560
960 720
1200 900
1500 1100

0.16
0.32
0.48
0.64
0.80
0.95
1.11
1.27
1.43
1.59

6.5
22.5
47.5
82.5
140
180
240
300
380
460

1900 1400
1600
1900

1.75
1.91
2.07
2.23
2.39
2.56
2.71
2.87
3.03
3.18

540
660
780
900
1000
1200
1300
1500
1600
1900

32 mm
1 1/ 4 in

40 mm
1 1/ 2 in

5
20
35
60
90
140
180
220
300
340

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.41
0.51
0.61
0.71
0.82
0.92
1.02

2.0
5.5
12.5
20
30
42.5
55
70
85
120

1.5
5
9
17
25
35
45
55
70
85

0.06
0.12
0.19
0.25
0.31
0.37
0.44
0.50
0.56
0.62

400
480
560
660
740
840
980
1100
1200
1300

1.12
1.22
1.32
1.43
1.53
1.63
1.73
1.83
1.94
2.04

140
160
180
200
240
260
300
320
360
400

100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260
280
320

0.68
0.75
0.81
0.87
0.93
1.00
1.06
1.12
1.18
1.24

840 680
1500 1200
1800

1.87
2.49
3.11

H
0.8
2.5
5.5
9.0
15
20
25
35
40
50
60
65
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200

0.7
2.5
4.5
7.5
12.5
17.5
22.5
27.5
35
40

0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.24
0.28
0.32
0.36
0.40

50
55
67.5
75
85
97.5
120
130
140
160

0.44
0.48
0.52
0.56
0.60
0.64
0.68
0.72
0.76
0.80

320
540
840
1200
1600

1.19
1.60
1.99
2.39
2.79

Fig. 5.09
Data extracted and re-arranged (uses volume flow rate rather than mass flow rate)
From CIBSE Guide, tables C4-11, C4-12.

5.14

GEORGEFISCHER

Pressure loss for water flow at 75C in

steel pipe
with velocity flow (v ) for heavy grade (H)
and medium grade (M) steel

Volume
flow
rate
l/s

Pressure loss per unit length (Pa/m) and velocity of flow (v)
50 mm
65 mm
80 mm
2 in
2 1/ 2 in
3 in
M
v
H
M
v
H
M
v
H

100 mm
4 in
M
v

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.8
3.0
6.0
9.0
15.0

0.7
2.5
5.0
8.5
12.5

0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25

0.3
0.8
2.0
3.0
1.0

0.2
0.7
1.5
2.5
3.5

0.03
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.15

0.2
0.4
0.7
1.5
2.0

0.1
0.4
0.7
2.5
3.5

0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10

0.1
0.2
0.4
0.5

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5

0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

20.0
27.5
35.0
42.5
55.0

17.5
25.0
30.0
37.5
45.0

0.31
0.36
0.41
0.46
0.51

5.5
7.5
9.5
12.5
15.0

5.0
6.5
8.0
10.0
12.5

0.18
0.21
0.24
0.27
0.3

2.5
3.5
4.5
5.0
6.5

2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
5.5

0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20

0.7
0.9
1.2
1.5
2.0

0.7
0.8
1.4
1.5
2.0

0.08
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.13

1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

120
200
300
420
580
740
920
1200

95
180
260
360
480
640
780
960

0.76
1.02
1.27
1.53
1.78
2.04
2.29
2.55

30.0
50.0
77.5
120.0
160.0
200.0
240.0
300.0

27.5
45.0
67.5
95.0
140.0
180.0
220.0
260.0

0.45
0.60
0.75
0.90
1.06
1.21
1.36
1.51

15.0
22.5
35.0
47.5
62.5
82.5
120.0
140.0

12.5
20.0
30.0
42.5
57.5
75.0
92.5
120.0

0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00

3.5
6.0
9.0
12.5
17.5
22.5
27.5
32.5

3.5
5.5
8.5
12.5
17.5
20.0
25.0
30.0

0.19
0.25
0.32
0.38
0.45
0.51
0.57
0.64

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10

1400
1700

1200
1400

2.80
3.06
3.31
3.57
3.82
4.08
4.33
4.59
4.84
5.10

360.0
420.0
480.0
560.0
640.0
720.0
820.0
920.0
1200.0

320.0
360.0
440.0
500.0
560.0
640.0
720.0
820.0
880.0
980.0

1.66
1.81
1.96
2.11
2.26
2.41
2.56
2.71
2.87
3.02

160.0
180.0
220.0
240.0
280.0
320.0
360.0
400.0
440.0
480.0

140.0
160.0
20.0
220.0
260.0
300.0
320.0
360.0
400.0
440.0

1.10
1.20
1.29
1.39
1.49
1.59
1.69
1.79
1.89
1.99

40.0
47.5
55.0
62.5
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
120.0
130.0

37.5
42.5
50.0
57.5
65.0
72.5
82.5
90.0
100.0
120.0

0.70
0.76
0.83
0.89
0.96
1.02
1.08
1.15
1.21
1.27

1200.0
1400.0
1700.0
1900.0

3.32
3.62
3.92
4.22

580.0
680.0
820.0
920.0
1100.0
1200.0
1400.0
1500.0
1700.0

520.0
600.0
720.0
820.0
940.0
1100.0
1200.0
1400.0
1500.0

2.19
2.39
2.59
2.79
2.99
3.18
3.38
3.58
3.78

150.0
160.0
200.0
240.0
280.0
300.0
340.0
380.0
420.0

140.0
160.0
200.0
220.0
260.0
280.0
320.0
360.0
400.0

1.40
1.53
1.66
1.78
1.91
2.04
2.17
2.29
2.42

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

5.61
6.12

Fig. 5.09 (contd.)

GEORGEFISCHER

5.15

Pressure loss for water flow at 75C in

steel pipe
with velocity flow (v), for galvanised (G)
steel

Volume
flow
rate
litres/second
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0

Pressure loss per unit length (Pa/m) and velocity of flow (v)
15mm
1
/ 2in
G
140
550
1250
2250
3500
5000
7000
9000
11000

v
0.28
0.57
0.85
1.13
1.42
1.70
1.98
2.26
2.55

20mm
3
/ 4 in
G
v

25mm
1 in
G

32mm
1 1/ 4 in
G
v

40mm
1 1/ 2 in
G
v

50
100
225
400
600
900
1250
1500
2000
2250

0.16
0.32
0.48
0.64
0.80
0.95
1.11
1.27
1.43
1.49

50
70
110
175
250
350
450
550
700

0.2
0.3
0.41
0.51
0.61
0.71
0.82
0.92
1.02

50
55
70
100
120
140

0.31
0.37
0.44
0.50
0.56
0.62

50
70

0.36
0.40

2750
3500
4000
4500
5000
6000
7000
7500
8000
9000

1.75
1.91
2.07
2.23
2.39
2.56
2.71
2.87
3.03
3.18

800
1000
1250
1350
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750

1.12
1.22
1.32
1.43
1.53
1.63
1.73
1.83
1.94
2.04

175
200
250
275
325
350
400
450
500
550

0.68
0.75
0.81
0.87
0.93
1.00
1.06
1.12
1.18
1.24

80
90
110
120
140
165
175
200
225
250

0.44
0.48
0.52
0.56
0.60
0.64
0.68
0.72
0.76
0.80

6000
11000

3.06
4.08

1250
2250
3500
5000
7000
9000
11000

1.87
2.49
3.11
3.73
4.35
4.98
5.60

550
1000
1500
2250
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
9000
10000
11000

1.19
1.60
1.99
2.39
2.79
3.18
3.58
3.98
4.38
4.78
5.18
5.57

Fig. 5.10
Data extracted and re-arranged (uses volume flow rate rather than mass flow rate)
From CIBSE Guide, tables C4-16.

5.16

GEORGEFISCHER

Pressure loss for water flow at 75C in

steel pipes
with velocity of flow (v), for galvanised
(G) steel

Volume
flow
rate
litre/ second

Pressure loss per unit length (Pa/m) and velocity of flow (v)

50mm
2 in
v

65mm
2 1/ 2 in
G
v

80mm
3 in

0.8
0.9
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

50
55
70
150
275
400
600
800
1000
1500
1750

0.41
0.46
0.51
0.76
1.02
1.27
1.53
1.78
2.04
2.29
2.55

50
70
100
140
200
250
350
400

0.45
0.60
0.75
0.90
1.06
1.21
1.36
1.51

50
60
80
110
130
175

0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

2000
2250
2750
3250
3500
4000
4500
5000
6000
6500

2.80
3.06
3.31
3.57
3.82
4.08
4.33
4.59
4.84
5.10

500
550
700
800
900
1000
1100
1250
1350
1500

1.66
1.81
1.96
2.11
2.26
2.41
2.56
2.71
2.87
3.02

200
250
275
350
400
450
500
550
600
700

1.10
1.20
1.29
1.39
1.49
1.59
1.69
1.79
1.89
1.99

50
60
70
80
90
100
120
130
140
160

0.70
0.76
0.83
0.89
0.96
1.02
1.08
1.15
1.21
1.27

11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0

8000

5.61

1850
2250
3750
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000

3.32
3.62
3.92
4.22
4.52
4.82
5.13
5.43
5.73
6.03

800
900
1150
1250
1500
1750
2000
2100
2250
2500

2.19
2.39
2.59
2.79
3.00
3.18
3.38
3.58
3.78
4.00

200
225
275
300
350
400
450
500
550
700

1.40
1.53
1.66
1.78
1.91
2.04
2.17
2.29
2.42
2.55

100mm
4 in
G
v

Fig. 5.10 (contd.)

GEORGEFISCHER

5.17

Example 1
What is the pressure loss for the system below, made of heavy grade steel pipe, when
water flows at 10C? The flow rate is 1litre/second.
Reducer
1 1/4 " (DN 32)

2" (DN 50) pipe

1m

90 Diverging
Junction

45 Elbow

/"

1 4

Fig 41

Fig 240

(D

Fig 130

v= Q =
A

flow rate (m 3/s)

cross-sectional area (m 2)

for 2" pipe

for 1 1/4" pipe

1m

the diverging junction. We read its basic

- value from table 2 as 0.5.
Then we add a factor for a 90 elbow
which is 0.7
So we have TOTAL = 0.6 + 0.7 = 1.3
The pressure loss is calculated from :
p = v 2
2

1x10 -3
x (57.3 x10 -3 ) 2
4
= 0.39m/s

v=

1x10 -3
x (34.3 x10 -3 ) 2
4
= 1.08m/s

v=

Pipe losses
The total amount of straight pipe in the
system is as follows:
3m of 2" pipe
2m of 1 1/4" pipe
From Fig. 5.08 we read off the following
values for pressure loss per metre:
2" pipe
65Pa/m
460 Pa/m
1 1/4" pipe
So the total pressue loss due to straight
pipe is
p pi = 3x65 + 2x460 = 1115 Pa
Fitting losses
We need to split the fitting losses into
two sections, one for the 2" pipe fittings
and the other for the1 1/4" pipe fittings.
Reductions or enlargements, connecting
pipes of different diameters, are included
in the section for the smaller pipe. So
here the reduction is included in the 1 1/4"
fittings.

The internal pipe diameters are (pipe

diameter Fig. 5.14 )
For 2" pipe
d i = 51.3 x 10 -3 m
1
1 /4 " pipe
d i = 34.4 x 10 -3 m
First calculate the flow velocities.

32

3m

Fig. 5.11

= 1.3 x (1000 )x (0.39) 2

2
= 99 Pa
1 1/4" Fittings
Here we have a reduction and a 45
elbow to consider.
For the 45 elbow we have = 0.6.
For the reduction we need to find A 2/A 1
A1 =
A2

x (34.4x10 -3) 2
4
= 0.45
x (51.3x10 -3) 2
4

This is between the values for =0.40

and =0.25, so we take the larger value.
TOTAL = 0.6 + 0.4 =1.0
The pressure loss here is
p = v 2 = 1.0 x (1000) x (1.08) 2
2
2
= 583 Pa
So the total pressure loss due to fittings is
p fi = 583 +99 = 682 Pa
Total Loss
The total pressure loss will be
p pi + p fi = 1115 + 682 = 1797 Pa
The total pressure loss is 1.8 kPa

2" Pipe Fittings

The only fitting to be considered here is
5.18

GEORGEFISCHER

Example 2

So

Consider part of a system of 2 1/2"

(DN65) heavy grade steel pipe as shown
below. Water is flowing at a rate of 1 litre
per second at 10C.

Re = 0.28 x (0.067)
1.3x10 -6

= 14430
The roughness is given in Fig. 5.13 as
6.9x10 -4 and we combine this with our
Reynolds number in the Moody diagram
to find the friction factor (f).

5m

f = 0.0075
5m

l ef = 2.4 x 0.067
4 x 0.0075

Fig 90

5m

5m

So the equivalent length is:

5m

Fig. 5.12

Let's approach this problem from the

perspective of equivalent lengths.
Pipe: There is 25m of straight pipe.
Fittings: There are four 90 elbow fittings
2 1/2" (DN65), which each have a of 0.6.
So,
TOTAL = 2.4
To find the equivalent length of these
fittings we use

= 5.36
Now we add this equivalent length to the
real length of straight pipe to get an
effective length.
Effective length = 25m + 5.36m = 30.36m
The pressure loss per unit length for
65mm pipe with a flow rate of 1l/s is
20Pa/m. So we multiply this value by our
effective length to get a total pressure
loss.

p TOTAL = 2030.36 = 607.2 Pa

So we lose 607.2 Pa of pressure in this
part of the system.

l ef = d i
4f

We need to find the Reynolds number to

use this formula.
Re = vd i

The flow velocity for 2 1/2" (DN65) pipe

with a flow rate of 1 litre per second is
found below.
v = Q
A

flow rate (m 3/s)

cross-sectional area (m 2)

1 x 10 -3
x (67 x 10 -3) 2
4

= 0.28 m/s
The internal diameter is 67mm from Fig.
5.14 and the kinematic viscosity () is
1.3x10 -6 m 2/s.

GEORGEFISCHER

5.19

Useful Pipe Properties

Relative Roughness
Fig. 5.13
Extract from CIBSE Guide
Table C4.5.

Nominal pipe size

mm
10
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100

inches
3

/8
1
/2
3
/4
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
2
2 1/ 2
3
4

Relative roughness
Mild steel BS 1387
Medium black

Heavy black

Heavy Galvanised

3.7x10 -3
2.9 x 10 -3
2.1x10 -3
1.7x10 -3
1.3x10 -3
1.1x10 -3
8.7x10 -4
6.7x10 -4
5.7x10 -4
4.4x10 -4

4.1x10 -3
3.1 x 10 -3
2.2x10 -3
1.8x10 -3
1.3x10 -3
1.1x10 -3
9.0x10 -4
6.9x10 -4
5.8x10 -4
4.5x10 -4

1.4x10 -2
1.4 x 10 -2
7.5x10 -3
5.9x10 -3
4.4x10 -3
3.8x10 -3
2.9x10 -3
2.3x10 -3
1.9x10 -3
1.5x10 -3

Internal Diameters of Pipes

Fig. 5.14
Extract from CIBSE Guide
Table C4.4.

Nominal pipe size

mm
10
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100

inches
3

/8
/2
3
/4
1
1
1 /4
1 1/ 2
2
1
2 /2
3
4
1

Mean internal diameter/mm

Mild Steel BS 1387
Medium black

Heavy black

12.4
16.1
21.6
27.3
36.0
41.9
53.0
68.7
80.7
105.1

11.3
14.9
20.4
25.7
34.4
40.3
51.3
67.0
79.1
103.5

Heavy Galvanised
10.8
14.4
19.9
25.2
33.9
39.8
50.8
66.5
78.6
102.8

Pipe Wall Thicknesses

Fig. 5.15

5.20

Nominal pipe size

mm

inches

10
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100

/8
/2
3
/4
1
1
1 /4
1 1/ 2
2
1
2 /2
3
4
1

Wall Thickness/mm
Mild Steel BS 1387
Medium black
Heavy black
2.3
2.6
2.6
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.6
3.6
4.0
4.5

2.9
3.2
3.2
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.5
4.5
5.0
5.4

GEORGEFISCHER

Valves - Pressure Loss

Flow rate/ Flow factor
The flow value or k v factor is a
convenient means of calculating flow
rates in hydraulics. It allows for all internal
resistances and for practical purposes is
regarded as reliable.

where = kinematic viscosity

(centistokes)
k v = flow factor for water
(dimensionless)
Q = flow rate (litres/minute)

Gases
p x p2

Qg = 30.8 kv

xT
The k v factor is defined as the flow rate
of water in litres per minute with a
pressure drop of 1 kg/cm 2 across the
valve.
The relationships between k v factor, flow
rate (Q) and pressure drop (p) are given
in the following formulae.
Liquids with kinematic viscosity less
than 22 centistokes (22 x 10 -6 m 2/s)
e.g. water, hydraulic oil
kv = Q

or

Q = kv

or p = x Q 2
k v2
where Q = flow rate (litres per minute)
= density of the liquid (kg/dm 3)
p = pressure drop (kg/cm 2 )

valid for p <

The correction factor is given by:

kv
200 x Q

only

Where there are several flow factors in

series, the resultant k v factor is
1

1
k v1 2

1
k v2 2

1
k v3 2

+ +

k vn 2

Where the flow factors are in parallel, the

resultant k v factor is

k vx = k v1 + k v2 + k v3 + + k vn
All references are in metric (k v) units. For
imperial (f) or american (cv) units the
following conversions may be used:

valid for c 3 only

Flow Value Conversion Table

kv
Cv
f
kv
Cv
f

1
14.28
17.09
0.07
1
1.1966
0.0585 0.8357 1

Fig. 5.16

GEORGEFISCHER

k vn = k v x c

c=1 +

where
Q g = flow rate (m 3 / hour)
k v = flow factor for water
(dimensionless)
p = pressure drop (kg / cm 2)
= p 1-p 2
p 1 = absolute inlet pressure (bar)
p 2 = absolute outlet pressure (bar)
= density of gas at 0C (kg/m 3)
T = absolute temperature (Kelvin)
= 273 + t
t
= temperature in Celsius (C)

k vx2
Liquids with kinematic viscosity
greater than 22 centistokes
The effect of viscosity, caused by friction
between the particles of the fluid, is no
longer negligable, and the flow rate is
reduced. The flow factor must be
multiplied by a correction factor, c, to
give a new flow factor, k vn.

p1

5.21

Example 2
Part1
What is the k v factor for a 1 1/4 " water
pipeline with a flow of 300 litres/min, an
inlet pressure of 0.5 bar and an outlet
pressure of 0 bar?
Part 2
If a valve has to be fitted and the
minimum acceptable flow rate in the
pipline is 250 litres/min, which type of
valve should be used?

