Three Phase System

(Part 2)

BEKG 2443

CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 3: THREE-PHASE
SYTEM
(PART 2)
Part 2 will cover the subtopic as below:
7) Power in 3-Phase Circuit
8) Measurement of Power in 3-Phase Systems in Practical

7) Power in 3-phase circuit

To find total power in a balanced system, determined power in
one phase, then multiply by three

PT 3P 3 V I cos W

For both star &

delta connections

For the balanced system, we know that:

PT 3P 3 V I cos W
It is also useful to have a formula in terms of line
quantities:
For wye load

I I L
V

PT 3

VL
3

x 3
3
3 3

VL
I L cos W
3

PT 3 VL I L cos W

3x
3

For delta load

V VL
I

PT 3 VL

IL
3

IL
cos W
3

PT 3 VL I L cos W

Summary of Power Formulas for Balanced Star & Delta

Circuits
Active Power

P V I cos I 2 R

V R2
R

PT 3 P 3 V L I L cos
Reactive Power

Q V I sin I 2 X

V X2
X

QT 3 Q 3 V L I L sin
Apparent
Power

S V I I 2 Z

V2
Z

S T 3 S 3 VL I L
Power Factor
Power Triangle

PF cos

P
PT

S T S
5

S T PT jQ T

8) Measurement of power in 3 Systems

2 Popular
Methods

Two Wattmeter
Method

One Wattmeter
Method*
R
Y
B

Balanced Load

*Can be 3
wattmeter
method, if weve
3 meters

For star-connected balanced load, with

neutral point accessible

Load

For balanced/unbalanced load, wye or

delta

One Wattmeter and Three Wattmeter Method

R

Balanced Load
R

Load

W1
W2
W3

A wattmeter W is connected with its current coil in one line

and the voltage circuit between that line and the neutral
point, the reading on the wattmeter gives the power per
phase:

Total active power = 3 x wattmeter reading

Two Wattmeter Method

R

W1

Load

W2

Total active power

= Wattmeter 1 reading + Wattmeter 2 reading
8

Proof that for PT = W1+ W2:

W1

iR

Load

iR
Y

W2

iB

For Wattmeter 2

For Wattmeter 1

Current through coil of W 2 = iB

Current through coil of W 1 = iR

p.d. across voltage circuit of W 1 = VBY

Voltage circuit of W 1 = VRY

VRY

VRN
VYN

By KVL
VRY = VRN - VYN

VBN

By KVL
VBY = VBN - VYN

PW2 = iB ( VBN VYN )

PW1 = iR ( VRN VYN )

PW1 = iR ( VRN VYN )

VYN

VBY

PW2 = iB ( VBN VYN )

PT = PW1 + PW2
PT = iR ( VRN VYN ) + iB ( VBN VYN )
= iR VRN + iB VBN - VYN ( iR + iB )
Apply KCL at the neutral junction:
I R + I Y + IB = 0
IR + IB = - IY

PT = iR VRN + iB VBN + iY VYN

The sum of the two wattmeter readings gives the total active power under all
conditions
We only need two wattmeter to read 3-phase active power

10

 Sometimes, with analog wattmeters, one of the meter will

read backward (negative).
To get the correct reading, reverse either its voltage or
current connection. The actual value obtained from this is
now negative.
Example:
1. In two wattmeter method, the readings are 2 kW and 5 kW
respectively. What is the total active power?
Ans: 7 kW

2. In two wattmeter method, the readings are 5 kW and -2

kW respectively. What is the total active power?
Ans: 3 kW

11

From the two wattmeter method, we can get power factor by

using
Formula

Ratio of wattmeter readings vs PF graph

Power Factor =

tan =

1 3
1

Plow
Phigh
Plow
Phigh

Phigh Plow

3
P P
low
high

Phigh = The higher of

the 2 readings
Plow = The lower of the
2 readings

PF = cos

12

Ratio of wattmeter readings vs PF graph:

Obtain Plow
Phigh
Then, use the following graph:

13

Example:
The input power to a balanced three-phase motor was
measured by the 2-wattmeter method. The readings
were 5.2kW and -1.7kW, and the line voltage was 400V.
Calculate:
a) The total active power
b) The total power factor
c) The line current

14

Answer:

a) PT = 5.2 + ( -1.7) = 3.5 kW

b) Power Factor
PF

1
1 .7

5 .2

13
1 1.7

5 .2

1
1 0.3269
1 3

1 0.3269

0.281

b) PT = 3 x IL x VL x cos
IL

PT

3 V L cos

3500 kW
18 A
3 400V 0.281

15

CONCLUSION OF POWER SYSTEM LOADS

- Above Figure shows briefly on how both single-phase & three-phase can be
connected to the power system
- Residential and business customers require only single-phase, while industrial
customers needs both
- In order to approximately balance the system, TNB tries to connect 1/3 of its
single phase loads to each phase
- Real loads are seldom expressed in term of resistance, capacitance and
inductance. They are describe in terms of power, PF and so on. Eg: 100W bulb, 16
not 100ohm bulb!

Practice
A balance three phase Y- connected generator with positive sequence is connected to a Yconnected load as shown ni Figure S3. The load impedance is 39+j28 per phase. The
impedance of the transmission line connecting the generator to the load is 1+j2 per phase.
The R-phase generator voltage ERN is specified as the reference phasor.
1) Construct a single phase equivalent circuit of the system.
2) Calculate the three (3) line currents IRr, IYy, IBb and return current InN.
3) Calculate the three (3) phase voltages at the load, Vrn, Vyn, Vbn.
4) Calculate the three (3) line voltages at the terminal of the load, Vry, Vyb, Vbr.
5) Calculate apparent power, active power and reactive power at a single phase load
6) Calculate total three phase apparent power, active power and reactive power at the load
7) Draw a phasor diagram showing all voltages and currents at the load

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