WAVE / Gelombang

Process of transferring energy from one location to

another which is produced by an oscillating or vibrating
motion.
Proses pemindahan tenaga dari satu lokasi ke lokasi
yang lain yang dihasilkan oleh gerakan ayunan atau
getaran
When energy is transferred by a wave from a vibrating
source to a distant receiver, there is no transfer of matter
between the two points.
Bila tenaga dipindahkan oleh gelombang dari satu
sumber ke penerima, tiada pemindahan zarah antara
dua tempat tersebut.
Drop a stone in a quite pond. It will produce a wave that
moves out from the centre in expanding circles. It is the
disturbance that moves, not the water. After the
disturbance passes, the water is where it was before the
wave was produced.
Jatuhkan batu ke dalam kolam yang tenang. Ia akan
menghasilkan gelombang yang bergerak keluar dari
pusat dalam bentuk bulatan yang semakin membesar.
Hanya gangguan bergerak dan bukan air. Selepas
gangguan telah bergerak, air akan berada di tempat
yang sama sebelum gelombang dihasilkan.

TYPE OF WAVE / Jenis Gelombang

A transverse wave is a wave in which the vibration of
particles in the medium is perpendicular to the direction
of propagation of the wave. Examples:water waves, light
waves
Gelombang melintang merupakan gelombang dimana
arah gertaran zarah medium berserenjang dengan arah
perambatan gelombang. Contoh:gelombang air.
Gelombang cahaya

A longitudinal wave is a wave which the vibration of

particles in the medium is parallel to the direction of
propagation of the wave. Examples: sounds waves.
Gelombang membujur merupakan gelombnag dimana
arah getaran zarah medium selari dengan arah
perambatan gelombang.Contoh gelombang bunyi.

The slinky spring moves backwards and forwards to produce

a longitidunal wave. The particles of the medium (spring)

move parallel the wave. The wave that travels along the
spring consists of a series of compression and rarefaction.
Spring silinki digerakkan ke belakang dank e depan untuk
menghasilkan gelombang membujur. Zarah-zarah medium
(spring) bergerak selari dengan gelombang.Gelombang
yang merambat sepanjang spring terdiri dari suatu siri
mampatan dan regangan
WAVEFRONT / Muka gelombang
Lines joining all the points of the same phase (same
displacement and same direction of vibration) and same
distance from source. The wavefronts of a transverse
wave and longitudinal wave are perpendicular to the
direction of propagation of the waves.
Garisan yang menyambungkan semua titik pada fasa
yang sama (sama sesaran dan sama arah getaran) dan
sama jarak dari sumber. Muka gelombang bagi
gelombang melintang dan gelombang membujur adalah
berserenjang dengan arah perambatan gelombang.

Amplitude / Amplitud (a)

The maximum displacement from it equilibrium position. SI
unit: meter, m
Sesaran maksimum dari kedudukan keseimbangan. Unit
asas adalah meter.
Period / Tempoh (T)
The time taken to complete one oscillation. SI unit is second
(s).
Masa untuk membuat satu ayunan lengkap. Unit asas
adalah saat.
Frequency / Frekunsi (f)
The number of oscillations produced in one second. SI unit is
Hertz (Hz). Relation between frequency and period: f = 1
T
Bilangan ayunan yang dibuat dalam masa satu saat. Unit
asas adalah Hertz (Hz). Hubungan antara frekuensi dan
tempoh adalah f = 1
T

Speed of wave = wavelength x frequency

Laju gelombang = jarak gelombang x frekuensi
v = f
Example 2 / Contoh 2

Displacement against time graph for oscillations / Graf

sesaran lawan masa bagi ayunan
Based on the graph above, calculate:
Berdasarkan graf diatas hitung
(i) the amplitude / amplitud
(ii)the wavelength / jarak gelombang

(iii)the speed of wave if the frequency is 5Hz / laju

gelombang jika frekuensiya adalah 5Hz
QUESTION
1. Diagram below shows two waves.