Fig. 5.18

Given Q =250 litres/min

= 1kg/dm 3
p = p 1 p 2 = 0.5 0 = 0.5 kg/cm 2
kvt = ?

Part 3
Having established which type of valve
should be used, what will be the true
flow rate of the system?

1
0 .5

kvt = 250

kvt = 354
Solution to part 1
Calculate the k v for the pipeline (k vp)

The k v factor for the valve (k vv) can now

be established by subtracting the k v
factor for the pipline (k vp ) from the k v
factor for the total system (k vt). For this
purpose, the formula for calculating flow
factors in series should be used, which is
1
k vx
thus

Fig. 5.17

Given

p
k vp

= 300 litres/min
= 1 kg/dm3
= p1 p2 = 0.5 0 = 0.5 kg/cm2
= ?

kvp = Q
= 300

p
1
0.5

= 424

Solution to part 2
First it is necessary to calculate the k v
factor for the total system (k vt).

5.22

k v1

1
k v2 2

1
1
1
= 2 2
k vv
k vt
k vp 2
1
1
1
=
2
2
k vv
354
424 2
=7.98 10 -6 5.56 10 -6
= 2.42 10 -6
k vv =

1
2.42 10 -6

= 643
In this example, the k v factor for the valve
has been determined by calculation. It
may also be found by the simpler
method of reading off the nomograph,
Fig. 5.20 .

GEORGEFISCHER

by using the nomograph:

1
= 6 x10 -6 + 1.5 x 10 -6
k vt2
= 7.5 x10

-6

k vt = 365
The true flow for the system can now be
calculated as follows:
Q

= kv

Fig. 5.19

= 365
The section of the nomograph
reproduced above allows us to read off
the reciprocals of the squares of the flow
factors.
k vt=354 gives 8.5 x10 -6 and
k vp=424 gives 6 x10 -6

0.5
1

= 258 litres/min

We find the reciprocal of k vv by

subtracting these two values.
8.5 x10 -6 - 6 x10 -6 = 2.5 x10 -6

The value for the flow factor

corresponding to 2.510 -6 can also be
read from the nomograph. Thus,
k vv = 640

The valve used must therefore be one

with a minimum k v100 factor of 640.
A typical value for a ball valve, which
could be used in this example is
k vv = 800
(k v valves are supplied by valve
manufacturers).

Solution to part 3
First, calculate the k v factor for the pipline
with the 1 1/ 4 " ball valve installed.
1
=
kvt2
=

GEORGEFISCHER

1
+
kvp2

1
kv 2(ball valve)

1
1
+
2
424
800 2

5.23

Nomogram for valve losses

(kg/dm 3 )
(kg/cm 2 )

Fig. 5.20

5.24

GEORGEFISCHER

Compressible Fluids
Fluids such as air and steam are
compressible. A force acting on them
may decrease the fluid volume
(increasing its density) rather than
causing movement of the fluid. This
density change will lead to a pressure
drop. If this drop in pressure is less than
10% of the inlet pressure we can treat the
fluid as incompressible. If this is not the
case then new equations must be used
to describe the flow depending on the
type of fluid and the surrounding
conditions.

Compresssed Air

3. Connect the point on reference line F

to the working pressure (line E). Extend
this line to line G.
4. Read the value of the pressure drop at
this intesection point.

Example
The problem below is solved by the
dotted lines on the nomogram.
Pipe length = 300m
Free air flow = 175 litres/second
Pipe inner diameter = 90mm
Working pressure = 9 bar

Pipe Losses
For compressed air the pressure drop
can be found from the following
equation

Following the steps above we draw the 3

lines shown on the nomogram. The final
line intersects line G at approximately
0.04. So the pressure drop is 0.04 bar.

p = 1.6 x 10 8 x V 1.85 x L
d5 x P

A general rule is that the velocity of

compressed air must be less than 6 m/s .
Using this restriction we find maximum
flow values through medium grade steel
as given in Fig. 5.21 .

p= pressure drop (bar)

V = free air flow (m 3/s)
L = pipe length (m)
d = inside pipe diameter (mm)
P = initial pressure (bar)
Values can be inserted directly into this
formula, or the nomogram (Fig. 5.22) can
be used. The nomogram gives the free
air flow in litres/second and the pressure
drop in bar. Conversions to cubic metres
per second and pascal are given below.
m 3/s = l/s x 10 -3
bar = 10 5 Pa
To use the nomogram, follow these steps:
1. Connect pipe length (line A) to free air
flow (line B). Extend this line to the first
reference line (line C).

Maximum Recommended Flow of

Compressed Air at 7 bar
Nominal bore
(mm)
10
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100

Rate of air flow

(litres/second)
5
10
17
25
50
65
100
180
240
410

Fig. 5.21

2. Connect the point found on this

reference line to the inner pipe diameter
(line D) and extend to the second
reference line (line F).

GEORGEFISCHER

5.25

Air Flow through Black Iron Pipes

Fig. 5.22

5.26

GEORGEFISCHER

Fitting Losses
For compressed air the pressure loss for
a system is most easily calculated using
equivalent lengths. The following table
gives the equivalent lengths for fittings of
various pipe sizes.

Pressure Loss - Equivalent Pipe Lengths

Fitting

Equivalent pipe length (m) pipe diameter

Nom. Size
DN

/4
20

1
25

1 1/ 2
40

2
50

3
80

4
100

/2
15

90 Elbow

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.3

1.6

Bend

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.5

0.6

1.0

1.2

Run of Tee Junction

0.2

0.3

0.5

0.8

1.0

1.6

2.0

Branch of Tee Junction

0.6

1.0

1.5

2.4

3.0

4.8

6.0

Reducer

0.3

0.5

0.7

1.0

2.0

2.5

Fig. 5.23

Example
A compressed air system where air flows
at 0.2m 3/s has a working pressure of 10
bar (10 x10 5Pa) and consists of 20m of
1 1/2" (DN 40) straight pipe with the
following fittings:
2 x 90 elbow
1 x tee: air flows through the branch of
the tee

l ef = 2 x 0.6 + 2.4 = 3.6m

Adding the length of straight pipe to this
value gives the effectve length of the
system.
3.6 + 20 = 23.6
Now we can use the nomogram (Fig.
5.22) to find the pressure drop.

The 90 elbow has an equivalent length

of 0.6m.
So the total equivalent length of the
fittings

Effective pipe length = 23.6

Free air flow = 0.2m 3/s = 200 l/s
Nominal Pipe diameter = 40mm
Working pressure = 10 bar

First we find the equivalent length of the

fittings.

The tee has an equivalent length of 2.4m.

The pressure drop is found to be

approximately 0.4 bar.

5m
Fig 130 1 1 / 2

DN 40

5m

5m

Fig 90
11/2

DN 40
Fig 90
11/2

Fig. 5.24

GEORGEFISCHER

5m

5.27

Steam
Steam is another compressible fluid which
behaves in a similar way to compressed air.
Two important factors to remember when
laying steam piping are that temperature
changes can lead to expansion or
contraction, which must not put any
excessive stress on the system, and that no
water should be allowed to collect
anywhere in the system. Each time the
system is started from cold there will be
water of condensation to dispose of.
Another consideration is that if the velocity
exceeds about 60 m/s the system may
become intolerably noisy. The volume flow
rate corresponding to a velocity of 60m/s is
given below for various pipe sizes.
Maximum Flow rates corresponding to a
velocity of 60m/s at 100C
Nominal size
mm inches
10
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100

Max. volume flow rate

(l/s)

/8
3
/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
1
2 /2
3
4

6.1
19.6
31.0
55.6
76.3
121.2
211.3
294.1
504.2

d i = pipe inside diameter (m)

V = volume flow rate (m 3/s)
f = friction factor
Applying the method used in the analysis
of water flow we calculate the friction
factor (f) from the Reynolds number.
Re = vd i

Values for the friction factor are given in

the table Fig.5.26 below:
Friction Factors for different Re
Pipe size
mm in
10
25
50
80
100

/8
1
2
3
4

10

Reynolds no.
10 5 10 6

0.035
0.033
0.032
0.032
0.031

0.029
0.025
0.022
0.021
0.020

0.027
0.023
0.020
0.018
0.017

10 7
0.027
0.023
0.019
0.017
0.016

Fig. 5.26

The pressure loss can now be

calculated.
Fitting losses
The pressure loss due to the fitting is
found using:
p = v 2
2

Fig. 5.25

The density and viscosity of steam at

various temperatures is given in Fig. 5.27
(Properties of Saturated Steam).

Pressure Loss

where p = pressure loss (Pa)

= pressure loss factor
(dimensionless)
= density (kg/m 3)
v = velocity (m/s)

Pipe losses
The pressure loss for steam flowing in a
straight pipe is given by:
p = 6.48 f
V2
d i 100000
p = pressure loss per unit length
(Pa/m)
3
= density (kg/m )

5.28

GEORGEFISCHER

Properties of Saturated Steam

bar

Pressure
kPa

Temperature
C

Density
kg/m 3

Kinematic Viscosity
(m 2/s)

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
28.0

50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1800
2000
2200
2400
2800

81.35
99.63
111.37
120.23
127.43
133.54
138.88
143.63
147.92
151.85
158.84
164.96
170.41
175.36
179.88
187.96
195.04
207.10
212.37
217.24
221.78
230.04

0.309
0.590
0.863
1.129
1.391
1.650
1.908
2.165
2.415
2.667
3.165
3.663
4.167
4.651
5.155
6.135
7.092
9.091
10.000
10.989
12.048
14.085

5.2 x 10 -5
2.7 x 10 -5
1.9 x 10 -5
1.4 x 10 -5
1.2 x 10 -5
1.0 x 10 -5

8.4 x 10 -6
6.6 x 10 -6
6.0 x 10 -6
5.1 x 10 -6
4.4 x 10 -6
3.8 x 10 -6
3.4 x 10 -6
3.1 x 10 -6
2.6 x 10 -6
2.3 x 10 -6
1.8 x 10 -6
1.6 x 10 -6
1.5 x 10 -6
1.3 x 10 -6
1.1 x 10 -6

Fig. 5.27

GEORGEFISCHER

5.29

Water Hammer
Water hammer, or surge pressure, is a
term used to describe dynamic surges
caused by pressure changes in a piping
system. They occur whenever there is a
deviation from the steady state, i.e. when
the velocity of the fluid is increased or
decreased, and may be transient or
oscillating. Waves of positive or
negative pressure may be generated by
any of the following:
1. opening or closing of a valve
2. pump start up or shut down
3. change in pump or turbine
speed
4. wave action in a feed tank
5. entrapped air

The pressure waves travel along at

speeds limited by the speed of sound in
the medium, causing the pipe to expand
and contract. The energy carried by the
wave is dissipated and the waves are
progressively damped. (see Figure ?)
The pressure excess due to water
hammer must be considered in addition
to the hydrostatic load, and this total
pressure must be sustainable by the
pipng system. In the case of oscillatory
surge pressures extreme caution is
needed as surging at the harmonic
frequency of the system could lead to
catastrophic damage.

Wavelength
Fig. 5.28

Pressure
Change

Damped pressure wave

The maximum positive or negative
addition of pressure due to surging is a
function of fluid velocity, bulk modulus of
elasticity of the fluid, pipe dimensions
and the modulus of elasticity of the pipe
material. It can be calculated using the
following steps.

E = modulus of elasticity of pipe

wall (Pa)
d i = pipe inner diameter (mm)
t = pipe wall thickness (mm)

Step 1
Determine the velocity of the pressure
wave
Vw =

K
x (1 +

K x di
)
txE

where
V w = velocity of pressure wave (m/s)
K = bulk modulus of elasticity of
fluid (Pa)
= fluid density (kg/m 3)
5.30

GEORGEFISCHER

Step 2
Calculate maximum pressure change
due to surging.
p = Vw x v x x 10 -5
where p = maximum pressure change
(bar)
V w = velocity of pressure wave
(m/s) (see step 1)
v = change in fluid velocity (m/s)
= (v 1-v 2)
v1 = velocity of fluid before
change (m/s)
v2 = velocity of fluid after
change ( m/s)
= density of fluid (kg/m 3)
NB. All pressure rises induced by a flow reduction
will have a corresponding reflected pressure drop
(vacuum). If this exceeds the expected static
minimum operation pressure it must not exceed
the collapsing pressure for safe operation of the
system.

Step 3
Calculate the maximum and minimum
total pressures
p max = P + p
p min = P p
where p max = maximum total pressure
(bar)

withstand this water hamer pressure

instantaneously. As long as the
calculated maximum total pressure due
to water hammer is within the maximum
allowable pressure for a system the
effects of water hammer will not be
serious. The exception to this rule is when
the pressure surges are oscillatory (e.g.
from a positive displacement pump). In
this case the system must be treated as if
a load equal to the maximum total
pressure, P max , exists throughout the
lifetime of the pipe.
If the total pressure due to water hammer
does not fall within these limits an
increase in pipe diameter should be
considered, or measures should be taken
to reduce surge occurance (i.e. actuated
valves, surge tanks, slow start-up pumps).
When using actuated valves it is
common to design valves with closure
times greater than the critical period T c to
reduce water hammer. The critical period
is the time taken by the pressure wave to
complete one circuit of the pipeline.

Tc = 2L
Vw

where Tc = critical period

L = pipe length (m)
V w = pressure wave velocity
(m/s)

p min = minimum total pressure

(bar)
P = expected operating
pressure (bar)
p = change due to surge
pressure (calculated in step 2)

Step 4
Compare the maximum total pressure
due to water hammer, calculated in step
3, with the maximum allowable pressure
in the system. The maximum allowable
pressure is determined by the pressure
rating of the weakest component in a
system. As most surges last for a matter
of seconds the system need only
GEORGEFISCHER

5.31

Example
Water piping from a storage tank is
connected to a primary shut-off valve,
which is hydraulically actuated with an
electrical remote control. The water flow
rate is Q= 10m 3/h. The working pressure
is 6 bar.
The pipe details are:
material
medium grade steel
Nom. size
100
inner diameter
105 mm
wall thickness
4.5 mm
pipeline length
500m
operating temp.
40C
Modulus of elasticity E = 200 x 10 9
other information:
water density
bulk modulus
of water

= 1000 kg/m 3
K = 2.05 GPa

Step 3
Find maximum pressure
P max = 6 + 4.12 = 10.12 bar
p < p so the minimum pressure is
positive. If the minimum pressure was
negative (i.e. p > p), then we would
need to ensure that all the components in
the system could withstand the negative
pressure.
Step 4
The maximum total pressure due to
water hammer is 10.12 bar. If this value is
less than the maximum allowable
instantaneous pressure in our system
then the effects of water hammer are
acceptable. If it is not, adjustments need
to be made to pipe dimensions, or valve
closing time, to reduce water hammer.

Step 1
Find velocity of pressure wave
Vw

What is the critical period?

2.05 x10 9

1000 x 1 +105 x 2.05 x 10 9

4.5 x 200 x 10 9

= 1286 m/s
Step 2
Find velocity of fluid before change

v1 =

T c = 2L = 2 x 500
V w 1286
= 0.78s
If we use an actuated valve with a
closing time greater than this critical
period ( e.g. a closing time of 1.5s) this
will help to reduce water hammer.

volume fluid flow

cross-sectional area
10/60 x 60 m 3/s
(0.105 / 2 ) 2 m 2

= 0.32 m/s
assume water velocity goes to zero after
the valve is closed i.e. v = 0.32m/s
Find pressure change
p = 1286 x (0.32) x 1000 x 10 -5
= 4.12 bar

5.32

GEORGEFISCHER

Installation

Pages

Pipeline Expansion and Contraction

6.02 - 6.05

Pipeline Supports and Spacing

6.06 - 6.07

The z method

6.08 - 6.14

Examples of Use

6.15 - 6.20

Fittings Combinations - Dimensions

6.21 - 6.24

Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Pipeline Identification

6.25

6.26 - 6.28

GEORGEFISCHER

6.01


L (mm) is the change of length and is

expressed by the formula:

Pipeline Expansion and

Contraction
Changes in temperature will cause the
pipeline to expand or contract and
change its length. These changes in
length can cause considerable stresses
and strains at the joints and fixed points.
It is important that the pipeline is
designed and constructed to take these
effects into consideration.
Before the effects can be taken into
account, the potential changes in length
need to be calculated. The factors which
affect the change in length are the full
length of pipe, the difference in
temperature extremes during the
working life of the system and the
material from which the pipes are made.

L =  x L x
T
Where  is known as the coefficient of
expansion and is constant for a given
material. For steel its value is
0.012/mmK.
L = Length of pipe (m)

T = Change in temperature (k)
Substituting in the formula:

L = 0.012 x L
t
For convenience the following table
illustrates this formula for different
lengths and temperatures.

