Course Teacher:
Dr. Muhammad Imran Aslam
BASEBAND
DEMODULATION/DETECTION
Why Demodulate
In baseband signaling the received waveform is
already in the form of pulses then why demodulate?
Because the waveform in not in the original shape
Pulses are smeared into each other i.e. have
intersymbol interference (ISI).
The goal of baseband demodulator (or receiving
filter) is recover the baseband pulse with best
possible signal to noise ratio (SNR).
Equalization may be used to compensate channelinduced interference.
Dr. M. Imran Aslam
Why Demodulate
Signal processing at the receiver is not affected by
the frequency translation
Bandpass signals are first converted to baseband
signals (frequency down conversion) and then
required signal processing is used.
For AWGN channels, the signal impairments only
occur due to thermal noise.
Description of Blocks
Frequency Down-conversion: Used for converting bandpass
signal into baseband signal
Receiving Filter: used to recover baseband pulse with best
possible signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), free from any ISI.
The optimum receiving filter is called matched filter or
correlator
Equalizing Filter: Used to compensate channel distortion
Sampler: At the end of each symbol duration T, the output of
the sampler, the predetection point, yields a sample z(T),
sometimes called test statistic. z(T) has a voltage directly
proportional to the energy the of the received symbol and
inversely proportional to the noise.
Detector: Make the decision (detection) regarding the digital
meaning of the sample. Dr. M. Imran Aslam
6
s1 (t ) 0 t T
si (t ) =
s2 (t ) 0 t T
for a binary 1
for a binary 0
r (t ) = si (t ) * hc (t ) + n(t )
i = 1,2
r (t ) = si (t ) + n(t )
i = 1,2
0t T
H2
Receiver Functionality
The recovery of signal at the receiver consist of two parts:
1. Waveform-to-sample transformation (Blue Block)
Demodulator followed by a sampler
At the end of each symbol duration T, predetection point
yields a sample z(T), called test statistic
z (T ) =
ai (T ) + n0 (T ) i =
1, 2
2.
1
1 n0
p ( n0 ) =
exp
0 2
2 0
Dr. M. Imran Aslam
1
1 z a1
1
1 z a2
p( z | s2 )
p( z | s1 )
exp
exp
=
=
0 2
0 2
2 0
2 0
Where 0 2 is the noise variance
The ratio of instantaneous signal power to average noise power ,
(S/N)T, at a time t=T, out of the sampler is:
Need to achieve maximum (S/N)T
ai2
S
= 2
0
N T
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Detection
Matched filter reduces the received signal to a single variable z(T),
after which the detection of symbol is carried out
Detection is performed by choosing the hypothesis that results
from the threshold measurement
The concept of maximum likelihood detector is based on Statistical
Decision Theory (Bayesian criterion)
It allows us to
formulate the decision rule that operates on the data
optimize the detection criterion
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Detection
The basic binary Detection criterion can be written as
H1
>
<
H2
z(T ) 0
Where, H1 and H2 are the two possible (binary) hypotheses. The
inequality relation ship indicates that hypothesis H1 is chosen if
> 0 , and hypothesis H2 is chosen if < 0 . If
= 0 , the decision can be an arbitrary one. Choosing H1 is
equivalent to deciding that signal s1( t) was sent and hence a
binary 1 is detected . Similarly, choosing H2 is equivalent to
deciding that signal s2(t) was sent, and hence a binary 0 is
detected.
How to choose threshold? minimize probability of error
Dr. M. Imran Aslam
12
Probabilities Review
P[s1], P[s2] a priori probabilities
These probabilities are known before transmission
P[z]
probability of the received sample
p(z|s1), p(z|s2) Likelihood
conditional pdf of received signal z, conditioned on the class si
P[s1|z], P[s2|z] a posteriori probabilities
After examining the sample, we make a refinement of our previous
knowledge
P[s1|s2], P[s2|s1]
Probabilities of wrong decision
P[s1|s1], P[s2|s2]
Probabilities of correct decision
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p(s | z) =
i
p( z)
p( z|s1 )P(s1 )
P( z)
H1
>
<
H2
p( z|s2 )P(s2 )
P( z)
H1
p( z | s1)P(s1)
>
<
H2
p( z | s2 )P(s2 )
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L( z) p( z|s1 )
p( z|s2 )
H1
>
<
H2
P(s2 )
P(s1 )
In this inequality, P(s1) and P(s2 ) are the a priori probabilities that
s1(t) and s2(t), respectively, are transmitted, and H1 and H2 are the
two possible hypotheses.
