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AIRCRAFTGENERALENGINEERINGANDMAINTENANCEPRACTICES:|pritamashutosh

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AIRCRAFTGENERALENGINEERING
ANDMAINTENANCEPRACTICES:
PostedonApril14,2014
Mooring:
Thefollowingisalistofequipmentneedtoparkand/ormoor(tiedown)theairplane.
4wheelchocks
3screwinmooringrings(leftandrightwing,andtail)
3ropes(nylonorothernonshrinking/nonstretchingsyntheticmaterial)
Ifwheelbrakesarehotfromprolongedtaxi,allowbrakestocoolbeforesettingparking
brake.
Controlsmaybesecuredwithaileronsneutralandhorizontalstabilizersleadingedge
downbypullingthecontrolstickaftasfaraspossibleandfasteningseatbeltsnugly
aroundit.
SHORTTERMPARKING
Performthisprocedureforshorttermparkingoftheairplane.
1.Taxiortowairplanetodesiredparkingposition.
2.Alignnoseofairplaneintothewind.
3.Ensurenosewheeliscentered.
4.Inwindyorgustyweather,moor(tiedown)theairplane,seeSection1020
Mooring(TyingDown)onpage11ofthischapter.
5.Settheparkingbrake.
Ifwheelbrakesarehotfromprolongedtaxi,allowbrakestocoolbeforesettingparking
brake.
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6.Placechocksinfrontofandbehindmainwheels.
7.Releasetheparkingbrake.
8.Secureflightcontrolsinneutralpositionretractflaps.
Controlsmaybesecuredwithaileronsneutralandhorizontalstabilizersleadingedge
downbypullingthecontrolstickaftasfaraspossibleandfasteningseatbeltsnugly
aroundit.

9.Closeandlockthedoors.
LONGTERMPARKING
Performthisprocedureforlongtermparkingoftheairplane.
1.Performthestepsforshortterm:parking.
2.Moor(tiedown)theairplane,seeSection1020Mooring(TyingDown)on
page11ofthischapter..
3.Installexternalrudderlockifavailable.
ALLGUSTLOCKSMUSTBEREMOVEDFROMTHEAIRCRAFTPRIORTOTAXIAND
FLIGHT.CARE
SHOULDBETAKENNOTTODEFORMORDAMAGETHESTRUCTUREDURING
INSTALLATIONAND
REMOVALOFTHESELOCKS.ALLDEFOMRATION,DAMAGEANDINTERFERENCE
MUSTBE
REVIEWEDBYAQUALIFIEDMECHANICORTECHNICIANPRIORTOFLIGHT.
4.Installpitot/static,canopy,andpropellercoversasapplicable.
5.Refertoengine,electrical,andfuelsystemchaptersofthismanualforinformationon
requiredservicingforlongtermstorage.
Theairplanehasthreemooringpoints:oneundereachwing,andoneunderthetail.Mooring
ringsareprovidedtosecuretiedownropesintothemooringpoints.Parktheairplane,see
theproceduresforshortandlongtermparkingoftheairplane.
Attachtiedownropestogroundtiedownsandaircraftmooringrings.Leavesufficientplayor
loosenessintheropestopreventinadvertentloadingofthestructure.Also,ifusingarope,
tieabowlineknottoallowtensionfreedom.

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JACKINGAIRCRAFT
Theaviationtechnicianmustbefamiliarwiththejackingofaircraftinordertoperform
maintenanceandinspection.Sincejackingproceduresandsafetyprecautionsvaryfor
differenttypesofaircraft,onlygeneraljackingproceduresandprecautionsarediscussed.
Consulttheapplicableaircraftmanufacturersmaintenanceinstructionsforspecificjacking
procedures.