Changes in length of steel pipes with differences in temperature

Pipe
length
L (m)
1
2
3
4
5

Difference in temperature
T (K)

10
20
30
40
Change in length
L (mm)
0.36
0.48
0.12
0.24
0.72
0.96
0.24
0.48
1.08
1.44
0.36
0.72
1.44
1.92
0.48
0.96
1.80
2.40
0.60
1.20

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.60
1.20
1.80
2.40
3.00

0.72
1.44
2.16
2.88
3.60

0.84
1.68
2.52
3.36
4.20

0.96
1.92
2.88
3.84
4.80

1.08
2.16
3.24
4.32
5.40

1.20
2.40
3.60
4.80
6.00

6
7
8
9
10

0.72
0.84
0.96
1.08
1.20

1.44
1.68
1.92
2.16
2.40

2.16
2.52
2.88
3.24
3.60

2.88
3.36
3.84
4.32
4.80

3.60
4.20
4.80
5.40
6.00

4.32
5.04
5.76
6.48
7.20

5.04
5.88
6.72
7.56
8.40

5.76
6.72
7.68
8.64
9.60

6.48
7.56
8.64
9.72
10.80

7.20
8.40
9.60
10.80
12.00

11
12
13
14
15

1.32
1.44
1.56
1.68
1.80

2.64
2.88
3.12
3.36
3.60

3.96
4.32
4.68
5.04
5.40

5.28
5.76
6.24
6.72
7.20

6.60
7.20
7.80
8.40
9.00

7.92
8.64
9.36
10.08
10.80

9.24
10.08
10.92
11.96
12.60

10.56
11.52
12.48
13.44
14.40

11.88
12.96
14.04
15.12
16.20

13.20
14.40
15.60
16.80
18.00

16
17
18
19
20

1.92
2.04
2.16
2.28
2.40

3.84
4.08
4.32
4.56
4.80

5.76
6.12
6.48
6.84
7.20

7.68
8.16
8.64
9.12
9.60

9.60
10.20
10.80
11.40
12.00

11.52
12.24
12.96
13.68
14.40

13.44
14.28
15.12
15.96
16.80

15.36
16.32
17.28
18.24
19.20

17.28
18.36
19.44
20.52
21.60

19.20
20.40
21.60
22.80
24.00

Fig. 6.01

6.02

GEORGEFISCHER

Methods of allowing for

expansion
In many cases, pipeline expansion can
be compensated by careful design of
pipe layout and expansion loops.
Alternatively, a variety of expansion
joints are available and an analysis is
beyond the scope of this publication.
Pipe Layout
The greatest factor in minimising the
problems of pipe expansion is to keep
the length of straight pipe runs as short
as possible and incorporate changes of
direction. This uses the elasticity of the
pipe and fittings to compensate for the
length changes. Where it is not practical
to change direction, other methods
should be considered.
Expansion Loops or Legs
Fig. 6.02 shows two types of expansion
loop which may be inserted into a
straight run of pipe. They are fabricated
from a single length of pipe, the joints
are traditionally flanged and they are
used where temperature differences are
significant.

In Fig. 6.03 the length of the loop L1 + L2 +

L3 is the same as the length of the leg L4
in Fig. 6.04), which will compensate for the
same length change in the pipe L. i.e. the
total length of pipe in both cases is the
same. The selection of expansion loop
or leg is likely to be influenced by
practical considerations.
For a guide to expansion loop or leg
sizing for use on general service pipes,
the nomogram overleaf may be used to
determine the pipe expansion and the
length of expansion loop for a range of
pipe sizes, temperature changes and
pipeline lengths.
Note:
The calculations are based on a
maximum stress in the pipe of 147 MN/
m 2 and a factor of safety of at least
50% is advised.
The results from the nomogram give the
required length of expansion pipework
and may be applied to both expansion
loops and legs.

5
L1

L3
L4
L2

6
Fig. 6.03

Fig. 6.04

Fig. 6.02
Two types of expansion loop

7
Alternatively, the expansion leg or loop
is sometimes fabricated using lengths of
pipe and elbow or bend fittings ( Figs. 6.03
and 6.04) . This method is not suitable for
heavy duty applications due to the
stresses on the threaded joints. The
design and mathematical analysis of
loop design is relatively complex,
particularly if the loop position within the
run is taken into consideration.

GEORGEFISCHER

6.03

Nomogram for calculating acceptable springing in steel

pipes by determining length of expansion leg.

30
3
20

4
5
6
7
8
9
10

10
9
8
7
6
5
4

12

600

14
16
18
20

450
350
250
200
150
100
80

50
40
32
25

30

40
50
60
70
80
90
100

(mm)

Expansion

Pipe Size

(DN)

200

(metres)

Expansion Leg

0.5

Fig. 6.05

6.04

GEORGEFISCHER

Example
A 2" (DN 50) steel pipeline has a straight
run of 60m and carries water at up to
90C.
Estimate the change in length and the
required expansion loop dimensions to
compensate for this if the factor of
safety is 1.5.
First calculate the change in length, using
the formula:

Therefore, the expansion length to

be compensated is 64.8mm.
The required length of the expansion
loop is 6.15m (say 6m).
This may be constructed in a variety of
ways:
i)

60 m

L =  x L x
T
Anchor
point
6m

= 0.012 x 60 x 90
(assumes temperature range between 0
and 90C)

Anchor
point

L = 64.8 mm
ii)

Anchor
point

2.5 m

60 m

2.5 m

Using the nomogram, 64.8 is plotted on

the expansion axis.
Draw a line from this point, through the
pipe size axis (DN 50) and extend it to
cross the expansion leg axis.
Reading from the expansion leg axis, this
point is 4.1m.
Applying a factor of safety of 1.5, the
required length of expansion leg is :

Anchor
point

5
1m

Fig. 6.06

= 1.5 x 4.1
= 6.15 metres

Note: Drawings not to scale.

GEORGEFISCHER

6.05

Pipeline Supports and

spacing
Careful design of the pipe support
system is required to ensure that pipe
movement only occurs where provision
has been made to compensate for the
length changes. This will involve installing
pipe supports at strategic places to
provide the necessary anchor positions
and sliding positions to keep the stresses

and strains within acceptable limits.

Where long straight runs of pipe occur,
it will be necessary to support both the
weight of the pipe and fluid to minimise
stresses and strains. The table below
provides a guide for pipe spacing
between support brackets.

Distance between support brackets for steel pipes

Pipe
Size
(DN)

Distance between brackets

Jointing Thread

Horizontal
(m)

Vertical
(m)

/8

1.8

2.4

/2

10

15

1.8

2.4

20

/4

2.4

3.0

25

2.4

3.0

32

1 1/4

2.7

3.0

40

1 1/2

3.0

3.6

50

3.0

3.6

65

2 1/2

3.6

4.5

80

3.6

4.5

100

4.0

4.5

150

4.5

5.4

Fig. 6.07

6.06

GEORGEFISCHER

Pipe Spacing
When constructing a pipeline it is
important to allow appropriate pipe
spacing. Two separate situations are
considered:
between the pipe and the
building wall
between two pipes
The spacing is the minimum necessary to
allow for fittings, such as elbows or tees
to be turned freely, without obstructing
either the wall or the other pipe. These
values are tabulated below.
In the case of two pipes of different
sizes, each will require a different
minimum distance. The larger pipe

requires a greater distance for turning

fittings. The value used will depend on
which pipe is installed first. Note: if the
larger pipe is installed first and the
smaller pipe afterwards, then it will not
be possible to dismantle the large
pipeline without first dismantling the
smaller pipeline. To allow the pipes to be
installed in any order, Fig. 6.08 is based
on the value of the largest pipe.
The minimum distance from the wall is
simply that which will allow the fittings to
be turned freely.
If the pipeline is to be insulated or
lagged, then additional spacing may
need to be provided depending on the
insulation thickness.

Minimum distance allowable between centre lines of screwed steel pipes

Minimum
distance
from wall
(K)
mm

Nominal pipe size mm

Nominal
pipe size
mm

15

20

25

32

40

50

65

80

100

125

150

273

Distance between pipes, mm

168

150

187

191

194

200

203

210

219

229

241

260

146

125

165

168

171

178

181

187

197

206

219

235

124

100

140

143

146

152

156

165

171

181

197

98

80

117

120

124

130

133

140

149

159

86

65

101

108

111

117

120

127

133

73

50

92

95

98

101

108

114

60

40

79

83

86

92

95

54

32

76

79

83

89

48

25

73

76

79

41

20

70

73

38

15

67

8
Fig. 6.08

GEORGEFISCHER

6.07

The z Method
Basic Principles
This method of pipe installation was
introduced by George Fischer and has
since been used successfully on many
different kinds of contracts. Its principles
have been adopted by many leading
contracting organisations and
appreciable savings in both time and
materials have been possible.
The basic principles of the George
Fischer Method are; the taking of as
many measurements as possible at one
time to eliminate backward and forward
movements by the fitter in preparing
individual pieces of pipe, the cutting and
screwing in bulk of pipe of similar sizes,
the part assembly of pipework on a onepipe-one-fitting basis and the making of
completed sections ready for
installations. To carry pre-assembly
further than this has been found by
experience not to be the ideal way of
working owing to the difficulty of
handling and installing awkward
combinations of pipework.
The advantage of the George Fischer
Method is that instead of time consuming
and costly piecemeal preparation of
short lengths of pipe and fittings on an
individual basis, involving the fitter in
frequent journeys between job and
workbench, all the measurements for
groups of pipework are taken in one
Thread
engagement
length

z1

Pipe length L = M - (z 1 + z 2)

z2

operation, enabling him to proceed

systematically with the preparation and
finally the installation of the various
sections of the contract.

Application
Successful application of the Method
depends on only two basic requirements:
an understanding of a simple technique
for executing clearly arranged
dimensional sketches on specially
prepared pipe layout charts and a
knowledge of certain known
measurements of pipe fittings called the
z dimensions. Once the layout of a pipe
installation has been determined, the
most satisfactory method of setting out
the precise details is by centre to centre
measuring and the preparation of an
isometric sketch. To fabricate pipe
assemblies when only centre to centre
measurements are given it is necessary
to have a simple means of calculating the
actual lengths of pipe required. To do
this, all that need be known is the
measurement from the centre of the
fitting to the beginning of the pipe after it
has been screwed the standard distance
into the fitting. This is the z dimension
and is the key to the whole system.
By subtracting the sum of the z
dimensions of the two fittings (one at
each end of the pipe) from the centre-tocentre measurement, the length of pipe
required can be determined quickly and
accurately. Fig. 6.09 indicates the
simplicity of the dimensioning system. It
clearly shows that the centre-to-centre
dimension M when it has had the
dimensions z 1 and z 2 subtracted from it,
gives the actual cutting length of pipe
necessary to produce this assembly.
The z dimensions of all fittings are
based upon the standard thread
engagement length as shown in the
table overleaf.

M
Fig. 6.09

6.08

GEORGEFISCHER

Fig. 6.10

Table of thread engagement lengths

Nom. Size (inch)

Thread Length (mm)

10

Thread Length (inch)

/4

/8

/8

/2

/4

10 13 15
13

/ 32 17/ 32 9/ 16

Flexibility
To work effectively, any system designed
to apply semi-production engineering
techniques to pipework must be flexible
enough to allow for special problems or
difficulties which may be encountered at
the site, such as irregularity in the
dimensioning of radiators, heater units
and so on, or perhaps in some cases a
lack of adequate manufacturers
dimensions. Use of the George Fischer
Method, by facilitating faster production
of pipe assemblies, means that such
items of equipment can be installed even
before pipe runs are dimensioned. Basic
pipework such as risers and run-outs in
false ceilings or in floor ducts, can be
dimensioned direct from drawings, but
beyond this point where more complex
and critical detailing is required it is
preferable for the measurements to be
taken on site. However, by using this
system a multiple dimensioning
operation can be carried out and in one
day many hundreds of feet of pipe can
be dimensioned from site.

GEORGEFISCHER

1 11/ 4 11/ 2 2 2 1/ 2 3
17 19 19 24
21

/ 32 3/ 4 3/ 4

29

27 30 36 40 40

/ 32 11/16 13/16 17/16 1 9/16 1 9/16

centre-to-centre measurement of each

length, less the z dimensions of the
fittings at each end, (information at the
end of this chapter shows a method of
calculating z dimensions on sloping
pipes). This completed, all the necessary
data is then available and may be
compiled into the cutting schedule.
Production can then commence.
It is at this stage that maximum
advantage can be gained from
mechanical aids used under site or
workshop conditions. Pipe cutting and
threading machines should be used,
particularly the latter, for this is the only
really satisfactory way of obtaining
consistently accurate thread lengths. By
concentrating on one size of pipe at a
time, the longest possible run will be
obtained for each size and the minimum
amount of time will be spent on setting
up and adjusting machines.
Once the pipes have been cut to length
and threaded, the appropriate fitting
should be made on one end and each
assembly marked for easy identification
on site by the fitter.

Plotting the pipework

systematically

Master Assembly Key

Using the pipe layout chart illustrated on

page 6.11, pipe runs, undimensioned,
are plotted systematically. At this stage
the pipe sizes and details of fittings
required are entered on the charts.
Next, the centre-to-centre measurements
are taken either at the site or from
drawings and entered on the charts, a
task that can be completed in one short
operation.
Then follows a series of simple
calculations to determine the cutting
length of each piece of pipe from the

Experience has shown that the onepipe-one-fitting system is the ideal way
of handling pre-fabricated pipework; by
using this system all pipework assemblies
can be broken down into the 13 basic
forms as shown on the Master Assembly
Key ( Fig. 6.14 ). The golden rule with this
form of working is to endeavour to
maintain an external thread into internal
thread sequence of assembly to
eliminate turning problems.
The Master Assembly Key reduces the
preparation of pipework details to an

6.09

absolute minimum and presentation to

the workshop becomes a standard
routine operation saving much of the
skilled fitters time and leaving him free
for the important task of planning and
supervising the pipework installation.

Cost Savings
The savings in time which are possible by
applying production techniques are
obvious. Machines can be used to their
maximum advantage; cutting and
threading times of 15 - 20 seconds per
end are not out of the question. This
enables the cost of pipework
preparation to be precisely calculated,
whereas the conventional way is to put in
a figure which has been estimated on a
rule of thumb basis. Not only does this
system save time spent on installation on
site but it also saves on material costs.
The most significant savings are
achieved by the better use of site labour.
Piecemeal and therefore time consuming
installation is eliminated. Most of the
initial planning of pipe runs and
calculations can be done even before
any materials arrive on site.

Pipe Cutting and Threading

Machines
Pipecutting and threading machines
which play an important part in the
effective application of the George
Fischer Pipe Installation Method are
available and are described in section 8.

6.10

GEORGEFISCHER

George Fischer Installation Method

Client: B & S Constr
uctionimit
L ed

Number of sheets: 17 Sheet No.: 2

Marking

Date:

C to C
Dimensions (mm)

Contract: Housing Dev

elopment

Z Dimensions
(mm)

1
Cutting length of
pipe (mm)

Z Dimensions
(mm)
Cutting length of
pipe (mm)

C to C
Dimensions (mm)

Fig. 6.11

Marking

Pipe layout chart

millime
tres

millime
tres
57
57

900

114 786 11/4

32
57

Existing
bend

1000

22 978

11/4

300

89

300

3
10003

11
32

43

RADIATOR

11
57

11/4 211 89
Le
s
d i s vva
me
e
ns l
i o 1/2
957 43
n

211 11/4

Le s s vv
ael
dimens
ion

43
57

/2

107 43

150 6

11/4

386 114

500 7

11/4

511 114

625 8

57
57

57

57

11/4 211

57
57
32

Le s
s v
vael
dim
ens
ion

43

57
11

500

386 11/4

300

10

6
1

/2 957

43

1000 11

RADIATOR

12 1250

114

89

22 122811/4

11

14

350

89

15

750

114 36
6 11/4

32

261 11/4

43

Less val
ve
dimension

/2 107

43

150

13

57

57

57

57

Existing bend

GEORGEFISCHER

2a Bends
131 itcher
P
ees
T

6.11

6.12
Z Dimensions
(mm)
Cutting length of
pipe (mm)

C to C
Dimensions (mm)

Marking

Contract:
Date:

Number of sheets:
Sheet No.:

Marking

C to C
Dimensions (mm)

Z Dimensions
(mm)

Cutting length of
pipe (mm)

George Fischer Installation Method

Pipe layout chart

Client:

GEORGEFISCHER

Typical Cutting Schedule (the details shown refer to pipe layout overleaf)

Fig. 6.1 2

Cutting Schedule

George Fischer Installation Method

Customer

Control Set No.

B & S Constr
uctionimit
L ed

Customers Job No.

Delivery Address
Pipe Size

Sheet No.

12/982/13

Housing Dev
elopment,
ong
L Str
eet
Black / Galvanised

Tube Length
(cutting)

Medium / Heavy

2
Jointing Material

PTFE

3
Assembly

Fitting
Fig. No.

Size

Mark

786

2A

11/4

211

131

11/4 x 1/2

978

131

11/4 x 1/2

211

2A

11/4

millime
tres

Delivery Required

L 6459

11/4

No. off

386

2A

1 /4

511

2A

11/4

386

2A

11/4

211

131

11/4 x 1/2

10

1228

131

11/4 x 1/2

12

261

2A

11/4

14

636

2A

11/4

15

C/C

GEORGEFISCHER

6.13

Master Assembly Key

The assemblies illustrated refer to a
particular operation of making a fitting
to one pipe and completely eliminate the
necessity to explain every operation in
detail by referring to fittings as square
tees, sweep tees etc. For example, it is

much easier to say make up one

assembly E, than with one piece of pipe
screw on a sweep tee for a pipe to enter
into the inlet side of the piece.
The picture (left) shows pipe cut to length
and threaded, ready for the next step in
the prefabrication sequence. One fitting
will be made onto each pipe and the
assembly marked for easy identification
on site. To carry pre-assembly further
than this has been found by experience,
not to be the ideal way of working owing
to the difficulty of handling and installing
awkward combinations of pipework.

