TURBINE

TURBINE:
A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fast
moving flow of water, steam, gas, air, or other fluid and converts it into
useful work.

A turbine is a turbo-machine with at least one moving part called a rotor

assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached.

Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational
energy to the rotor.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
The working principle is very much simple.

When the fluid strikes the blades of the turbine, the blades are displaced,
which produces rotational energy.

When the turbine shaft is directly coupled to an electric gene- -rator

mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.

This electrical power is known as hydroelectric power.

Basic types of turbines

Water Turbine

Steam Turbine

Gas Turbine

Wind Turbine

Although the same principles apply to all turbines, their specific

designs differ sufficiently to merit separate descriptions.

Water turbines

Impulse turbines

Reaction turbines

Impulse Turbine
In an impulse turbine, fast moving fluid is fired through a narrow nozzle at
the turbine blades to make them spin around.

The blades of an impulse turbine are usually bucket-shaped so they catch the
fluid and direct it off at an angle.

In an impulse turbine, the fluid is forced to hit the turbine at high speed.

Types of Impulse Turbines

I.

Pelton Turbine

II.

Cross-flow Turbine

Pelton Wheel
These are usually used for high head, low flow power plants.

It was invented by Lester Ella Pelton in the 1870s.

Nozzles are direct forceful, high speed streams of water against a rotary
series of spoon-shaped buckets, also known as impulse blades, which are

mounted around the circumferential rim of a drive wheel also called a runner.

As the water jet hit the bucket-blades, the direction of water velocity is
changed to follow the contours of the bucket.

Water impulse energy exerts torque on the bucket and wheel system,
spinning the wheel; the water stream itself does a "u-turn" and exits at the
outer sides of the bucket.

Pelton wheels operate best with Drop height: (50 - 2000 m) and Flow rate is (4 - 15
m3/s)

Applications

Pelton wheels are the preferred turbine for hydro-power, when the available
water source has relatively high hydraulic head at low flow rates.

Pelton wheels are made in all sizes. For maximum power and efficiency, the
wheel and turbine system is designed such that the water jet velocity is twice
the velocity of the rotating buckets.

There exist in
multi ton Pelton
pad bearing in hydroelectric power.

wheels

mounted

on

vertical

oil

Cross-flow Turbine

It is developed by Anthony Michel, in 1903 and is used for low heads. (1070
meters)

As with a water wheel, the water is admitted at the turbine's edge. After
passing the runner, it leaves on the opposite side.

Going through the runner twice provides additional efficiency.

The cross-flow turbine is a low-speed machine that is well suited for locations
with a low head but high flow.

Applications

The peak efficiency of a cross-flow turbine is somewhat less than a kaplon,

francis or pelton turbine.

It has a low price, and good regulation.

As water going through the runner twice, provides additional efficiency.

Cross-flow turbines are mostly used in mini and micro hydropower units.

Its good point as When the water leaves the runner, it also helps clean the
runner of small debris and pollution.

Reaction Turbine

In a reaction turbine, forces driving the rotor are achieved by the reaction of
an accelerating water flow in the runner while the pressure drops. The
reaction principle can be observed in a rotary lawn sprinkler where the
emerging jet drives the rotor in the opposite direction.

In reaction turbines torque developed by reacting to the fluid's pressure. The

pressure of the fluid

changes as it passes through the

turbine rotor blades.

Kaplan Turbine

The Kaplan turbine is a water turbine which has adjustable blades and is used
for low heads and high discharges.
It was developed in 1913 by the Austrian professor Viktor Kaplan.

The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine, which means that the
working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up
its energy.

The inlet is a scroll-shaped tube that wraps around the turbine's wicket gate.
Water is directed tangentially through the wicket gate and spirals on to a
propeller shaped runner, causing it to spin.

The Kaplan turbine having drop height: 10 - 700 m and Flow rate 4 - 55 m3/s

Applications

Kaplan turbines are widely used throughout the world for electrical power
production. They cover the lowest head hydro sites and are especially suited
for high flow conditions.

Inexpensive micro turbines on the Kaplan turbine model are manufactured for
individual power production with as little as two feet of head.

Large Kaplan turbines are individually designed for each site to operate at the
highest possible efficiency, typically over 90%. They are very expensive to
design, manufacture and install, but operate for decades.

Steam Turbine

A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from

pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output
shaft.

This turbine was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884

Steam turbines are used for the generation of electricity in thermal power
plants, such as plants using coal fuel oil or nuclear fuel.

Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging from small to large .
used as mechanical drives for pumps, compressors and other shaft driven
equipment, used to generate electricity (upto1.5 GW) .

Applications

Fuel used are biomasses, coal etc.

Modern steam turbines has automatic control system.

steam heated processes in plants and factories.

steam driven turbines in electric power plants.

Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be

used to drive an electrical generator about 90% of all electricity generation in
the United States (1996)

Gas turbine
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion
engine.

Fresh atmospheric air flows through a compressor that brings it to higher

pressure.

Energy is then added by spraying fuel into the air and igniting it so the
combustion generates a high-temperature flow.

Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical generators or
even tanks.

Wind Turbine

A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into
electrical power .

Conventional horizontal axis turbines can be divided into three components:.

The rotor component , includes the blades for converting wind energy to
low speed rotational energy.

The generator component, includes the electrical generator, the control

electronics, and most likely a gearbox

The structural support component, includes the tower etc

Wind turbine used for charging batteries may be referred to as a wind

charger.

Types of wind turbines

Horizontal-axis wind turbines
Horizontal-axis wind turbines are being parallel to the ground, the axis of
blade rotation is parallel to the wind flow.

Vertical-axis wind turbines

Vertical-axis wind turbines has its blades rotating on an axis perpendicular to
the ground.

Application

Our small wind turbines are used in a variety of industries and applications,
including marine applications, off-grid systems.

Industrial applications including road signage, remote telemetry, mobile base

stations and for houses, schools and farms.