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S-DOMAIN ANALYSIS: UNDERSTANDING POLES AND ZEROS OF F(S)

S-DOMAIN ANALYSIS:
UNDERSTANDING
POLES AND ZEROS OF
F(S)

RELATED BOOK

Circuit Analysis
For Dummies

By John Santiago
Laplace transforms can be used to predict a circuits behavior. The Laplace
transform takes a time-domain function f(t), and transforms it into the function
F(s) in the s-domain. You can view the Laplace transforms F(s) as ratios of
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polynomials in the s-domain. If you find the real and complex roots (poles) of
these polynomials, you can get a general idea of what the waveform f(t) will
look like.
For example, as shown in this table, if the roots are real, then the waveform is
exponential. If theyre imaginary, then its a combination of sines and cosines.
And if theyre complex, then its a damping sinusoid.

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The roots of the polynomial in the numerator of F(s) are zeros, and the roots of
the polynomial in the denominator are poles. The poles result in F(s) blowing
up to infinity or being undefined theyre the vertical asymptotes and holes
in your graph.
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Usually, you create a pole-zero diagram by plotting the roots in the s-plane (real
and imaginary axes). The pole-zero diagram provides a geometric view and
general interpretation of the circuit behavior.
For example, consider the following Laplace transform F(s):

This expression is a ratio of two polynomials in s. Factoring the numerator and

denominator gives you the following Laplace description F(s):

The zeros, or roots of the numerator, are s = 1, 2. The poles, or roots of the
denominator, are s = 4, 5, 8.
Both poles and zeros are collectively called critical frequencies because crazy
output behavior occurs when F(s) goes to zero or blows up. By combining the
poles and zeros, you have the following set of critical frequencies: {1, 2, 4,
5, 8}.
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This pole-zero diagram plots these critical frequencies in the s-plane, providing
a geometric view of circuit behavior. In this pole-zero diagram, X denotes poles
and O denotes the zeros.

Here are some examples of the poles and zeros of the Laplace transforms, F(s).
For example, the Laplace transform F1(s) for a damping exponential has a
transform pair as follows:
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The exponential transform F1(s) has one pole at s = and no zeros. Here, you
see the pole of F1(s) plotted on the negative real axis in the left half plane.

The sine function has the following Laplace transform pair:

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The preceding equation has no zeros and two imaginary poles at s = +j and
s = j. Imaginary poles always come in pairs. These two poles are undamped,
because whenever poles lie on the imaginary axis j, the function f(t) will
oscillate forever, with nothing to damp it out. Here, you see a plot of the polezero diagram for a sine function.

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A ramp function has the following Laplace transform pair:

The ramp function has double poles at the origin (s = 0) and has no zeros.
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Heres a transform pair for a damped cosine signal:

The preceding equation has two complex poles at s = + j and s = j and

one zero at s = .

Complex poles, like imaginary poles, always come in

pairs. Whenever you have a complex pair of poles, the
function has oscillations that will be damped out to zero
in time they wont go on forever. The damped
sinusoidal behavior consists of a combination of an
exponential (due to the real part of the complex
number) and sinusoidal oscillator (due to the imaginary
part of the complex number).

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Here, you see depicted the pole-zero diagram for a damped cosine.

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