Fig. 6.13

Key to Types of Assembly

Assembly

Fitting Catalogue Number

A
B
C

1 1A 2 2A 90 92

D
E
F
G
H
I

130

180

O
P
Q

240 246 260 270

40 120 121
130
131
131
131
132
132

330 340 341 342 342A 346

96 98

Fig. 6.14

6.14

GEORGEFISCHER

Examples of use
1
b is the dimension of internal thread centre
to face of the external thread

2
For fittings combinations with internal and
external threads the sum of z + b produces
the axial distance M:

M=z+b

Principle of the z dimension

installation method:
uniform measuring centrecentre = M

Pipe length

Pipe length

Exact pipe thread lengths

produce exact M dimensions.

Pipe length

The M dimension for sloping

pipes is easily calculated with
the factor or numerical table

GEORGEFISCHER

6.15

Calculation of lengths of
angled pipe
It is customary to install pipes in both
horizontal and vertical directions.
However, it is occasionally necessary to
install pipes at an angle.
This section illustrates how the z method
can still be used for angled pipes and
shows how to determine the required
lengths of pipe.
Example
The diagram below shows an installation
where the centre to centre dimensions M,
M 1 and a are from site requirements.
In order to calculate the required cut pipe
lengths, l, l 1 and l 2 , we must establish the
lengths b, c and M 2 .

Fig. 6.15

The fittings to be used (from bottom to

top) are:
1 off tee, fig. 130 - 1 1/ 2 x 3/ 4 x 1 1/ 4
(using method a notation).
2 off 30 bends, fig. 51 - 1 1/ 4
1 off tee, fig. 130 - 1 1/ 2 x 3/ 4 x 1 1/ 4
(using method a notation).
Assuming that a scientific calculator is
not available, the lengths b and c can be
determined using two methods;
6.16

Method 1. Numerical Table

The length a is first divided into
convenient numbers which are given in
Fig. 6.17 , say units, tens and hundreds. For
each part value of a, the part value of b
and c is found in the table for the
appropriate or angle (60 in this case).
Adding these together gives the final
value required for b and c.
i.e.
Part value of a 3 x 1 = 3
8 x 10 = 80
2 x 100 = 200
Total a = 283
Part value of b

5.2
138.6
346.4
Total b = 490.2

Part value of c

6
160
400
Total c = 566

Alternatively, the required b and c values

may be interpolated from the table. In
this example the equations would be;
300 - 283
519.6 - b
600 - c
=
=
300 - 200
519.6 - 346.4 600 - 400
Therefore, b = 490.2 and c = 566.

GEORGEFISCHER

GEORGEFISCHER

1
2
3
4
5

b
c
b

0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,7
2,6
3,5
4,4
5,2
6,1
7,0
7,9
8,7
17,5
26,2
35,0
43,7

6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0

20,0
30,0
40,1
50,1

60,1
70,1
80,1
90,1
100,1

200,3
300,4
400,5
500,7

600,8
701,0
801,1
901,2
1001,4

0,3
0,4
0,4
0,5
0,5

1,0
1,6
2,1
2,6

3,1
3,7
4,2
4,7
5,2

10,5
15,7
21,0
26,2

31,4
36,7
41,9
47,2
52,4

6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0

20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0

60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0

200,1
300,1
400,1
500,2

600,2
700,2
800,3
900,3
1000,3

0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,3

0,5
0,8
1,0
1,3

1,6
1,8
2,1
2,4
2,6

5,2
7,9
10,5
13,1

15,7
18,3
21,0
23,6
26,2

6,1
7,1
8,1
9,1
10,2
20,3
30,5
40,6
50,8
60,9
71,1
81,2
91,4
101,5

1,1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
3,5
5,3
7,1
8,8
10,6
12,3
14,1
15,9
17,6
35,3
52,9
70,5
88,2

6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
20,1
30,1
40,2
50,2
60,2
70,3
80,3
90,3
100,4
200,8
301,1
401,5
501,9
105,8 609,3
123,4 710,8
141,1 812,3
158,7 913,9
176,3 1015,4

203,1
304,6
406,2
507,7

1,0
2,0
3,0
4,1
5,1

0,2
0,4
0,5
0,7
0,9

1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0

52,5 602,3
61,2 702,7
70,0 803,1
78,7 903,4
87,5 1003,8

0,1
0,2
0,3
0,3
0,4

1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0

0,1
0,1
0,2
0,2
0,3

10

1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0

80

85

87

0,0
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1

1 1/ 2

88 1/ 2

1,0
2,1
3,1
4,1
5,2
6,2
7,2
8,3
9,3
10,4
20,7
31,1
41,4
51,8
62,1
72,5
83,8
93,2
103,5
207,1
310,6
414,1
517,6
621,2
724,7
828,2
931,8
1035,3

1,6
1,9
2,1
2,4
2,7
5,4
8,0
10,7
13,4
16,1
18,8
21,4
24,1
26,8
53,6
80,4
107,2
134,0
160,8
187,6
214,4
241,2
267,9

c
0,3
0,5
0,8
1,1
1,3

15

75

= given angle
= accompanying angle
a = given dimension
in the following boxes = the sought values b and c belonging to a, and

600
700
800
900
1000

200
300
400
500

60
70
80
90
100

20
30
40
50

6
7
8
9
10

Table to calculate the lengths of sloping pipes

Fig. 6.17

c
b
c
b

115,5
173,2
230,9
288,7
346,4
404,1
461,9
519,6
577,4

6,4
7,4
8,5
9,6
10,6
21,3
31,9
42,6
53,2
63,9
74,5
85,1
95,8
106,4
212,8
319,3
425,7
532,1

2,2
2,5
2,9
3,3
3,6
7,3
10,9
14,6
18,2
21,8
25,5
29,1
32,8
36,4
72,8
109,2
145,6
182,0

218,4 638,5
254,8
744,9
291,2 851,3
327,6
957,8
364,0 1064,2

34,6
40,4
46,2
52,0
57,7

11,5
17,3
23,1
28,9

3,5
4,0
4,6
5,2
5,8

1,1
2,1
3,2
4,3
5,3

0,6
1,2
1,7
2,3
2,9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

1,2
2,3
3,5
4,6
5,8
6,9
8,1
9,2
10,4
11,5
23,1
34,6
46,2
57,7
69,3
80,8
92,4
103,9
115,5
230,9
346,4
461,9
577,4
692,8
808,3
923,8
1039,2
1154,7

12
14
16
18
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000

10,4
12,1
13,9
15,6
17,3
34,6
52,0
69,3
86,6
103,9
121,2
138,6
155,9
173,2
346,4
519,6
692,8
886,0
1039,2
1212,4
1385,6
1558,8
1732,1

8,5
9,9
11,3
12,7
14,1
28,3
42,4
56,6
70,7
84,9
99,0
113,1
127,3
141,4
282,8
424,3
565,7
707,1
848,5
989,9
1131,4
1272,8
1414,2

c
2
4
6
8
10

b
1,7
3,5
5,2
6,9
8,7

60

30

1,4
2,8
4,2
5,7
7,1

45

30

20

0,4
0,7
1,1
1,5
1,8

45

60

70

c
3,9
7,7
11,6
15,5
19,3
23,2
27,0
30,9
34,8
38,6
77,3
115,9
154,5
193,2
231,8
270,5
309,1
347,7
386,4
772,7
1159,1
1545,5
1931,9
2318,2
2704,6
3091,0
3477,3
3863,7

22,4
26,1
29,9
33,6
37,3
74,6
112,0
149,3
186,6
223,9
261,2
298,6
335,9
373,2
746,4
1119,6
1492,8
1866,0
2239,2
2612,4
2985,6
3358,8
3732,1

20
30
40
50

6
7
8
9
10

1
2
3
4
5

600
700
800
900
1000

200
300
400
500

60
70
80
90
100

75

3,7
7,5
11,2
14,9
18,7

15

6.17

Method 2. Graphical
Using the graph in Fig. 6.18 , the values b
and c are quickly found;
The a value is plotted on the horizontal
axis.
Draw a line vertically and plot the point
where it intersects the appropriate value
of the angle (60 in this example). The
value of b is read on vertical scale.
Following the circular line from the
plotted point to where it crosses the
vertical axis, gives the value of c.
Having found the values of b and c , the
cut pipe lengths are quickly calculated;
Length, l = c - (2 x z dimension of fig. 51)
= 566 - (2 x 33)
l = 500 mm
Length, l 1 = M 1 - (sum of z dimensions
of tee, fig. 130 1 1 / 4
joint and bend, fig. 51
1 1/ 4 )
= 1270 - (17 + 33)
l 1 = 1220 mm
Length, l 2 = M 2 - (sum of z dimensions
of bend, fig. 51 1 1 / 4
and tee, fig. 130 1 1 / 4
joint)
Substitute:M2 = M - M1 - b
= 3810 - 1270 - 490
= 2050
l 2 = 2050 - (33 + 17)
l 2 = 2000 mm
The following pages show a summary of
z dimensions for the most popular
George Fischer malleable iron pipe
fittings and also the z dimensions for a
variety of fitting combinations.

6.18

GEORGEFISCHER

Determination of the sides of a right angle triangle

1

c = 566

b = 490

a = 283

Fig. 6.18

GEORGEFISCHER

6.19

Installation aids
z dimensions and overall lengths of the most common malleable cast iron fittings
3

Dimension
Nominal
thread length

10

Catalogue No.

/2

13

b z

/4

15

17

b z

b z

1 1/ 4

1 1/ 2

2 1/ 2

19

19

24

27

30

36

b z

b z

b z

b z

b z

b z

38 42 42 48 54 60 68 75 86 95 97 105 116 130 149 165 175 190 224 245

38

1a

26 36 32 45 35 50 46 63 57 76 66 85 78 102 88 115 97 127 129 165

2a

26

45

40

20 24 23 30 28 36 34 42 45 54 49 58 57 70 72 86 83 100 105 130

45

41

20

23

30

50

17 24 21 30 27 36 33 44 37 46 42 54 53 66 62 77 78 100

30

51

17

21

27

33

37

42

85

28

34

40

53

66

90

15

15

18

21

26

31

34

42

48

60

92

15 32 15 37 18 43 21 52 26 60 31 65 34 74 42 88 48 98 60 118

Equal
Fittings

42

32

35

28

46

34

57

45

Dimension
1
/ 2 x 3/ 4
3
/ 4 x 1/ 2
1 x 1/ 2
1 x 3/ 4
1 1/ 4 x 1 / 2
1 1/ 4 x 3 / 4
1 1/ 4 x 1
1 1/ 2 x 1 / 2
1 1/ 2 x 3 / 4
1 1/ 2 x 1
1 1/ 2 x 1 1 / 4

14

97

- 116 - 149 - 175 - 224 -

66

49

17

78

57

19

88

72

21

97

- 129 -

83

- 105 -

121 10 25 9 28 10 32 11 37 14 43 17 46 19 55 19 54 22 61

11

86

45

10

68

120 10

54

45

24

130 15

15

18

21

26

31

34

42

48

60

180 15

15

18

21

26

31

34

42

48

60

270 10

10

11

12

17

17

20

20

22

471 15

15

18

38

44

47

53

57

59

68

75

83

95

280

130,
Branch
reduced

/8

z1
18
15
15
18
15
17
21
17
19
23
27

z2
15
18
21
21
25
26
25
29
29
29
29

130,
Branch
and run
reduced

Dimension
3
/ 4 x 1 / 2 x 1/ 2
3
/ 4 x 3/ 4 x 1/ 2
1 x 1/ 2 x 3/ 4
1 x 3/ 4 x 3/ 4
1 x 3/ 4 x 1/ 2
1 x 1 x 3/ 4
1 1/4 x 1/2 x 1
1 1/4 x 3/4 x 1
1 1/4 x 1 x 3/ 4
1 1/4 x 1 x 1
1 1/4 x 1 1/ 4 x 3/ 4

z1
15
18
15
18
18
21
15
17
21
21
26

z2
18
18
21
21
21
21
25
26
25
25
26

z3
15
18
18
15
18
21
15
18
21
21
26

Dimension
11/ 4 x 1 1/ 4 x 1
11/ 2 x 3/ 4 x 1 1/ 4
1 1 / 2 x 1 x 1 1/ 4
11/ 2 x 1 1/ 4 x 1
11/ 2 x 1 1/ 4 x 1 1/ 4
11/ 2 x 1 1/ 2 x 1 1/ 4

z1
26
19
23
27
27
31

z2
26
29
29
29
29
31

z3
25
17
21
25
26
29

a ... overall length

b ... face of external thread to centre
z, z 1, z 2, z 3 ... z-dimension
Dimensions in mm