Example 1 / Contoh 1
(a)(i)Name one wave quantity that is the same for the two
waves.
.........................................................................[1 mark]
(ii)Name one wave quantity that is different for the two
waves.

Based on the graph above, calculate:

Berdasarkan graf diatas hitung
(i) the amplitude / amplitud

.........................................................................[1 mark]
(iii)The waves in Diagram 1 are transverse. Which one of
the following types of wave is not a transverse wave?
Tick the correct answer.

(ii)the period / tempoh

(iii) the frequency / frekuensi
Displacement against distance graph / Graf sesaran
lawan jarak
Displacement/m

gamma ray

sound

visible light

[1 mark]

(b) Diagram below shows a wave travelling, in the direction

of the arrow, along a rope.

Distance/m

Wavelength / Jarak gelombang ()

The distance between two adjacent points of the same
phase (same displacement and same direction of vibrations).
Jarak antara dua titik berturutan yang bergetar pada fasa
yang sama (sama sesaran dan sama arah getaran)

Fig. 7.2
The speed of the wave along the rope is 3.2 m / s.
Calculate the frequency of the wave.

[2]
Damping is the decrease in the amplitude of an
oscillating system when its energy is drained out as heat
energy.
The amplitude of an oscillating system will gradually
decrease and become zero when the oscillation stops.
Pelembapan adalah pengurangan dalam amplitud
ayunan sesuatu sistem bila tenaga hilang sebagai
tenaga haba.
Amplitud ayuanan akan berkurangan dan menjadi sifar
bila ayuanan berhenti.

Two types of damping:

Dua jenis pelembapan:
1. External damping of the system is the loss of energy to
overcome frictional forces such as air resistance.
Pelembapan luar sesuatu sistem adalah kehilangan
tenaga untuk mengatasi daya geseran seperti rintangan
udara.
2. Internal damping is the loss of energy due to the extension
and compression of the molecules in the system.
Pelembapan dalam adalah kehilangan tenaga disebabkan
regangan dan mampatan molekul dalam sistem.

In Bartons pendulum experiment, there are many

pendulums tied to the rope. Two of the pendulums are of
the same length. The frequency of a simple pendulum
depends on the length of the pendulum.
Dalam eksprimen ladung Barton, terdapat banyak
ladung diikat pada tali. Dua ladung mempunyai panjang
yang sama. Frekuensi ladung bergantung kepada
panjang ladung.
When pendulum B oscillates, all the other pendulums are
forced to oscillate. But pendulum D oscillates with the
largest amplitude, ie, pendulum D resonates. Pendulum
B and pendulum D are of the same length. Frequency B
= Frequency D. Therefore, pendulum B causes pendulum
D is forced to oscillate at its natural frequency.
Bila ladung B berayun, ladung lain dipaksa berayun.
Ladung D berayun dengan amplitud yang paling besar,
iaitu D mengalami resonans. Ladung B dan D
mempunyai panjang yang sama, maka frekuensi mereka
pun sama. Ladung B memaksa D berayun pada
frekuensi aslinya.
QUESTION
1. Diagram A shows a loaded spring oscillating vertically in
water. The oscillating system experiences damping.
Diagram B shows the displacement-time graph for the
oscillating system.

To enable an oscillating system to go on continuously, an

external force must be applied to the system. Such a
motion is called a forced oscillation.
Untuk membolehkan system ayunan terus berayun, satu
daya luar perlu dikenakan pada sistem. Ayunan seperti
ini dinamakan sebagai ayunan paksa.
The frequency of a system which oscillates freely without
the action of an external force is called the natural
frequency.
Frekuensi sesuatu sistem berayun secara bebas tanpa
bantuan daya luar dinamakan sebagai frekuensi asli.
Resonance occurs when a system is made to oscillate at
a frequency equivalent to its natural frequency by an
external force. The resonating system oscillates at its
maximum amplitude.
Resonans berlaku bila sesuatu system dipaksa berayun
pada frekuensi sama seperti ferkuensi aslinya oleh daya
luar. Sistem yang mengalami resonans akan berayun
dengan amplitud maksimum.