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Extensiveaircraftdamageandseriouspersonalinjuryhaveresultedfromcarelessor
improperjackingprocedures.Asanaddedsafetymeasure,jacksshouldbeinspectedbefore
usetodeterminethespecificliftingcapacity,properfunctioningofsafetylocks,conditionof
pins,andgeneralserviceability.Beforeraisinganaircraftonjacks,allworkstandsandother
equipmentshouldberemovedfromunderandneartheaircraft.Nooneshouldremaininthe
aircraftwhileitisbeingraisedorlowered,unlessmaintenancemanualproceduresrequire
suchpracticeforobservinglevellinginstrumentsintheaircraft.
Theaircrafttobejackedmustbelocatedinalevelposition,wellprotectedfromthewind.A
hangarshouldbeusedifpossible.Themanufacturersmaintenanceinstructionsforthe
aircraftbeingjackedshouldbeconsultedforthelocationofthejackingpoints.Thesejacking
pointsareusuallylocatedinrelationtotheaircraftcenterofgravitysotheaircraftwillbewell
balancedonthejacks.However,therearesomeexceptionstothis.Onsomeaircraftitmay
benecessarytoaddweighttothenoseortailoftheaircrafttoachieveasafebalance.
Sandbagsareusuallyusedforthispurpose.
Tripodjackssimilartotheoneshowninfigure1138areusedwhenthecompleteaircraftis
tobejacked.

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Asmallsinglebasejacksimilartotheoneshowninfigure1139isusedwhenonlyone
wheelistoberaised.Thejacksusedforjackingaircraftmustbemaintainedingood
conditionaleakingordamagedjackmustneverbeused.Also,eachjackhasamaximum
capacity,whichmustneverbeexceeded.
JackingCompleteAircraft
Priortojackingtheaircraft,anoverallsurveyofthecompletesituationshouldbemadeto
determineifanyhazardstotheaircraftorpersonnelexist.Tripodjacksoftheappropriate
sizefortheaircraftbeingjackedshouldbeplacedundertheaircraftjackingpointsand
perfectlycenteredtopreventthemfromcockingwhentheaircraftisraised.Thelegsofthe
jacksshouldbecheckedtoseethattheywillnotinterferewiththeoperationstobe
performedaftertheaircraftisjacked,suchasretractingthelandinggear.
Atleastthreeplacesorpointsareprovidedonaircraftforjackingpurposesafourthplaceon
someaircraftisusedtostabilizetheaircraftwhileitisbeingjackedattheotherthreepoints.
Thetwomainplacesareonthewings,withasmalleroneonthefuselageneareitherthetail
orthenose,dependingonthelandinggeardesign.
Mostaircrafthavejackpadslocatedatthejackpoints.Othershaveremovablejackpads
thatareinsertedintoreceptaclesboltedinplacepriortojacking.Thecorrectjackpadshould
beusedinallcases.Thefunctionofthejackpadistoensurethattheaircraftloadisproperly
distributedatthejackpointandtoprovideaconvexbearingsurfacetomatewiththe
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concavejackstem.Figure1140illustratestwotypesofjackpads.
Priortojacking,determineiftheaircraftconfigurationwillpermitjacking.Theremaybe
equipmentorfuelwhichhastoberemovedifseriousstructuraldamageistobeavoided
duringjacking.Ifanyotherworkisinprogressontheaircraft,ascertainifanycriticalpanels
havebeenremoved.Onsomeaircraftthestresspanelsorplatesmustbeinplacewhenthe
aircraftisjackedtoavoidstructuraldamage.
Extendthejacksuntiltheycontactthejackpads.Afinalcheckforalignmentofthejacks
shouldbemadebeforetheaircraftisraised,sincemostaccidentsduringjackingarethe
resultofmisalignedjacks.

Whentheaircraftisreadytoberaised,amanshouldbestationedateachjack.Thejacks
shouldbeoperatedsimultaneouslytokeeptheaircraftaslevelaspossibleandtoavoid
overloadinganyofthejacks.Thiscanbeaccomplishedbyhavingthecrewleaderstandin
frontoftheaircraftandgiveinstructionstothemenoperatingthejacks.Figure1141shows
anaircraftbeingjacked.
Cautionshouldbeobserved,sinceonmanyjacksthepistoncanberaisedbeyondthesafety
pointtherefore,neverraiseanaircraftanyhigherthanisnecessarytoaccomplishthejob.
Theareaaroundtheaircraftshouldbesecuredwhiletheaircraftisonjacks.Climbingonthe
aircraftshouldbeheldtoanabsoluteminimum,andnoviolentmovementsshouldbemade
bypersonswhoarerequiredtogoaboard.Anycradlesornecessarysupportsshouldbe
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placedunderthefuselageorwingsoftheaircraftattheearliestpossibletime,particularlyif
theaircraftistoremainjackedforanylengthoftime.