6.20

GEORGEFISCHER

Fittings Combinations - Dimensions

1
15

15
53/54

53/54
3

/8

90/92

62
26

47
15

31
31
20
20

25
25
10
10

M
z=z 1

80
38

9
35
15
15

21
36
17
17

37
37
23
23

26
26
9
9

M
z=z 1

90
42

77
32

52
15

/4

a
b
z
z1

11
42
18
18

26
44
21
21

45
45
28
28

30
30
10
10

M
z=z 1

114
54

85
35

61
18

a
b
z
z1

13
47
20
20

32
55
27
27

54
54
34
34

34
34
11
11

M
z=z 1

143
68

109
46

73
21

1 /4

a
b
z
z1

16
58
24
26

39
67
33
33

70
70
45
45

40
40
14
14

M
z=z 1

181
86

133
57

86
26

1 1/ 2

a
b
z
z1

16
61
26
28

42
72
37
37

76
76
49
49

45
45
17
17

M
z=z 1

202
97

151
66

96
31

a
b
z
z1

18
66
27
27

48
83
42
42

90
90
57
57

52
52
19
19

M
z=z 1

246
116

180
78

108
34

2 1/ 2

a
b
z
z1

112
112
72
72

53
53
19
21

M
z=z 1

314
149

203
88

130
42

a
b
z
z1

129
129
83
83

60
60
22
24

M
z=z 1

365
175

224
97

146
48

a
b
z
z1

166
166
105
105

M
z=z 1

469
224

45

1/2

1a/2a

a
b
z
z1

90

120/121

90
1/2

/2

50/51

120/121

a
b
z
z1

45
40/41

30

40/41

30
50/51

7
294
129

178
60

1a/2a

GEORGEFISCHER

6.21

15

2a/53

2/53 2a/53 90/53

2/50 2a/50 90/50

/8

a
b
z

/2

a
b
z

16
61
15

14
51
15

9
35
15

33
57
17

28
48
17

/4

a
b
z

20
76
18

15
58
18

11
42
18

42
73
21

a
b
z

25
94
20

19
72
20

13
48
20

1 1/ 4

a
b
z

31
116
24

24
88
24

1 1/ 2

a
b
z

34
128
26

a
b
z

2 1/ 2

a
b
z

3
4

90/53

30

45

30

15

2/53

2/50

2a/50

90/50

2/40 2a/40

90/40

44
44
20

35
35
20

28
28
20

20
35
17

51
51
23

44
44
23

32
32
23

33
56
21

24
42
21

64
64
28

50
50
28

38
38
28

52
90
27

41
71
27

29
49
27

78
78
34

62
62
34

45
45
34

16
58
24

65
113
33

51
87
33

35
61
33

99
99
45

78
78
45

57
57
45

26
98
26

17
64
26

72
124
37

56
97
37

39
67
37

110
110
49

88
88
49

63
63
49

41
152
27

31
115
27

19
72
27

85
147
42

66
114
42

44
76
42

132
132
57

105
105
57

74
74
57

52
194
35

36
135
35

24
91
35

108
186
53

77
133
53

54
94
53

166
166
72

123
123
72

91
91
72

a
b
z

126
218
62

87
151
62

63
108
62

194
194
83

139
139
83

105
105
83

a
b
z

162
281
78

115
198
78

80
139
78

250
250
105

183
183
105

134
134
105

45
2/40

2a/40

90/40

6.22

GEORGEFISCHER

45
130/40

Branch
Same run

/8

/2

/4

1 1/ 4 1 1/ 2 2

2 1/ 2 3

/8

a=b
z1
z

28
15
20

/2

a=b
z1
z

28
13
20

32
15
23

/4

a=b
z1
z

30
13
20

34
15
23

38
18
28

a=b
z1
z

33
13
20

36
15
23

40
18
28

45
21
34

1 1/ 4

a=b
z1
z

35
13
20

39
15
23

44
17
28

47
21
34

57
26
45

1 1/ 2

a=b
z1
z

37
14
20

42
17
23

46
19
28

50
23
34

59
27
45

63
31
49

a=b
z1
z

46
14
23

50
16
28

54
20
34

63
24
45

66
28
49

74
34
57

2 1/ 2

a=b
z1
z

52
14
23

57
18
28

60
20
34

69
25
45

72
28
49

79
34
57

91
42
72

a=b
z1
z

57
15
23

62
18
28

65
21
34

74
25
45

78
28
49

84
34
57

95
42
72

105
48
93

a=b
z1
z

87
28
49

93
34
57

105
41
72

115
48
93

74
20
34

4
134
60
105

5
90

Branch
Same run

130/1

GEORGEFISCHER

/8

/2

/4

1 1/ 4 1 1/ 2 2

2 1/ 2 3

/8

M
z1
z

57
15
38

/2

M
z1
z

58
13
38

63
15
42

/4

M
z1
z

60
13
38

66
15
42

78
18
54

M
z1
z

64
13
38

69
15
42

81
18
54

96
21
68

1 1/ 4

M
z1
z

68
13
38

73
15
42

86
17
54

100
21
68

121
26
86

1 1/ 2

M
z1
z

70
14
38

77
17
42

89
19
54

104
23
68

124
27
86

136
31
97

M
z1
z

83
14
42

95
16
54

110
20
68

130
24
86

141
28
97

164
34
116

2 1/ 2

M
z1
z

91
14
42

104
18
54

118
20
68

138
25
86

149
28
97

172
34
116

207
42
149

M
z1
z

98
15
42

111
18
54

125
21
68

146
25
86

157
28
97

179
34
116

214
42
149

238
48
175

M
z1
z

170
28
97

192
34
116

227
41
149

252
48
175

138
20
68

9
305
60
224

6.23

Branch

90
130/1a

130/92

6.24

Same run
3

/8

M
z1
z

51
15
26

/2

M
z1
z

52
13
26

60
15
32

/4

M
z1
z

54
13
26

63
15
32

68
18
35

M
z1
z

58
13
26

66
15
32

71
18
35

84
21
46

1 1/ 4

M
z1
z

62
13
26

70
15
32

76
17
35

88
21
46

102
26
57

1 1/ 2

M
z1
z

64
14
26

74
17
32

79
19
35

92
23
46

105
27
57

116
31
49

M
z1
z

80
14
32

85
16
35

98
20
46

111
24
57

121
28
49

136
34
78

2 1/ 2

M
z1
z

88
14
32

94
18
35

106
20
46

119
25
57

129
28
49

144
34
78

157
42
88

M
z1
z

95
15
32

101
18
35

113
21
46

127
25
57

137
28
49

151
34
78

164
42
88

175
48
97

M
z1
z

150
28
49

164
34
78

177
41
88

189
48
97

126
20
46

225
60
129

Branch

Same run
3

/8

M
z1
z

47
15
15

/2

M
z1
z

48
13
15

52
15
15

/4

M
z1
z

50
13
15

55
15
15

61
18
18

M
z1
z

54
13
15

58
15
15

64
18
18

73
21
21

1 1/ 4

M
z1
z

58
13
15

62
15
15

69
17
18

77
21
21

86
26
26

1 1/ 2

M
z1
z

60
14
15

66
17
15

72
19
18

81
23
21

89
27
26

96
31
31

M
z1
z

72
14
15

78
16
18

87
20
21

95
24
26

101
28
31

108
34
34

2 1/ 2

M
z1
z

80
14
15

87
18
18

95
20
21

103
25
26

109
28
31

116
34
34

130
42
42

M
z1
z

87
15
15

94
18
18

102
21
21

111
25
26

117
28
31

123
34
34

137
42
42

146
48
48

M
z1
z

130
28
31

136
34
34

150
41
42

160
48
48

115
20
21

178
60
60

GEORGEFISCHER

Computer Aided Design

(CAD)
Most engineering drawings these days
are prepared using the aid of a
computer program. This has a number
of advantages, including reducing time
spent on repetetive tasks, ease of
amendment and updating. Pipework
drawings are no exception and systems
can be designed and prepared using a
number of commercially available
packages.
When designing pipework systems, it is
important that the fittings used to make
the various connections are standard
products and readily available. In
addition the dimensional data for
individual fittings is necessary since this
may mean the difference between a
design being feasible and one which is
impractical.
A problem for the pipeline designer is
that time and effort spent drawing
standard pipe fittings is not an effective
use of resources, particularly since many
of these fittings will be required to be
drawn repeatedly over the years. With
over a thousand fittings in the George
Fischer range, the task of preparing and
storing the data on a design computer is
daunting.
Once a piping system has been planned
and drawn it is usually necessary to
establish an estimate of the cost
involved for the completed installation.
Accurate costing is important to all
parties concerned with the installation
and accurate estimated costs often rely
heavily on accurate forecasts of the
required materials.

The library program utilises the George

Fischer z method of dimensioning and is
designed to provide a complete bill of
materials for the piping system, which
lists all the fittings and lengths of pipe
required for the installation.
The George Fischer CAD library is
designed to be compatible with
AutoCAD software. For your copy
please contact our Technical
Department.

The George Fischer Malleable Iron

Fittings CAD Library
Help is at hand for the pipeline designer
in the form of the George Fischer
malleable iron fittings CAD library.
The CAD library provides instant access
to the full range of George Fischer
malleable iron pipe fittings, enabling
them to be incorporated into a piping
system drawing. The required fitting is
quickly identified and accessed via a
pick and point menu.
GEORGEFISCHER

6.25

Pipeline Identification
In large plant rooms and buildings such
as factories and hospitals it is important
that each pipe and its contents can be
easily identified. Therefore, a system of
standard identification has evolved. An
outline of the identification practice is
given in this section, but full details can
be found in BS 1710 - Identification of
Pipelines.
The colour coding system has two
elements of classification, dependent on
the degree of identification that is
required.
a) Basic Identification
The basic colour is used to identify the
general nature of the fluid but does not
define the exact contents. e.g. green is
used to denote water but does not
differentiate between drinking water or
heating water.
b) Basic Identification plus a safety
colour (code indication)
The safety colour or code indication is
used where it is necessary to define the
pipeline contents more precisely and is
used in conjunction with the basic
identification colour. e.g. A white code
indicator used with a green basic colour
identifies: cooling (primary) water.
Application of pipeline identification
Pipeline identification should be used at
all junctions, both sides of valves, service
appliances, bulkheads, walls and any
other place where identification is
necessary.
The application of both basic
identification colour and safety colour
should follow the diagram below:

Safety colour
or indication
colour

Basic identification
colour

150mm
approx

100mm
approx
Fig. 6.19

6.26

Basic identification
colour

150mm
approx

Basic Identification of Colours

The basic identification of colour is
applied either over the whole length of
the pipe or as a 150mm band around
the pipe depending on the pipe
diameter.
If colour banding is used then it is
important that no other basic
identification colours are used for either
pipe protection or decorative coatings.
Valves may be painted using the basic
identification colour, except where the
safety colour code indicates fire fighting,
in which case the valve should be
painted red.
The following table indicates the basic
identification colours:
BS Colour
references
BS 4800

Pipe
Contents

Basic
Identification
Colour

Water

Green

12 D 45

Steam

Silver-Grey

10 A 03

Brown

06 C 39

Yellow Ochre

08 C 35

Acids and
alkalis

Violet

22 C 37

Air

Light Blue

20 E 51

Other Fluids

Black

Black

Electrical
services

Orange

06 E 51

Mineral, animal
& vegetable
oils; combustible
liquids
Gases in
gaseous or
liquified condition
(except air)

Safety Colour (code indications)

The following colours are used as safety
colours or indication codes:
a) Red for fire fighting.
b) Yellow, with black diagonal stripes,
for warning of danger.
c) Yellow, with black trefoil symbol for
ionizing radiation.
d) Auxiliary blue, in conjunction with
green basic colour to denote fresh
water, (either potable or nonpotable)

GEORGEFISCHER

Colour References
To avoid pipes being painted in all
different shades, the colours used for
pipeline identification are standardised
in BS 4800 and given below:
Fig. 6.20
Safety Colour

BS Colour
reference
BS 4800

Red

04 E 53

Yellow

08 E 51

Auxiliary Blue

18 E 53

Code indication colours

(if other than safety colours)
Colour

BS 4800

Crimson

04 D 45

Emerald Green

14 E 53

Salmon Pink

04 C 33

Yellow

10 E 53

A further set of colour code indications

are used for medical gas services,
shown below:

All pathological services are identified by

an additional 02 C 37 deep rose pink
band.

Fig. 6.21

White

Oxygen
Yellow Ochre
French Blue

Nitrous Oxide
Yellow Ochre
White

French Blue

N 2 /0 2 mixture
Yellow Ochre

French Grey

Carbon Dioxide
Yellow Ochre
White

Black

Medical air

Light Blue
Primrose

Medical vacuum
Light Blue

Spare medical gas

Yellow Ochre

GEORGEFISCHER

6.27

Optional colour code indications for general building services

In addition to the basic identification colours, the following optional colour code
indications may also be used for general building services.
Basic colour
(approx. 150 mm)

Colour code indication

(approx. 100 mm)

Basic colour
(approx. 150 mm)

Drinking

Green

Blue

Green

Cooling (Primary)

Green

White

Green

Boiler Feed

Green

Crimson

Crimson

Green

Condensate

Green

Crimson Em. Green Crimson

Green

Chilled

Green

White

Central Heating < 100C

Green

Blue

Crimson

Blue

Green

Central Heating > 100C

Green

Crimson

Blue

Crimson

Green

Cold down service

Green

White

Blue

White

Green

Hot water supply

Green

White

Crimson

White

Green

Hydraulic power

Green

Pipe contents

Water

White

Em. Green White

Salmon Pink

Green

Green

Green

Sea, river, untreated

Green

Fire extinguishing

Safety Red

Green

Light Blue

Compressed air
Light Blue

Vacuum
Steam

White

Light Blue

Silver Grey

Drainage

Black

Electrical conduits & ducts

Orange

Town Gas
Manufactured gas

Yellow Ochre

Emerald Green

Yellow Ochre

Natural gas

Yellow Ochre

Yellow

Yellow Ochre

Brown

White

Brown

Oils
Diesel fuel
Furnace fuel

Brown

Lubricating

Brown

Emerald Green

Brown

Hydraulic power

Brown

Salmon Pink

Brown

Transformer

Brown

Crimson

Brown

Violet

Acids & alkalis

Fig. 6.22

6.28

GEORGEFISCHER

Product Range
Figure Number and Codes
Malleable Iron Fittings - Summary of the Range
Product Data

7.02 - 7.03

7.04
7.05 - 7.64
2

GEORGEFISCHER

7.01

Figure Number and Codes

George Fischer has always identified
fittings types using a George Fischer
figure number.
For example, a Fig. 131 is always a
Pitcher Tee. In order to completely
identify a fitting using the figure number,
the size and finish must be quoted.
For example, G.131 1 x 3 / 4. (If the finish is
not quoted, then convention always
assumes a black finish is required.)
The Product Data section of this manual
is listed in Figure Number order. The
figure number can quickly be identified

from the Summary of Range, detailed on

page 7.04. Once the figure number is
known then the product details are easily
located in the product data section.
Now that computers have become an
integral part of business, most parts or
articles are identified by a unique
number. Malleable iron fittings are no
exception and each type of fitting has a
9 digit code. This code or part number is
unique and completely identifies a
particular product line. The George
Fischer code numbers are given in the
product data section.

Reference Tables of ISO 49 and BS EN 10242

Symbols with Figure Numbers
Listed by Fig. No.
George ISO/ BS
Fischer Symbol
Fig. No.
1
1a
2
2a
3
40
41
90
92
95
96
97
98
120
121
130
131
132
180
221

7.02

G4
D4
G1
D1
G8
G4/45
G1/45
A1
A4
UA1
UA11
UA2
UA12
A1/45
A4/45
B1
E1
E2
C1
Za1

Listed by ISO Symbol

George ISO/BS
Fischer Symbol
Fig. No.
223
240
241
245
246
270
271
280
281
290
291
300
310
330
331
340
341
529
596

Za2
M2 red
N4
N8 red
M4 red
M2
M2 R-L
N8
N8 R-L
T9
T8
T1
P4
U1
U2
U11
U12
M4
TII

ISO/ BS George
Symbol Fischer
Fig. No.
A1
90
A1/45 120
A4
92
A4/45 121
B1
130
C1
180
D1
2a
D4
1a
E1
131
E2
132
G1
2
G1/45
41
G4
1
G4/45
40
G8
3
M2
270
M2 R-L
271
M2 red
240
M4
529a
M4 red
246

ISO/BS George
Symbol Fischer
Fig. No.
N4
N8
N8 R-L
N8 red
P4
T1
T8
T9
T11
U1
U2
U11
U12
UA1
UA2
UA11
UA12
Za1
Za2

241
280
281
245
310
300
291
290
596
330
331
340
341
95
97
96
98
221
223

GEORGEFISCHER

How to use this section

Symbols

The fittings are listed in order of

figure number. Photographs of each
fitting type and the figure number
are shown on page 7.04.
Alternatively, if the ISO/EN symbol is
known the figure number can be
found from the reference table on page
7.02.
Once the figure number has been
established, the item details can quickly
be found in the product section of this
manual.

black

galvanised

Representation in the catalogue

section
This technical catalogue details all
fittings and/or piece parts. Items without
a code are given for technical
information and are not part of the usual
supply range.
The individual types of fitting are
represented in the catalogue by a
photograph and a line drawing showing
important dimensions.
For standardised types the EN and/or
ISO symbol for the fitting shape is given
after the item description.

these types of fittings are made

from steel (galvanised finish electroplated) and are not
suitable for drinking water
installations).

limited supply. Check for

availability.

detailed in European standard EN

10242

Code George Fischer part number

ISO

symbol to ISO 49

taper external thread, for

connections sealing on the
threads to ISO 7-1

Rp

parallel internal jointing thread for

connections sealing on the
threads to ISO 7-1

parallel internal fastening thread

for connections not sealing on the
thread to ISO 228

G...B... parallel external fastening thread,

tolerance class B for connections
not sealing on the threads to ISO
228
ET

Piece Part

Footnotes

across flats dimension

GEORGEFISCHER

7.03

Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings - Summary of the Range

1a

87

85

102

103

137

165

246

260

312

321

340

341

376

378

595

2a

596

90

120

92

121

180

271

342a

599a

280

344

281

330

529a

933a

97

132

291

371

532

1330

534

54

60

100

101

134

240

294

332

331

370

98

133

224

290

53

51

96

223

346

526

933

50

131

221

471

41

95

130

329

326

467

40

94

220

270

342

335

372

535

241

300

336

373

536

135

245

310

338

374

537

1335
Note: For gaskets see fig. 202.

7.04

GEORGEFISCHER

Product Data

Size

G4
Long sweep bend

1a

770 001 101

770 001 201
770 001 102
770 001 202
770 001 103
770 001 203
770 001 104
770 001 204
770 001 105
770 001 205
770 001 106
770 001 206
770 001 107
770 001 207
770 001 108
770 001 208
770 001 109
770 001 209
770 001 110
770 001 210
770 001 111
770 001 211
770 001 112
770 001 212

35

32

28

40

36

30

48

42

38

55

48

42

69

60

54

85

75

68

105

95

86

116

105

97

140

130

116

176

165

149

205

190

175

260

245

224

Code

770 011 102

770 011 202
770 011 103
770 011 203
770 011 104
770 011 204
770 011 105
770 011 205
770 011 106
770 011 206
770 011 107
770 011 207
770 011 108
770 011 208
770 011 109
770 011 209
770 011 110
770 011 210
770 011 111
770 011 211
770 011 112
770 011 212

30

30

20

36

36

26

45

45

32

50

50

35

63

63

46

76

76

57

85

85

66

102

102

78

115

115

88

127

127

97

165

165

129

ISO

Short bend

Code

B /8
G 1/ 8
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
Size

ISO

D4

B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4

GEORGEFISCHER

7.05

Size

ISO G1
Long sweep bend

B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
Size

2a
Short bend

ISO

D1

7.06

B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4

Code

770 002 102

770 002 202
770 002 103
770 002 203
770 002 104
770 002 204
770 002 105
770 002 205
770 002 106
770 002 206
770 002 107
770 002 207
770 002 108
770 002 208
770 002 109
770 002 209
770 002 110
770 002 210
770 002 111
770 002 211
770 002 112
770 002 212

40

30

48

38

55

42

69

54

85

68

105

86

116

97

140

116

176

149

205

175

260

224

Code

770 012 102

770 012 202
770 012 103
770 012 203
770 012 104
770 012 204
770 012 105
770 012 205
770 012 106
770 012 206
770 012 107
770 012 207
770 012 108
770 012 208
770 012 109
770 012 209
770 012 110
770 012 210
770 012 111
770 012 211
770 012 112
770 012 212

30

20

36

26

45

32

50

35

63

46

76

57

85

66

102

78

115

88

127

97

165

129

GEORGEFISCHER

ISO G8
Long sweep bend

40

G4/45
Long sweep bend
ISO

Size

Code

B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
G 2 1/ 2

770 003 102

770 003 202
770 003 103
770 003 203
770 003 104
770 003 204
770 003 105
770 003 205
770 003 106
770 003 206
770 003 107
770 003 207
770 003 108
770 003 208
770 003 109
770 003 209
770 003 210

Size

Code

B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4

770 040 102

770 040 202
770 040 103
770 040 203
770 040 104
770 040 204
770 040 105
770 040 205
770 040 106
770 040 206
770 040 107
770 040 207
770 040 108
770 040 208
770 040 109
770 040 209
770 040 110
770 040 210
770 040 111
770 040 211
770 040 112
770 040 212

b
33

42
48
60

75
95
105

130
165

26

21

16

30

24

20

36

30

23

43

36

28

51

42

34

64

54

45

68

58

49

81

70

57

99

86

72

113

100

83

141

130

105

GEORGEFISCHER

7.07

41

ISO G1/45
Long sweep bend

50
30 bend

7.08

Size

Code

B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
G4

770 041 103

770 041 203
770 041 104
770 041 204
770 041 105
770 041 205
770 041 106
770 041 206
770 041 107
770 041 207
770 041 108
770 041 208
770 041 109
770 041 209
770 041 110
770 041 210
770 041 111
770 041 211
770 041 212

30

20

36

23

43

28

51

34

64

45

68

49

81

57

99

72

113

83

141

105

Size

Code

G 1/ 2
G 3/ 4
G1
G 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 2
G2
G 2 1/ 2
G3
G4

770 050 204

770 050 205
770 050 206
770 050 207
770 050 208
770 050 209
770 050 210
770 050 211
770 050 212