Dr. M. Imran Aslam
15
When the two signals, s1(t) and s2(t), are equally likely,
i.e., P(s2) = P(s1) = 0.5, then the decision rule becomes
p
(
z
|
s
)
1
L( z) =
p( z|s2 )
H1
>
<
H2
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1
1 z a1
H1 :=
p( z | s1 )
exp
0 2
2 0
2
1
1 z a2
H 2 :=
p ( z | s2 )
exp
0 2
2 0
H1
p ( z | s1 ) >
1
L( z ) =
p ( z | s2 ) <
H2
2
1
1 z a1 H1
exp
0 2
2 0 >
1
2
1 za <
1
2
exp
H
2
0 2
2 0
Dr. M. Imran Aslam
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H1
1 z a 2 1 z a 2 >
1
2
1
exp
+
2 0 <
2 0
H2
H1
1
exp 2
2 0
1
exp 2
2 0
{( z a )
2
( z a1 )
>
1
<
H2
H1
>
2
2
2
2
z 2za2 + a2 z + 2 za1 a1
1
<
H2
H1
1
>
2
2
exp 2 2 z (a1 a2 ) (a1 a2 )
1
2 0
<
H2
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Hence:
H1
z (a1 a2 ) (a12 a22 ) >
exp
1
2
2
2 0
0
<
H2
H1
2
<
2 0
0
H2
H1
z (a1 a2 ) > (a12 a22 ) (a1 + a2 )(a1 a2 )
=
2
2
<
2 0
2 02
0
H2
Dr. M. Imran Aslam
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Hence
H1
> 02 (a1 + a2 )(a1 a2 )
z
<
2 02 (a1 a2 )
H1
> (a1 + a2 )
z
0
<
2
H2
H2
where z is the test statistics and 0 is optimum threshold (based
on minimum error criterion)
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H1
>
z
0
<
H2
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Probability of Error
Error will occur if
s1 is sent s2 is received
P ( H 2 | s1 ) = P (e | s1 )
P (e | s1 )
= p ( z | s1 ) dz
s2 is sent s1 is received
P ( H1 | s2 ) = P (e | s2 )
P (e | s2 )
= p ( z | s2 ) dz
0
Pe
=
P (e, s )
=
i =1
P (e | s1 ) P ( s1 ) + P (e | s2 ) P ( s2 )
P ( H 2 | s1 ) P ( s1 ) + P( H1 | s2 ) P( s2 )
Dr. M. Imran Aslam
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=
Pe P ( H 2 | s1 ) P( s1 ) + P( H1 | s2 ) P( s2 )
1
=
[ P( H 2 | s1 ) + P( H1 | s2 )]
2
Pe
1
=
[ 2 P( H1 | s2 )] [As P( H 2 | s1 ) P( H1 | s2 ) by symmetry]
2
Pe = P( H1 | s2 )
p ( z | s2 ) dz
1
1 z a2
0 2 exp 2 0 dz
0
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1
1 z a2
Pe
0 2 exp 2 0 dz
0
( z a2 )
Substituting u =
( a1 a2 )
2 0
u2
1
exp du
2
2
a1 a2
Pe = Q
x2
1
Q( x)
exp
x 2
2
Dr. M. Imran Aslam
25
Problem
Assume that in a binary digital communication system, the
signal component out of the correlator receiver is ai( T) = +1
or 1 V with equal probability. If the Gaussian noise at the
correlator output has unit variance, find the probability of a
bit error.
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Problem
Bipolar pulse signals, si(t) (i = 1, 2), of amplitude 1 V are
received in the presence of AWGN that has a variance of
0.1 V2.Determine the optimum (minimum probability
of error) detection threshold, 0, for matched filter
detection if the a priori probabilities are:
(a) P(s1) = 0.5;
(b) P(s1) = 0.7;
(c) P(s1) = 0.2;
(d) Explain the effect of the a priori probabilities on the
value of 0
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(b) Using likelihood ratio test (LRT) [See derivation of slides # 10-14]
H1
z (a1 a2 ) (a a ) > P( s2 )
exp
2
2
2
0
0
< P( s1 )
H2
2
1
2
2
Since
a12 = a22
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Problem
A binary communication system transmits signals si(t) (i =
1, 2). The receiver test statistic z(T) = ai+ n0, where the
signal component ai is either a1 = +1 or a2 = 1 and the
noise component n0 is uniformly distributed, yielding the
conditional density functions p(z|si) given by
and
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Solution
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Constellation Diagram
Is a method of representing the symbol states of modulated bandpass
signals in terms of their amplitude and phase
In other words, it is a geometric representation of signals
There are three types of binary signals:
Antipodal
Two signals are said to be antipodal if one signal is the negative
of the other
s1 (t ) = s0 (t )
The signal have equal energy with signal point on the real line
ON-OFF
Are one dimensional signals either ON or OFF with signaling
points falling on the real line
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With OOK (On-Off Keying), there are just 2 symbol states to map onto
the constellation space
a(t) = 0 (no carrier amplitude, giving a point at the origin)
a(t) = A cos wct (giving a point on the positive horizontal axis at a
distance A from the origin)
Orthogonal
Requires a two dimensional geometric representation since there are
two linearly independent functions s1(t) and s0(t)
Typically, the horizontal axis is taken as a
reference for symbols that are Inphase
with the carrier cos wct, and the vertical
axis represents the Quadrature carrier
component, sin wct
Dr. M. Imran Aslam
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a1 a0
Pe = Q
36
Recall
a1 a0
Pe = Q
a1 a0
or
(a1 a0 ) 2
20
Where
We have
(a1 a0 ) 2
=
2
Ed
2 Ed
=
N0 / 2 N0
Therefore,
a1 a0 1 (a1 a0 ) 2 1 2 Ed
=
=
=
2
2 0
2
2 N0
0
Dr. M. Imran Aslam
Ed
2 N0
37
Ed
Pe = Q
2 N0
(3.63)
Ed = [s1 (t ) s0 (t )] dt
2
38
2 Eb
Pe = Q
N0
Eb
Pe = Q
N0
Eb
Pe = Q
2 N0
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40
For Eb / N 0 = 10dB
PB ,orthogonal = 9.2 x10 2
PB ,antipodal = 7.8x10 4
For the same received signal to noise ratio, antipodal provides lower bit
error rate than orthogonal
Dr. M. Imran Aslam
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42
2 Eb
PB = Q
N0
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