(a) Underline the correct answer in the bracket to complete

the sentence below. Damping is a situation when the
(amplitude, wavelength) of the oscillation decreases.
[1 mark]
(b) State one reason why damping occurs in the oscillating
system.
[1 mark]
(c) Based on Diagram B,
(i) state the period of the oscillating system.
...[1 mark]
(ii) what is the frequency of the oscillating system?
[1 mark]
(d) What will happen to the period of the oscillating system
when a heavier load is used?

....[1 mark]
2. Diagram shows six pendulums with different lengths being
tied to a thread. Pendulum X is oscillated at a frequency
of 2 Hz. The other pendulums start to oscillate due to the
oscillation of pendulum X.

(a) (i) Which pendulum will oscillate with the maximum

amplitude?
[1 mark]
(ii) Give one reason for the answer in (a)(i).
..[1 mark]
(iii) Name the phenomenon based on the answer in (a)(i).
[1 mark]
(b) Calculate the period of oscillation of pendulum X.

[2 marks]
(c) Pendulum X will stop oscillating after a few minutes. On
Diagram, sketch the displacement-time graph to show
the damping process.

When light pass through the crest the light is converge /

focus and this produce bright bands/line
Bila cahaya melalui puncak gelombang cahaya akan
ditumpukan dan ini akan menghasilkan jalur cerah
When light pass through the trough the light is diverge and
this produce dark bands/line
Bila cahaya melalui lembangan gelombang cahaya akan
dicapahkan dan ini akan menghasilkan jalur gelap
REFLECTION OF WAVE / Pantulan gelombang
Occurs when a wave strikes an obstacle.
Berlaku bila gelombang menghentam penghalang.
Direction of wave changes and amplitude of wave
decreases after reflection.
Arah perambatan gelombang berubah dan amplitud
gelombang berkurang selepas pantulan.
The value of frequency (f), wavelength () and speed (v)
remain the same after reflection.
Nilai frekuensi, jarak gelombang dan laju gelombang
kekal sama selepas pantulan.
Law of Reflection: The angle of incidence, i is equal to
the angle of reflection, r.
Hukum pantulan: Sudut tuju sama dengan sudut
pantulan.

RIPPLE TANK / Tangki Riak

Draw the reflected wave for each of the following diagram

Lukis gelombang pantulan bagi setiap rajah dibawah.

(a)(i) At which position, P, Q or R, did he hear the loudest

sound?
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain your answer to part a(i).
.
.[2 marks]
(b)Suggest why smooth surface GH in Figure 3 was needed.
........................................................................................
[1 mark]
(c)The frequency of a sound wave is 15 Hz. The speed of
sound is 330 m/s. Calculate the wavelength of the sound
wave.
[2 marks]
(d) Give a reason why it would not be possible to do the
demonstration in Figure 3 using sound waves with a
frequency of 15 Hz.
Procedure
Place a source of sound (stop watch) at the end of a
cardboard tube.
Letakkan sumber bunyi (jam randik) pada hujung tiub
kadbod.
The tube is place at an angle to a reflecting surface.
Tuib diletakkan pada sudut tertentu berbanding
permukaan pemantul
Place another cardboard tube on the other side of the
soft board and hold it close to your ear.
Letakkan satu kadbod lain pada sisi yang satu lagi dan
pegangnya berdekatan dengan telinga.
Adjust the angle of the second tube until a loud ticking is
heard.
Laraskan sudut tiub yang kedua sehingga bunyi deringan
yang kuat kedengaran.
QUESTION
1.In a demonstration, a teacher used a loud ticking clock as
a source of sound, two hollow tubes and two smooth
surfaces, EF and GH. Figure 3 shows one of the hollow
tubes fixed in position with a ticking clock at one end.

Figure 3
A student placed his ear at one end of the other hollow tube
in position P. He moved this hollow tube, in turn, to positions
Q and R.

..............................................................................[1 mark]