30
36
44
52
56
66
80
92
114

24
30
36
44
46
54
66
77
100

17
21
27
33
37
42
53
62
78

GEORGEFISCHER

51
30 bend

Size
G 1/ 2
G 3/ 4
G1
G 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 2
G2

Code

770 051 204

770 051 205
770 051 206
770 051 207
770 051 208
770 051 209

30
36
44
52
56
66

17
21
27
33
37
42

53

Size

Code

770 053 204

770 053 205
770 053 206
770 053 207
770 053 208
770 053 209
770 053 210

28
33
37
43
45
51
62

21
25
29
34
35
41
52

15
18
20
24
26
27
35

15 bend
G 1/ 2
G 3/ 4
G1
G 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 2
G2
G 2 1/ 2

54
15 bend

Size
G 1/ 2
G 3/ 4
G1
G 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 2
G2

Code
770 054 204
770 054 205
770 054 206
770 054 207
770 054 208
770 054 209

28
33
37
45
47
51

15
18
20
26
28
27

GEORGEFISCHER

7.09

60
Return bend

85
Crossover bend

Size

Code

B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2

770 060 104

770 060 204
770 060 105
770 060 205
770 060 106
770 060 206
770 060 107
770 060 207
770 060 108
770 060 208
770 060 109
770 060 209

45

38

32

52

50

37

64

64

47

73

76

54

80

89

61

90

102

66

Size

Code

770 085 103

770 085 203
770 085 104
770 085 204
770 085 115
770 085 215
770 085 105
770 085 205
770 085 106
770 085 206
770 085 107
770 085 207

38

/8

28

47

/2

34

49

/4

36

55

/4

40

70

53

85

1 1/ 4

66

B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 1/ 2 - 3/ 4
G 1/ 2 - 3/ 4
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4

87

Size

Crossover-T

7.10

Code
/2

770 087 204

a1

a2

z1

z2

26

93

13

80

45

/2

GEORGEFISCHER

90

Size
ISO

A1

Code

B 1/ 8
G 1/ 8
1
B
/4
G 1/ 4
3
B
/8
G 3/ 8
1
B
/2
G 1/ 2
3
B
/4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G 1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G 3
B 4
G 4

Elbow

equal

B /4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
1

reducing
2

GEORGEFISCHER

z1

z2

770 090 101

770 090 201
770 090 102
770 090 202
770 090 103
770 090 203
770 090 104
770 090 204
770 090 105
770 090 205
770 090 106
770 090 206
770 090 107
770 090 207
770 090 108
770 090 208
770 090 109
770 090 209
770 090 110
770 090 210
770 090 111
770 090 211
770 090 112
770 090 212

19

12

21

11

25

15

28

15

33

18

38

21

45

26

50

31

58

34

69

42

78

48

96

60

770 090 115

770 090 215
770 090 116
770 090 216
770 090 117
770 090 217
770 090 118
770 090 218
770 090 119
770 090 219
770 090 120
770 090 220
770 090 121
770 090 221
770 090 122
770 090 222
770 090 132
770 090 232
770 090 123
770 090 223
770 090 124
770 090 224
770 090 125
770 090 225
770 090 126
770 090 226
770 090 127
770 090 227
770 090 128
770 090 228

20

20

10

13

23

23

13

13

24

24

11

14

26

26

13

16

28

28

13

18

30

31

15

18

32

34

15

21

35

36

18

21

35

38

16

25

36

41

17

26

40

42

21

25

38

44

19

29

42

46

23

29

46

48

27

29

44

52

20

35

/8
/8
1
/4
1
/4
1
/4
1
/4
3
/8
3
/8
3
/8
3
/8
1
/2
1
/2
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
1

1
1
3
3

/4
/4

1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1
1

7.11

90

Code

z1

z2

770 090 129

770 090 229
770 090 130
770 090 230
770 090 231

48

54

24

35

52

55

28

36

61

66

34

42

Size

Code

B 1/ 8
G 1/ 8
1
B
/4
G 1/ 4
3
B
/8
G 3/ 8
1
B
/2
G 1/ 2
3
B
/4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G 1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G 3
B 4
G 4

770 092 101

770 092 201
770 092 102
770 092 202
770 092 103
770 092 203
770 092 104
770 092 204
770 092 105
770 092 205
770 092 106
770 092 206
770 092 107
770 092 207
770 092 108
770 092 208
770 092 109
770 092 209
770 092 110
770 092 210
770 092 111
770 092 211
770 092 112
770 092 212

19

25

12

21

28

11

25

32

15

28

37

15

33

43

18

38

52

21

45

60

26

50

65

31

58

74

34

69

88

42

78

98

48

96

118

60

770 092 116

770 092 216
770 092 117
770 092 217
770 092 118
770 092 218
770 092 219
770 092 120
770 092 220
770 092 121
770 092 221
770 092 122
770 092 222

26

33

13

30

40

15

35

46

18

36
40

52
56

17
21

47

62

28

52

64

33

Size
ISO

A1

Elbow
reducing

92

ISO

A4

Elbow
equal

1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2

External thread reducing

7.12

B 2
G2
B 2
G2
G 2 1/ 2

B /2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
G 11/4
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/2
G 11/2
B 11/2
G 11/2
1

z1

- /8
- 3/ 8
- 1/ 2
- 1/ 2
- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
-1
-1
-1
-1
- 1 1/ 4
- 1 1/ 4
3

GEORGEFISCHER

92

Size
ISO

A4

Elbow
Internal thread reducing

1
3

B /8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1

Code

z1

770 092 124

770 092 224
770 092 125
770 092 225
770 092 126
770 092 226
770 092 127
770 092 227

28

37

18

34

42

21

39

50

24

44

57

27

2
1

- /2
- 1/ 2
- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
-1
-1
- 1 1/ 4
- 1 1/ 4

94
Elbow

Size

Code

B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2

770 094 103

770 094 203
770 094 104
770 094 204
770 094 105
770 094 205
770 094 106
770 094 206
770 094 107
770 094 207
770 094 108
770 094 208
770 094 109
770 094 209

29

37
40

47
56
59
68

GEORGEFISCHER

7.13

Size

95

ISO

z1

z2

s1

s2

770 095 103

770 095 203
770 095 104
770 095 204
770 095 105
770 095 205
770 095 106
770 095 206
770 095 107
770 095 207
770 095 108
770 095 208
770 095 109
770 095 209

52

25

15

42

22

32

58

28

15

45

26

39

62

33

18

47

31

48

72

38

21

55

38

55

82

45

26

63

48

67

90

50

31

71

54

74

100

58

34

76

67

90

. 374 >G<

UA1

Union elbow
flat seat

Code

B /8
G 3/ 8

B 1/ 2

G 1/ 2

B 3/ 4

G 3/ 4

95 ET B 1
G1

B 1 1/ 4

1
374 >G< G 1 1/ 4
B 1 /2

G 1 1/ 2
372

B 2

G2
3

3
3

/4
/4

1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4

supplied without sealing gaskets

a and z 2 include the seal thickness
as per table page 3.16

Size

95 ET

Rp

for union
elbow flat seat

B /8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
3

Rp
G ... B

Code

*
770 695 203
770 695 104
770 695 204
770 695 105
770 695 205
770 695 106
770 695 206
770 695 107
770 695 207
770 695 108
770 695 208
770 695 109
770 695 209

25

15

28

15

33

18

38

21

45

26

50

31

58

34

G
3
3

/4
/4

1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4

* is not usually supplied

as a piece part

7.14

GEORGEFISCHER

Size

96

ISO UA11
Union elbow
with taper seat

/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
4
4
5

Size
Rp

for union elbow

with taper seat

Rp
G ... B

z1

z2

s1

s2

770 096 102

770 096 202
770 096 103
770 096 203
770 096 104
770 096 204
770 096 105
770 096 205
770 096 106
770 096 206
770 096 107
770 096 207
770 096 108
770 096 208
770 096 109
770 096 209
770 096 110
770 096 210
770 096 111
770 096 211

48

21

11

38

20

28

52

25

15

42

22

32

58

28

15

45

25

39

62

33

18

47

32

48

72

38

21

55

38

55

82

45

26

63

48

67

90

50

31

71

54

74

100

58

34

76

66

90

130

72

45

103

85

111

134

78

48

104

96

131

374 >G<

B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
3
B
/8
G 3/ 8
1
B
/2
G 1/ 2
3
B
/4
96 ET G 3/ 4
B 1
G 1
374 >G< B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
381
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3

96 ET

Code

B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3

Code

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

21

11

25

15

28

15

33

18

38

21

45

26

50

31

58

34

72

45

79

49

/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
4
4
5
5

* is not usually supplied as

a piece part

GEORGEFISCHER

7.15

Size

97

ISO

UA2

z1

s1

s2

65

25

15

20

32

76

28

15

25

39

82

33

18

32

48

93

38

21

39

55

107

45

26

48

67

115

50

31

54

74

128

58

34

66

90

z1

s1

s2

374 >G<

Union elbow
flat seat

95 ET

374 >G<

371

Code

B /8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2

/4
/4

1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4

770 097 103

770 097 203
770 097 104
770 097 204
770 097 105
770 097 205
770 097 106
770 097 206
770 097 107
770 097 207
770 097 108
770 097 208
770 097 109
770 097 209

supplied without sealing gaskets

b includes the seal thickness as
per table page 3.1 6

Size

98

ISO UA12
Union elbow
with taper seat

770 098 102

770 098 202
770 098 103
770 098 203
770 098 104
770 098 204
770 098 105
770 098 205
770 098 106
770 098 206
770 098 107
770 098 207
770 098 108
770 098 208
770 098 109
770 098 209
770 098 110
770 098 210
770 098 111
770 098 211

61

21

11

15

28

65

25

15

20

32

76

28

15

25

39

82

33

18

32

48

94

38

21

38

55

107

45

26

48

67

115

50

31

54

74

128

58

34

67

90

164

72

45

85

111

167

78

48

95

131

374 >G<

B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
3
B
/8
G 3/ 8
1
B
/2
96 ET G 1/ 2
3
B
/4
G 3/ 4
374 >G< B 1
G 1
382
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3

7.16

Code

/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
4
4
5
5

GEORGEFISCHER

Size

100

Code

s1

s2

770 100 104

770 100 204
770 100 105
770 100 205
770 100 106
770 100 206

58

39

45

26

39

61

43

46

31

48

71

52

55

38

55

374 >G<
1

B /2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1

Union elbow
flat seat

1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2

100 ET
374 >G<
372

4
supplied without sealing gaskets
a and z include seal thickness
as per table page 3.16

Size

100 ET

B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1

for union elbow

flat seat

Code

770 600 104

770 600 204
770 600 105
770 600 205
770 600 106
770 600 206

39

1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2

43

52

G ... B

GEORGEFISCHER

7.17

@0@

s1

s2

77

39

40

25

39

81

43

42

32

48

93

52

47

39

55

Code

s1

s2

770 102 104

770 102 204
770 102 105
770 102 205
770 102 106
770 102 206

59

39

46

25

39

61

43

46

32

48

71

52

54

38

55

Code

Size
374 >G<

B /2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
1

Union elbow
flat seat

100 ET

1
1
11/4
11/4
11/2
11/2

770 101 104

770 101 204
770 101 105
770 101 205
770 101 106
770 101 206

374 >G<
371

supplied without sealing gaskets

b includes the seal thickness
as per table page 3.16

Size

@02

374 >G<

Union elbow
with taper seat

B /2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
1

1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2

102 ET
374 >G<
381

7.18

GEORGEFISCHER

Size

102 ET
for union
elbow taper seat

B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1

1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2

Code

*
*
*
*
*
*

39

43
52

Code

Size

@03

s1

s2

374 >G<

Union elbow
taper seat

B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1

1
1
11/4
11/4
11/2
11/2

770 103 104

770 103 204
770 103 105
770 103 205
770 103 106
770 103 206

76

39

40,5

25

39

81

43

42,5

32

48

93

52

47,5

38

55

102 ET
374

382

GEORGEFISCHER

7.19

Size

131

ISO

Code

z1

z2

z3

E1

PitcherTee

equal

B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4

770 131 104

770 131 204
770 131 105
770 131 205
770 131 106
770 131 206
770 131 107
770 131 207
770 131 108
770 131 208
770 131 109
770 131 209
770 131 110
770 131 210
770 131 111
770 131 211
770 131 112
770 131 212

1=3

Branch reducing

B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1
G1
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/2
G 11/2
B 11/2
G 11/2
B 11/2
G 11/2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
G 21/2
B 3
G3

Branch and run

equal and reducing
*Note: Sizes are specified
using method a as
defined in ISO and BS EN
standards.

B
G
B
G
G
B
G

/4
3
/4
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1

45

24

32

11

50

28

35

13

63

33

46

16

76

40

57

21

85

43

66

24

102

53

78

29

115

62

88

35

127

70

97

40

165

87 129

51

/2
1
/2
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1

770 131 116

770 131 216
770 131 119
770 131 219
770 131 121
770 131 221
770 131 122
770 131 222
770 131 123
770 131 223
770 131 125
770 131 225
770 131 126
770 131 226
770 131 127
770 131 227
770 131 128
770 131 228
770 131 129
770 131 229
770 131 130
770 131 230
770 131 131
770 131 231
770 131 132
770 131 232
770 131 233
770 131 135
770 131 235

1
1
3
3

/4
/4

1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 4
2
2

GEORGEFISCHER

/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4

47

48

25

32

35

10

49

51

28

32

38

11

53

54

30

36

39

13

51

56

30

32

43

11

55

58

33

36

43

14

66

68

36

47

51

17

55

61

33

36

46

14

66

71

36

47

54

17

77

79

41

58

60

22

69

75

39

45

60

15

70

77

40

46

60

16

80

85

45

56

66

21

91

94

48

67

75

24

103 108
138 143

58
69

76 89
108 119

31
39

46

47

24

31

34

11

49

49

27

34

34

14

49
53

51
54

25
28

32
36

38
39

10
13

3*

/2
/2
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
3
/4
1

770 131 115

770 131 215
770 131 117
770 131 217
770 131 218
770 131 120
770 131 220

7.25

Size

132
Twin elbow
equal

ISO

E2

133
Tee
equal

134
Tee
equal

7.26

B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2

Size
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1

Size
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2

Code
770 132 104
770 132 204
770 132 105
770 132 205
770 132 106
770 132 206
770 132 107
770 132 207
770 132 108
770 132 208
770 132 109
770 132 209

Code
770 133 103
770 133 203
770 133 104
770 133 204
770 133 105
770 133 205
770 133 106
770 133 206

Code
770 134 102
770 134 202
770 134 103
770 134 203
770 134 104
770 134 204
770 134 105
770 134 205
770 134 106
770 134 206
770 134 107
770 134 207
770 134 108
770 134 208
770 134 109
770 134 209

45

32

50

35

63

46

76

57

85

66

102

78

22

31

12

25

38

12

33

45

18

39

53

22

22

28

12

24

32

14

27

37

14

32

43

17

37

50

20

45

58

26

50

65

31

59

69

35

GEORGEFISCHER

Size

134

Code
1=3

Tee

B /2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
1

Branch reducing
3

z1

z3

24

34

24

11

14

30

40

30

15

17

32

44

35

15

22

/4
1
/4
1
/2
1
/2
1
/2
1
/2
1

770 134 116

770 134 216
770 134 118
770 134 218
770 134 119
770 134 219

135
Tee
equal

Size
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1

Code
770 135 104
770 135 204
770 135 105
770 135 205
770 135 106
770 135 206

b
37
43
48

GEORGEFISCHER

7.27

Size

137

1=3

Distribution tee

G1
G 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 2

Branch reducing

Code

30
35
35
40

73
85
75
86

13
16
16
21

z1

z2

z3

16
23

46
54

46
54

6
10

36
41

36
41

24

64

64

49

49

28

77

77

11

60

60

34

75

75

15

56

56

37

82

82

18

63

63

40

106

106

16

82

82

- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
- 1
- 1

770 137 215

770 137 216
770 137 217
770 137 219

(3)
1

Size

165
45 Tee
equal

7.28

B 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2

Code
770 165 103
770 165 104
770 165 204
770 165 105
770 165 205
770 165 106
770 165 206
770 165 107
770 165 207
770 165 108
770 165 208
770 165 109
770 165 209

GEORGEFISCHER

Size

180

ISO

C1

Cross

equal

Code

B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4

z1

z2

770 180 102

770 180 202
770 180 103
770 180 203
770 180 104
770 180 204
770 180 105
770 180 205
770 180 106
770 180 206
770 180 107
770 180 207
770 180 108
770 180 208
770 180 109
770 180 209
770 180 110
770 180 210
770 180 111
770 180 211
770 180 112
770 180 212

21

11

25

15

28

15

33

18

38

21

45

26

50

31

58

34

69

42

78

48

96

60

770 180 115

770 180 215
770 180 116
770 180 216
770 180 117
770 180 217
770 180 118
770 180 218
770 180 119
770 180 120
770 180 220
770 180 121
770 180 221

30

31

15

18

32

34

15

21

35

36

18

21

40

42

21

25

38
42

44
46

19
23

29
29

44

52

20

35

reducing
1=3

2=4

B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G 1
B 1
G 1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2

- 1/ 2
- 1/ 2
- 1/ 2
- 1/ 2
- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
- 1
- 1
- 3/ 4
- 1
- 1
- 1
- 1

Size

202

Code

7
1

Spare Gasket
(Compressed Non-asbestos Fibre)

t
d
D

GEORGEFISCHER

/2
3
/4
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
2

770 971 251

770 971 258
770 971 270
770 971 282
770 971 294
770 971 402

30
38
44
55
62
78

21
27
32
42
46
60

2
2
2
2
2
3

For general purpose application up to 230C,

including air, steam, oils, fuels and gases.
For specialist applications please consult
suppliers of gasket materials.