Oncolletequipped
jacks,thecolletshouldbekeptwithintwothreadsofthelifttubecylinderduringraising,and
screweddownfirmlytothecylinderafterjackingiscompletedtopreventsettling.
Beforereleasingjackpressureandloweringtheaircraft,makecertainthatallcribbing,work
stands,equipment,andpersonsareclearoftheaircraft,thatthelandinggearisdownand
locked,andthatallgroundlockingdevicesareproperlyinstalled.
JackingOneWheelofanAircraft
Whenonlyonewheelhastoberaisedtochangeatireortogreasewheelbearings,alow
singlebasejackisused.Beforethewheelisraised,theremainingwheelsmustbechocked
foreandafttopreventmovementoftheaircraft.Iftheaircraftisequippedwithatailwheel,it
mustbelocked.Thewheelshouldberaisedonlyhighenoughtocleartheconcretesurface.
Figure1142showsawheelbeingraisedusingasinglebasejack.

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AircraftTowing
Onaircraftwithanosewheellandinggear,asteeringarmshouldbefittedtothenosewheel
toguidetheaircraftLightaircraftcanbemovedandguided,byhandorbyatug.

Specialattentionshouldbepaidtothefollowing:
Forceshouldnotbeappliedtothethintrailingorrearedgesofwingsorcontrolsurfaces
suchasaileronsorelevators.
Generallyspeakingitisbettertopushanaircraftbackwardsratherthanforwards,because
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theleadingedgesofthewingsandtailplanearestrongerthanthetrailingedges.
Thestruts,whichsupporttheundercarriageonsomeaircraft,aresuitableforpushingthe
aircraftasthesearethestrengthpartsoftheaircraft.
Theflatofthehandsshouldbeusedwhenpushing,soastospreadtheloadoverthe
largestarea.
Whenpushingonstruts,theforceshouldbeappliedasneartotheendfittingsaspossible.
Apropellermustneverbeusedtopushorpulltheaircraft,astheengineshouldalwaysbe
regardedasliveandapropellermaykickifitisturned.
Onaircraftwithasteeringnosewheelconnectedtotherudderpedals,caremustbetaken
nottoexceedtheturninglimits.Normallythemaximumlimitsaremarkedonnosewheel
doorsasNOTOW
Onthistypeofaircraftitisalsoimportantthattheruddercontrolsarenotlockedduringthe
towingoperations.Thisisbecausetheruddercontrolsandthenosewheelsteering
mechanismareinterconnectedandtheexcessivemovementscoulddamagethemechanical
linkages.
Whentowingaircraftbytowbarandtugspecialcareshouldbegiventobelowfacts,
Thecorrecttowbarshouldbeconnectedbetweenthetowingattachmentatthebaseofthe
noseundercarriagelegandthetug.

Apersonfamiliarwiththeaircraftbrakesystemshouldbeseatedinthecockpit/cabinto
operatethebrakesinanemergency.Thebrakesshouldnotnormallybeappliedunlessthe
aircraftisstationary.
Oncethetowbarisconnected,thebrakes,andiffitted,therudderlock,maybereleased
andtheaircrafttowedatasafespeed.Asafespeedisconsideredtobewalkingspeed.
Aclosewatchshouldbekeptonthewingtipsandtail,particularlyinconfinedspaces,to
ensurethattheydonotcomeintocontactwithotherstationaryormovingobject.

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Incircumstanceswherethegroundoverwhichtheaircrafthastobetowediseitherboggyor
veryuneven,thestrainimposedonthenoseundercarriagemaybeexcessiveanditmaybe
necessarytotowtheaircraftbymeansofbridlesattachedtoeachmainundercarriage.If
towingattachmentsarenotprovidedonthemainundercarriagelegs,ropesshouldbepassed
carefullyaroundthelegsasneartothetopaspossibleandavoidingfoulingonadjacent
pipesorstructure.Aseparatetugshouldbeconnectedtoeachmainundercarriage
assembly.Steeringshouldbecarriedoutbymeansofasteeringarmattachedtothenose
wheelratherthanbydifferentialmovementofthetugs.