7.29

Size

220

B 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1

Y piece

221

ISO

Za1

Side outlet elbow

Size
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2

223
Side outlet tee

Size
ISO

770 220 102

770 220 103
770 220 203
770 220 104
770 220 204
770 220 105
770 220 205
770 220 106
770 220 206

23
24

13
14

27

14

33

18

40

23

770 221 103

770 221 203
770 221 104
770 221 204
770 221 105
770 221 205
770 221 106
770 221 206
770 221 107
770 221 207
770 221 108
770 221 208
770 221 109
770 221 209

25

15

28

15

33

18

38

21

45

26

50

31

58

34

Code

28

15

33

18

38

21

Code

Za2

7.30

Code

B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1

770 223 104

770 223 204
770 223 105
770 223 205
770 223 106
770 223 206

GEORGEFISCHER

Size

224
Side outlet cross

Code
1

/2

770 224 104

27

14

Size

240

ISO

M2

Socket

reducing

*steel parts are

hexagonal instead
of beaded

GEORGEFISCHER

Code

B /4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1
G1
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2

s*

z2

/8
/8
1
/8
1
/8
1
/4
1
/4
1
/4
1
/4
3
/8
3
/8
1
/4
1
/4
3
/8
3
/8
1
/2
1
/2
3
/8
3
/8
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
3
/8
3
/8
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1

770 240 115

770 240 215
770 240 116
770 240 216
770 240 117
770 240 217
770 240 118
770 240 218
770 240 119
770 240 219
770 240 120
770 240 220
770 240 121
770 240 221
770 240 122
770 240 222
770 240 123
770 240 223
770 240 124
770 240 224
770 240 125
770 240 225
770 240 126
770 240 226
770 240 127
770 240 227
770 240 128
770 240 228
770 240 129
770 240 229
770 240 130
770 240 230
770 240 131
770 240 231
770 240 132
770 240 232

27

17

10

30

22

13

30

22

10

36

13

36

13

39

14

39

14

39

11

45

18

45

15

45

13

50

21

50

18

50

16

50

14

55

23

55

21

55

19

7.31

240

Size
ISO

M2

Socket
reducing
2

7.32

Code
1

B 1 /2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 3
G3
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
B 4
G4
B 4
G4

z2

55

17

65

28

65

26

65

24

65

22

65

22

74

30

74

28

74

28

74

23

80

31

80

26

80

23

94

34

94

31

94

28

1 /4
1 1/ 4
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 2
2 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 2
2 1/ 2
3
3

770 240 133

770 240 233
770 240 134
770 240 234
770 240 135
770 240 235
770 240 136
770 240 236
770 240 137
770 240 237
770 240 138
770 240 238
770 240 139
770 240 239
770 240 140
770 240 240
770 240 141
770 240 241
770 240 142
770 240 242
770 240 143
770 240 243
770 240 144
770 240 244
770 240 145
770 240 245
770 240 146
770 240 246
770 240 147
770 240 247
770 240 148
770 240 248

GEORGEFISCHER

241

ISO

Size

N4

Reducing bush

Form I

Form II

Form III

Only these forms

I, II, III are available

GEORGEFISCHER

Code

B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1
G1
B 1
G1
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2

1/ 8
1/ 8
1/ 8
1/ 8
1/ 4
1/ 4
1/ 8
1/ 8
1/ 4
1/ 4
3/ 8
3/ 8
1/ 4
1/ 4
3/ 8
3/ 8
1/ 2
1/ 2
1/ 4
1/ 4
3/ 8
3/ 8
1/ 2
1/ 2
3/ 4
3/ 4
3/ 8
3/ 8
1/ 2
1/ 2
3/ 4
3/ 4
1
1
3/ 8
3/ 8
1/ 2
1/ 2
3/ 4
3/ 4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1/ 2
1/ 2
3/ 4
3/ 4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
1
1

Form

I
I
I
I
I
I
II
II
I
I
I
I
II
II
II
II
I
I
II
II
II
II
II
II
I
I
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
I
I
III
III
III
III
II
II
II
II
II
II
III
III

770 241 115

770 241 215
770 241 116
770 241 216
770 241 117
770 241 217
770 241 118
770 241 218
770 241 119
770 241 219
770 241 120
770 241 220
770 241 121
770 241 221
770 241 122
770 241 222
770 241 123
770 241 223
770 241 124
770 241 224
770 241 125
770 241 225
770 241 126
770 241 226
770 241 127
770 241 227
770 241 128
770 241 228
770 241 129
770 241 229
770 241 130
770 241 230
770 241 131
770 241 231
770 241 132
770 241 232
770 241 133
770 241 233
770 241 134
770 241 234
770 241 135
770 241 235
770 241 136
770 241 236
770 241 137
770 241 237
770 241 138
770 241 238
770 241 139
770 241 239
770 241 140
770 241 240
770 241 141
770 241 241
770 241 142
770 241 242

20

13

17

20

13

19

20

10

19

24

17

22

24

14

22

24

14

22

26

16

30

26

16

30

26

13

30

29

19

36

29

19

36

29

16

36

29

14

36

31

21

46

31

18

46

31

16

46

31

14

46

31

21

50

31

18

50

31

16

50

31

14

50

31

12

50

35

48

35

65

35

48

33

65

37

20

65

37

18

65

37

18

65

37

80

40

54

7.33

Size

241

ISO

Reducing bush
2

N4

Form I

Form II

Form III

Code

2
1

B 2 /2
G 21/2
B 21/2
G 21/2
B 21/2
G 21/2
B 3
G3
B 3
G3
B 3
G3
B 3
G3
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
B 4
G4
B 4
G4

40

54

37

80

40

21

80

40

16

80

Form
1

1 /4
11/4
11/2
11/2
2
2
1
1
11/4
11/4
11/2
11/2
2
2
21/2
21/2
2
2
21/2
21/2
3
3

III
III
II
II
II
II
III
III
III
III
III
III
II
II
II
II
III
III
III
III
II
II

770 241 143

770 241 243
770 241 144
770 241 244
770 241 145
770 241 245
770 241 146
770 241 246
770 241 147
770 241 247
770 241 148
770 241 248
770 241 149
770 241 249
770 241 150
770 241 250
770 241 151
770 241 251
770 241 152
770 241 252
770 241 153
770 241 253

44

59

42

95

44

59

40

95

44

59

40

95

44

20

95

44

17

95

51

69

45

120

51

69

42

120

21

120

51

Form 1 can also be

supplied with continuous
internal thread (= 241 D)
on request.

7.34

GEORGEFISCHER

Size

245

ISO

N8

Code
1

Hexagon nipple

reducing
2

B /4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 3
G3
B 4
G4

35

17

34

19

38

19

44

27

44

27

43

30

47

30

47

31

53

36

53

36

57

46

57

46

57

46

59

50

59

50

59

50

68

65

68

65

68

65

75

80

75

80

83

95

83

95

93

120

/8
/8
1
/8
1
/8
1
/4
1
/4
1
/4
1
/4
3
/8
3
/8
1
/4
1
/4
3
/8
3
/8
1
/2
1
/2
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2
2
21/2
21/2
3
3
1

770 245 115

770 245 215
770 245 116
770 245 216
770 245 117
770 245 217
770 245 118
770 245 218
770 245 119
770 245 219
770 245 120
770 245 220
770 245 121
770 245 221
770 245 122
770 245 222
770 245 123
770 245 223
770 245 124
770 245 224
770 245 125
770 245 225
770 245 126
770 245 226
770 245 127
770 245 227
770 245 128
770 245 228
770 245 129
770 245 229
770 245 130
770 245 230
770 245 131
770 245 231
770 245 132
770 245 232
770 245 133
770 245 233
770 245 134
770 245 234
770 245 135
770 245 235
770 245 136
770 245 236
770 245 137
770 245 237
770 245 138
770 245 238

GEORGEFISCHER

7.35

Size

246
Socket
reducing
2

7.36

ISO

M4

Code
1

B /4
G 1/ 4
3
B
/8
G 3/ 8
1
B
/2
G 1/ 2
1
B
/2
G 1/ 2
3
B
/4
G 3/ 4
3
B
/4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G 1
B 1
G 1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2
G 2
B 2
G 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 3
G3
1

32

17

22

35

22

25

- /8
- 1/ 8
- 1/ 4
- 1/ 4
- 1/ 4
- 1/ 4
- 3/ 8
- 3/ 8
- 3/ 8
- 3/ 8
- 1/ 2
- 1/ 2
- 1/ 2
- 1/ 2
- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
- 1/ 2
- 1/ 2
- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
- 1
-1
- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
- 1
- 1
- 1 1/ 4
- 1 1/ 4
- 1
-1
- 1 1/ 4
- 1 1/ 4
- 1 1/ 2
- 1 1/ 2
- 1 1/ 2
- 1 1/ 2
- 2
- 2
- 2
- 2
- 2 1/ 2
- 2 1/ 2
1

770 246 115

770 246 215
770 246 116
770 246 216
770 246 117
770 246 217
770 246 118
770 246 218
770 246 119
770 246 219
770 246 120
770 246 220
770 246 121
770 246 221
770 246 122
770 246 222
770 246 123
770 246 223
770 246 124
770 246 224
770 246 125
770 246 225
770 246 126
770 246 226
770 246 127
770 246 227
770 246 128
770 246 228
770 246 129
770 246 229
770 246 130
770 246 230
770 246 131
770 246 231
770 246 132
770 246 232
770 246 133
770 246 233
770 246 134
770 246 234
770 246 135
770 246 235

43

30

43

30

48

33

48

33

55

38

55

38

60

41

60

41

60

41

60

41

63

44

63

44

70

46

70

46

70

46

83

56

80

53

87

57

91

61

GEORGEFISCHER

Size

260

Code

B /4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
3

Socket, eccentric
reducing

Size

270
Socket
equal

ISO

M2

41

13

45

15

45

13

3,5

50

18

11

50

16

50

14

56

20

7,5

56

18

65

28

21

65

24

14

65

22

10

65

22

/2
/2
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1
/2
1
/2
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
1
1

770 260 122

770 260 222
770 260 115
770 260 215
770 260 116
770 260 216
770 260 117
770 260 217
770 260 118
770 260 218
770 260 119
770 260 219
770 260 121
770 260 221
770 260 124
770 260 224
770 260 125
770 260 225
770 260 127
770 260 227
770 260 128
770 260 228
770 260 129
770 260 229
Code

B /8
G 1/ 8

B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
3
B
/8

G 3/ 8

B 1/ 2

G 1/ 2
3
B
/4

G 3/ 4

B 1

G1
B 11/4
G 11/4

B 11/2

G 11/2

B 2
G 2

B 21/2

G 21/2

B 3
G 3
B 4

G4

770 270 101

770 270 201
770 270 102
770 270 202
770 270 103
770 270 203
770 270 104
770 270 204
770 270 105
770 270 205
770 270 106
770 270 206
770 270 107
770 270 207
770 270 108
770 270 208
770 270 109
770 270 209
770 270 110
770 270 210
770 270 111
770 270 211
770 270 112
770 270 212

s*

z1

25

17

11

27

19

30

10

36

10

39

45

11

50

12

55

17

65

17

74

20

80

20

94

22

*steel parts, hexagon

instead of bead

GEORGEFISCHER

7.37

Size

270b

B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/2
G 11/2
B 2
G2

Socket

z1

N
10

Code

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

36

10

39

45

11

50

12

55

17

65

17

z1

27

30

10

36

10

39

45

11

50

12

55

17

65

17

one side with large chamfer,

thread = fastening thread
to ISO 228
* is not usually supplied as
a piece part

Size

271

ISO

M2

R-L
Socket with rightand left-hand thread

Right-hand thread

B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2

Code

770 271 102

770 271 202
770 271 103
770 271 203
770 271 104
770 271 204
770 271 105
770 271 205
770 271 106
770 271 206
770 271 107
770 271 207
770 271 108
770 271 208
770 271 109
770 271 209

Left-hand thread

7.38

GEORGEFISCHER

Size

280

ISO

N8

Hexagon nipple

Code

B 1/ 8
G 1/ 8
1
B
/4
G 1/ 4
3
B
/8
G 3/ 8
1
B
/2
G 1/ 2
3
B
/4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G 1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G 3
B 4
G 4

770 280 101

770 280 201
770 280 102
770 280 202
770 280 103
770 280 203
770 280 104
770 280 204
770 280 105
770 280 205
770 280 106
770 280 206
770 280 107
770 280 207
770 280 108
770 280 208
770 280 109
770 280 209
770 280 110
770 280 210
770 280 111
770 280 211
770 280 112
770 280 212

Size

281

N8

B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
R-L
Hexagon nipple with right- B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
and left-hand thread
3
B
/4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G 1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
ISO

Code

770 281 103

770 281 203
770 281 104
770 281 204
770 281 105
770 281 205
770 281 106
770 281 206
770 281 107
770 281 207
770 281 108
770 281 208
770 281 109
770 281 209

29

17

36

19

38

22

44

28

47

32

53

42

57

50

59

55

68

70

75

85

83

100

95

131

38

22

44

28

47

33

53

42

57

50

59

55

68

70

GEORGEFISCHER

7.39

Size

290

ISO

T9

Plug, beaded
* solid

B 1/ 8
1
G
/8
1
B
/4
1
G
/4
3
B
/8
3
G
/8
1
B
/2
1
G
/2
3
B
/4
3
G
/4
B 1
G 1
1
B 1 /4
1
G 1 /4
1
B 1 /2
1
G 1 /2
B 2
G 2
1
B 2 /2
1
G 2 /2
B 3
G 3
B 4
G 4

Code
*
*
*
*

Size

291
Plug, plain,
hollow
* solid

ISO

T8

7.40

B 1/ 8
G 1/ 8
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4

770 290 101

770 290 201
770 290 102
770 290 202
770 290 103
770 290 203
770 290 104
770 290 204
770 290 105
770 290 205
770 290 106
770 290 206
770 290 107
770 290 207
770 290 108
770 290 208
770 290 109
770 290 209
770 290 110
770 290 210
770 290 111
770 290 211
770 290 112
770 290 212

Code
*
*
*
*
*
*

770 291 101

770 291 201
770 291 102
770 291 202
770 291 103
770 291 203
770 291 104
770 291 204
770 291 105
770 291 205
770 291 106
770 291 206
770 291 107
770 291 207
770 291 108
770 291 208
770 291 109
770 291 209
770 291 110
770 291 210
770 291 111
770 291 211
770 291 112
770 291 212

20

24

28

10

32

11

37

17

41

19

43

22

44

22

53

27

55

32

62

36

73

41

16

18

20

10

24

11

28

17

33

19

36

22

37

22

44

27

52

32

59

36

66

41

GEORGEFISCHER

Size

291a
Plug, plain, solid

Code

B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2

solid

Size

294

Code

B /2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/2
G 11/2
B 2
G2
1

Plug with hole

in the square

Size

300
Cap

ISO

T1

GEORGEFISCHER

770 292 105

770 292 205
770 292 106
770 292 206
770 292 107
770 292 207
770 292 108
770 292 208
770 292 109
770 292 209

B 1/ 8
G 1/ 8
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4

770 294 104

770 294 204
770 294 105
770 294 205
770 294 106
770 294 206
770 294 107
770 294 207
770 294 108
770 294 208
770 294 109
770 294 209

Code
770 300 101
770 300 201
770 300 102
770 300 202
770 300 103
770 300 203
770 300 104
770 300 204
770 300 105
770 300 205
770 300 106
770 300 206
770 300 107
770 300 207
770 300 108
770 300 208
770 300 109
770 300 209
770 300 110
770 300 210
770 300 111
770 300 211
770 300 112
770 300 212

28

17

33

19

36

22

38

23

44

27

32

11

37

17

44

19

43

22

44

22

53

27

5
a

14

14

17

17

18

22

24

26

26

32

29

38

32

47

32

53

37

66

41

83

44

96

52

128

7.41

Size

310

ISO

B /8
G 1/ 8
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3

Size

310a

ISO

P4

Backnut,
faced

7.42

770 310 101

770 310 201
770 310 102
770 310 202
770 310 103
770 310 203
770 310 104
770 310 204
770 310 105
770 310 205
770 310 106
770 310 206
770 310 107
770 310 207
770 310 108
770 310 208
770 310 109
770 310 209
770 310 110
770 310 210
770 310 111
770 310 211

19

7,5

22

27

32

10

36

12

46

13

55

14

60

16

75

19

95

22

105

Code

8,5

32

9,5

36

11,5

46

12,5

55

13,5

60

15,5

75

P4

Backnut
G

Code

B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2

770 309 104

770 309 204
770 309 105
770 309 205
770 309 106
770 309 206
770 309 107
770 309 207
770 309 108
770 309 208
770 309 109
770 309 209

GEORGEFISCHER

Size

310b

Code

9
10
12
13
14
16

32
36
46
55
60
75

Backnut, one side

heavily chamfered
G

G 1/ 2
G 3/ 4
G1
G 11/4
G 11/2
G2

770 308 204

770 308 205
770 308 206
770 308 207
770 308 208
770 308 209

3
Size

312

Code

7,5

22

27

32

10

36

12

46

13

55

14

60

16

75

G
1

Backnut
recessed

B /4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2

770 312 102

770 312 202
770 312 103
770 312 203
770 312 104
770 312 204
770 312 105
770 312 205
770 312 106
770 312 206
770 312 107
770 312 207
770 312 108
770 312 208
770 312 109
770 312 209

GEORGEFISCHER

7.43

Size

321
Screwed flange
undrilled

326

B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/2
G 11/2
B 2
G2

Code
PN 1
PN 1
PN 1
PN 1
PN 1
PN 1
PN 1
PN 1
PN 1
PN 1
PN 1
PN 1

Size

770 320 104

770 320 204
770 320 105
770 320 205
770 320 106
770 320 206
770 320 107
770 320 207
770 320 108
770 320 208
770 320 109
770 320 209

Code

32

55

13

80

38

65

14

90

47

75

17 100

51

10

90

21 120

56

10

100

21 130

73

11

110

22 140

32

11 11,5 55

80

45

17

38

11 11,5 65

90

64

19

46

11 11,5 75

3 100

72

20

56

12 14 90

3 120

85

22

63

13 14 100

4 130

95

23

77

13 14 110

0 140 100

24

Screwed flange
undrilled, 2 hole

B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2

PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10

Size

329
Screwed flange
to DIN 2566
drilled, 4 hole

B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 3 *
G3 *
B 4 *
G4 *

770 326 104

770 326 204
770 326 105
770 326 205
770 326 106
770 326 206
770 326 107
770 326 207
770 326 108
770 326 208
770 326 109
770 326 209
Code

PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 16
PN 16
PN 16
PN 16

770 329 104

770 329 204
770 329 105
770 329 205
770 329 106
770 329 206
770 329 107
770 329 207
770 329 108
770 329 208
770 329 109
770 329 209
770 329 110
770 329 210
770 329 111
770 329 211
770 329 115
770 329 215
770 329 112
770 329 212

35

15 14 65

20

95

45

17 14 75

24

105

52

17 14 85

24

115

60

17 18 100

26

140

72

14 18 110

27

150

87

16 18 125

29

165

100

16 18 145

32

185

115

18 18 160

36

200

115

18 18 160

36

200

140

20 18 180

38

220

* 8 holes
see page 3.16 for gaskets

7.44

GEORGEFISCHER

Size

330

ISO

U1

Union,
Flat Seat

374 >G<

372

supplied with sealing

gaskets, a and z 1 include the
seal thickness as per table
page 3.16

B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4

/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
4
4
5
5
5

Size

331

ISO

U2

Union
Flat seat

374 >G<

371

z1

s1

s2

s3

770 330 102

770 330 202
770 330 103
770 330 203
770 330 104
770 330 204
770 330 105
770 330 205
770 330 106
770 330 206
770 330 107
770 330 207
770 330 108
770 330 208
770 330 109
770 330 209
770 330 110
770 330 210
770 330 111
770 330 211
770 330 112
770 330 212

42

22

19

28

10

47

27

22

32

12

48

22

26

39

26

52

22

31

48

31

59

25

38

55

38

65

27

48

67

48

70

32

54

74

54

80

32

66

90

67

85

31

85

111

85

96

36

96

131

96

111

39

120

151

122

Code

z2

s1

s2

s3

45

19

28

15

48

22

32

19

53

26

39

25

57

31

48

32

63

38

55

39

71

48

67

48

76

54

74

54

83

66

90

66

91

85

111

85

101

96

131

95

374 >G<

370

374 >G<

370

Code

B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B3
G

/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
4
4
5
5

770 331 102 55

770 331 202
770 331 103 58
770 331 203
770 331 104 66
770 331 204
770 331 105 72
770 331 205
770 331 106 80
770 331 206
770 331 107 90
770 331 207
770 331 108 95
770 331 208
770 331 109 107
770 331 209
770 331 110 118
770 331 210
770 331 111 131
770 331 211

supplied without sealing gaskets

b and z 2 include the seal thickness
as per table page 3.1 6

GEORGEFISCHER

7.45

Size

332

Rp/G

Union
Flat seat
373 >G<
374 >G<
372

B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/2
G 11/2
B 2

Code

s1

s2

11

35

22

26

39

30

12

39

24

31

48

36

14

42

25

38

55

43

16

50

31

48

67

53

17

52

33

54

74

60

19

57

33

67

90

73

s1

s2

s3

374 >G<

1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4

770 332 104

770 332 204
770 332 105
770 332 205
770 332 106
770 332 206
770 332 107
770 332 207
770 332 108
770 332 208
770 332 109

supplied without sealing

gaskets, a and z include the
seal thickness as per table
page 3.16

Size

335
Union
Flat seat

Code
374 >G<

376
374 >G<
372

B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/2
G 11/2

1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4

770 335 205

770 335 106
770 335 206
770 335 107
770 335 207
770 335 108
770 335 208

43

21

66

26

39

26

48

22

72

32

48

31

54

26

82

38

55

38

57

31

90 12

48

67

48

61

32

95 13

54

74

54

supplied without sealing

gaskets, c includes the seal
thickness, as per table page
3.16

7.46

GEORGEFISCHER

Size

336

Code

43

40

48

s1

s2

s3

85

26

39

25

42

92

32

48

32

54

47

103

38

55

39

57

55

114

48

67

48

61

57

120

54

74

54

374 >G<

Union
Flat seat

376
374 >G<
371

B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/2
G 11/2

1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4

770 336 104

770 336 204
770 336 105
770 336 205
770 336 106
770 336 206
770 336 107
770 336 207
770 336 108
770 336 208

supplied without sealing gaskets

c includes the seal thickness
as per table page 3.16

4
Size

338

Code

b1

b2

s1

s2

153
146
141

74
67
59

7
9
12

31
38
48

48
55
67

374 >G<

Distribution union
Flat seat

G 3/ 4
G1
G 1 1/ 4

1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
2

770 338 220

770 338 221
770 338 222

22 177
26 174
31 174

372

374 >G<
378
Rp 1/ 2

supplied without sealing gaskets

b includes the seal thickness
as per table page 3.1 6

GEORGEFISCHER

7.47

Size

340

ISO

U11

Union
taper seat

374 >G<

381

B /8
G 1/ 8
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
1

/2
/2
5
/8
5
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
4
4
5
5
1
1

Size

341

ISO

U12

Union
taper seat

374 >G<
382

7.48

z1

s1

s2

s3

770 340 101

770 340 201
770 340 102
770 340 202
770 340 103
770 340 203
770 340 104
770 340 204
770 340 105
770 340 205
770 340 106
770 340 206
770 340 107
770 340 207
770 340 108
770 340 208
770 340 109
770 340 209
770 340 110
770 340 210
770 340 111
770 340 211
770 340 112
770 340 212

38

24

15

26

15

42

22

19

28

10

48

28

22

32

12

48

22

26

39

25

52

22

31

48

32

58

24

38

55

38

65

27

48

67

48

70

32

53

74

54

78

30

65

90

66

90

36

85 111

85

101

41

96 131

96

114

42 120 151

120

z2

s1

s2

s3

55

45

19

28

15

59

49

22

32

20

66

53

26

39

25

72

57

31

48

32

80

63

38

55

38

90

71

48

67

48

96

77

53

74

54

106

82

65

90

67

122

95

85 111

85

134

104

96 131

95

153

117 120 151 120

Code
374 >G<

380

374 >G<

380

Code

B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4

/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
4
4
5
5
5
5

770 341 102

770 341 202
770 341 103
770 341 203
770 341 104
770 341 204
770 341 105
770 341 205
770 341 106
770 341 206
770 341 107
770 341 207
770 341 108
770 341 208
770 341 109
770 341 209
770 341 110
770 341 210
770 341 111
770 341 211
770 341 112
770 341 212

GEORGEFISCHER

342

Size

U11
Union Bronze to Iron
Spherical Seat
(Railroad pattern)

Code

z1

s1

s2

s3

770 342 104

770 342 204
770 342 105
770 342 205
770 342 106
770 342 206
770 342 107
770 342 207
770 342 108
770 342 208
770 342 109
770 342 209

48

22

26

44

26

52

23

31

48

31

58

24

38

55

38

65

27

48

67

48

70

32

54

73

54

78

32

66

90

66

ISO

374 >G<

B
G
B
G
B
G
B
G
B
G
B
G

370/42
374 >G<
372/42

/2
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
1

1 1/ 8
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4

3
3

342a

Size

U11
Union Double Bronze
Seat - Spherical
(Navy Pattern)
ISO

370/42a
374 >G<
372/42a

Code

z1

s1

s2

s3

48

22

26

44

26

52

23

31

48

31

58

24

38

55

38

65

27

48

67

48

75

32

54

73

54

85

32

66

90

66

374 >G<

B
G
B
G
B
G
B
G
B
G
B
G

/2
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
1

1 1/ 8
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4

770 345 104

770 345 204
770 345 105
770 345 205
770 345 106
770 345 206
770 345 107
770 345 207
770 345 108
770 345 208
770 345 109
770 345 209

GEORGEFISCHER

7.49

Size

344
Union
taper seat

Code

374 >G<
382

/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
5

Size
ISO

770 344 102

770 344 202
770 344 103
770 344 203
770 344 104
770 344 204
770 344 105
770 344 205
770 344 106
770 344 206
770 344 107
770 344 207
770 344 108
770 344 208
770 344 109
770 344 209

Code

s3

69

18

28

15

75

22

32

20

85

26

39

25

93

32

48

32

103

38

55

38

114

48

67

48

123

54

74

54

136

66

90

67

s1

s2

s3

48

22

26

44

26

52

23

31

48

31

58

24

38

55

38

65

27

48

67

48

75

32

54

73

54

85

32

66

90

66

374 >G<

U11
B
G
B
G
B
G
B
G
B
G
B
G

MAC Union
Spherical Iron Seat

370/46
374
372/46

s2

374 >G<

B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2

383

346

s1

/2
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
1

1 1/ 8
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4

770 346 104

770 346 204
770 346 105
770 346 205
770 346 106
770 346 206
770 346 107
770 346 207
770 346 108
770 346 208
770 346 109
770 346 209

Accommodates up to 6 mis-alignment
of connecting pipes

7.50

GEORGEFISCHER

Size

Code

370

Rp

Union bush

/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
4
4
5
5

Rp
G ... B

* is not usually supplied

as a seperate piece

B /4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 1/ 2 s
G 1/ 2 s
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4

Size

371
Union end

Code

21

11

19

23

13

22

25

12

26

25

12

26

28

13

32

31

14

38

33

14

48

36

17

54

42

18

66

41

14

85

48

18

96

62

26

122

32

18,1

15

34

21,6

19

40

27,1

25

42

35,5

32

47

41

39

55

52,5

48

57

58,5

54

62

73,5

66

75

91,9

85

80

104,4

95

47

41

39

hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon

D to G
of 374

*
*
*
*
770 370 119
770 370 219
770 370 120
770 370 220
770 370 105
770 370 205
770 370 106
770 370 206
770 370 107
770 370 207
770 370 108
770 370 208
770 370 109
770 370 209
770 370 110
770 370 210
770 370 111
770 370 211
*
*

/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
11/4
11/4
11/2
11/2
2
2
21/4
21/4
23/4
23/4
31/2
31/2
4
4
5

B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3

*
*
*
*
770 371 104
770 371 204
770 371 105
770 371 205
770 371 106
770 371 206
770 371 107
770 371 207
770 371 108
770 371 208
770 371 109
770 371 209
770 371 110
770 371 210
770 371 111
770 371 211

hexagon
hexagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon

B 1 - 1 / 4**
1

1 1/ 2

770 371 115

round

* is not usually supplied

as a separate piece
** Union end for
374 1" d = 42.5

GEORGEFISCHER

7.51

Size

372
Union end

Code

Rp

I hex. = Internal hexagon

* is not usually supplied as

a separate piece

19

18,1

10

22

21,6

12

12

22

27,1

26

22

31,5

26

22

35,5

31

26

41

38

31

52,5

12

48

32,5

58,5

13,5

54

35

73,5

11

67

39

91,9

12

85

45

104,4

15

96

46

128,7

10

122

25

41

10

31

30

52,5

15

32

30,5

52,5

13

38

31

58,5

12

48

23
27

10
12

29

14

33

16

D to G
of 374

Rp

equal
D

B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 1/ 2 s
G 1/ 2 s
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4

/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
4
4
5
5
5
5

*
*
*
*
770 372 119
770 372 219
770 372 104
770 372 204
770 372 105
770 372 205
770 372 106
770 372 206
770 372 107
770 372 207
770 372 108
770 372 208
770 372 109
770 372 209
770 372 110
770 372 210
770 372 111
770 372 211
*
*

I
I
I
I

hex
hex
hex
hex

octagon
octagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon

Rp D to G
of 374

B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2

reducing

1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4

Size

373

G /2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
1

G 1 ... B
G 2 ... B

770 372 115

770 372 215
770 372 133
770 372 233
770 372 116
770 372 216
770 372 134
770 372 234
Code

G1

Union bush

7.52

- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
-1
-1
- 1 1/ 4
- 1 1/ 4

hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon

G2

1 770 373 204

11/4
770 373 105
11/4
770 373 205
11/2
770 373 106
11/2
770 373 206
2
770 373 107
2
770 373 207

*sealing gaskets for this sealing

surface as per table page 3.16
(catalogue no. 332, symbol )

GEORGEFISCHER

Size

374

ISO

Union nut

G
d

* is not usually supplied as

a piece part
** union nut
for 371 1-1 1 / 4 "

376
Union bush

G ... B

Code

P1

15

16,1

26

16

18,5

28

15,5

22

32

16

22

32

17

25

36

18

27,5

39

19

32

44

20

36

48

20
22

34,4
41,5

48
55

22
22
24

41,5
42,5
53

55
55
67

25

59

74

27

74

90

30

92,5

111

31

105

131

34

129,5

151

B 1/ 8
G 1/ 8
s
B 1/ 4
s
G 1/ 4
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
s
B 3/ 8
s
G 3/ 8
1
B /2
G 1/ 2
s
B 1/ 2
1
s
G /2
3
B /4
G 3/ 4
B 3/ 4 d=34,4
s
B 1
s
G1
B 1
B 1 d=42,5 **
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
Size

/2
/2
5
/8
5
/8
3
/4
3
/4
3
/4
3
/4
7
/8
7
/8
1
1
11/8
11/8
11/4
11/4
11/4
11/2
11/2
11/2
11/2
2
2
21/4
21/4
23/4
23/4
31/2
31/2
4
4
5
5
1

Code

1
1
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4

B /2
G 1/ 2
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2

s
s

*
*
*
*
770 374 116
770 374 216
770 374 116
770 374 216
770 374 118
770 374 218
770 374 119
770 374 219
770 374 120
770 374 220
770 374 105
770 374 205
770 374 135
770 374 106
770 374 206
770 960 180
770 374 121
770 374 107
770 374 207
770 374 108
770 374 208
770 374 109
770 374 209
770 374 110
770 374 210
770 374 111
770 374 211
*
*

770 376 105

770 376 205
770 376 125
770 376 225
770 376 106
770 376 206
770 376 107
770 376 207
770 376 108
770 376 208
770 376 109
770 376 209

43

26

41

26

48

32

53

38

56

48

61

54

hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
octagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon

hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon

GEORGEFISCHER

7.53

Size

378

Code
R

Distribution union
bush

153
146
141

74
67
59

G /4
G1
G 1 1/ 4
3

1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
2

770 378 220

770 378 221
770 378 222

G ... B

Rp 1/ 2
R

Size

380
Union bush
taper seat

Code

Rp

B /8
G 1/ 8
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
1

Rp
G ... B

19

12

15

21

11

19

23

13

22

24

11

26

28

13

32

31

14

38

33

14

48

36

17

53

42

18

65

41

14

85

48

18

96

62

26

120

/2
/2
5
/8
5
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
4
4
5
5
1
1

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon

* is not usually supplied as

a separate piece

7.54

GEORGEFISCHER

Size

381

Code

Union end
taper seat

Rp

B /8
G 1/ 8
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
1

Rp

* is not usually supplied as

a separate piece

/2
/2
5
/8
5
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
11/4
11/4
11/2
11/2
2
2
21/4
21/4
23/4
23/4
31/2
31/2
4
4
5
5
1

B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4

1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Code

Union end
Taper seat

D to G
of 374

Size

382

17,5

6,5

15,8 10,5

15

20,5

18,1 10,5

10

22

6,5

21,6

12

12

22,5

7,5

27,1 9,5

25

22,5

35,5 6,5

32

25,5

8,5

41 8,5

38

31

52,5

12

48

33

9,5

58,5

14

54

34,5 11,5

73,5 10,5

66

42,5 13,5

91,9 15,5

85

45,5 14,5 104,4 15,5

96

46,5 15,5 128,7 10,5 120

hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
octagon
octagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon

D to G
of 374

/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
11/4
11/4
11/2
11/2
2
2
21/4
21/4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
31/2
31/2
4
4
5
5
5
5

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

32

18,1

15

34

6,5

21,6

19

40

7,5

27,1

25

42

35,5

32

47

8,5

41

38

56

52,5

48

58

9,5

58,5

54

62

11,5

73,5

67

75

13,5

91,9

85

80

14,5 104,4

95

87

15,5 128,7

120

hexagon
hexagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
hexagon
hexagon

* is not usually supplied as

a separate piece

GEORGEFISCHER

7.55

Size

Code

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

467

Size

Code

35

19

39

22

44

26

48

32

54

38

58

48

61

54

71

66

hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon

35

62

6,5

15
15
18

41,5
44,5
53,5

Floor socket
G 3/ 4

471

80

Size

770 467 205

Code

25
28
33

12
13
17

Bracket elbow
G 3/ 8
G 1/ 2
G 3/ 4

60
60
70

770 471 203

770 471 204
770 471 205

4,5
5,5
5,5

Angle between
bore holes 100

7.56

GEORGEFISCHER

Size

Code

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

467

Size

Code

35

19

39

22

44

26

48

32

54

38

58

48

61

54

71

66

hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon

35

62

6,5

15
15
18

41,5
44,5
53,5

Floor socket
G 3/ 4

471

80

Size

770 467 205

Code

25
28
33

12
13
17

Bracket elbow
G 3/ 8
G 1/ 2
G 3/ 4

60
60
70

770 471 203

770 471 204
770 471 205

4,5
5,5
5,5

Angle between
bore holes 100

7.56

GEORGEFISCHER