Themostcommonmeansoftowingalargeaircraftnowadaysisbymeansofatowbarless
aircrafthandlingtractor.Thesetractorstendtobefrontwheeldrivenandthereforewhen
towinganaircraft,areactingtopullthetractor/aircraftcombination.Thetowbarlesstractor
consistsofalowleveltractorwitharearmountedcradle,comprisingofascoopandgate
assembly.
Owingtothetractorslowheightitcaneasilymoveinundertheaircraftsfuselagetocouple
upwiththeaircraftsnosewheel.Duringoperationthenosewheelisraisedbyabout20cms
bythetractorandafterthetowingiscompletedthenosewheelisloweredandthenose
wheelisreleasedfromthecradle.
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EngineStartingProcedures:
PistonEngine:
Thefollowingproceduresaretypicalofthoseusedtostartreciprocatingengines.Thereare,
however,widevariationsintheproceduresforthemanyreciprocatingengines.Noattempt
shouldbemadetousethemethodspresentedhereforactuallystartinganengine.Instead,
alwaysrefertotheprocedurescontainedintheapplicablemanufacturersinstructions.
Reciprocatingenginesarecapableofstartinginfairlylowtemperatureswithouttheuseof
engineheatingoroildilution,dependingonthegradeofoilused.
Thevariouscovers(wing,tail,cockpit,wheel,etc.)protectingtheaircraftmustberemoved
beforeattemptingtoturntheengine.Externalsourcesofelectricalpowershouldbeused
whenstartingenginesequippedwithelectricstarters.Thiseliminatesanexcessiveburden
ontheaircraftbattery.Allunnecessaryelectricalequipmentshouldbeleftoffuntilthe
generatorsarefurnishingelectricalpowertotheaircraftpowerbus.
Beforestartingaradialenginethathasbeenshutdownformorethan30minutes,checkthe
ignitionswitchforoffturnthepropellerthreeorfourcompleterevolutionswiththestarter,or
itmaybepulledthroughbyhandtodetectahydrauliclockifoneispresent.
Anyliquidpresentinacylinderisindicatedbytheabnormaleffortrequiredtorotatethe
propeller,orbythepropellerstoppingabruptlyduringrotation.Neveruseforcetoturnthe
propellerwhenahydrauliclockisdetected.
Sufficientforcecanbeexertedonthecrankshafttobendorbreakaconnectingrodifalock
ispresent.
Toeliminatealock,removeeitherthefrontorrearsparkplugfromthelowercylindersand
pullthepropellerthrough.Neverattempttoclearthehydrauliclockbypullingthepropeller
throughintheoppositedirectiontonormalrotation.Thistendstoinjecttheliquidfromthe
cylinderintotheintakepipe.Theliquidwillbedrawnbackintothecylinderwiththe
possibilityofcompleteorpartiallockoccurringonthesubsequentstart.
Tostarttheengine,proceedasfollows:
1.Turntheauxiliaryfuelpumpon,ifaircraftissoequipped.
2.Placethemixturecontroltothepositionrecommendedfortheengineandcarburettor
combinationbeingstarted.Asageneralrule,themixturecontrolshouldbeintheidlecutoff
positionforpressuretypecarburettorsandinthefullrichpositionforfloattypecarburetors.

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Manylightaircraftareequippedwithamixturecontrolpullrodwhichhasnodetented
intermediatepositions.Whensuchcontrolsarepushedinflushwiththeinstrumentpanel,the
mixtureissetinthefullrichposition.Conversely,whenthecontrolrodispulledalltheway
out,thecarburetorisintheidlecutofforfullleanposition.Unmarkedintermediate
positionsbetweenthesetwoextremescanbeselectedbytheoperatortoachieveany
desiredmixturesetting.
3.Openthethrottletoapositionthatwillprovide1,000to1,200rpm(approximately1/8to
1/2inchfromtheclosedposition).
4.Leavethepreheatoralternateair(carburetorair)controlinthecoldpositiontoprevent
damageandfireincaseofbackfire.Theseauxiliaryheatingdevicesshouldbeusedafterthe
enginewarmsup.Theyimprovefuelvaporization,preventfoulingofthesparkplugs,ice
formation,andeliminateicingintheinductionsystem.
5.Energizethestarterafterthepropellerhasmadeatleasttwocompleterevolutions,and
turntheignitionswitchon.Onenginesequippedwithaninductionvibrator,turnswitchtothe
bothposition.Whenstartinganenginethatusesanimpulsecouplingmagneto,turnthe
ignitionswitchtotheleftposition.Placetheignitionswitchtostartwhenthemagneto
incorporatesaretardbreakerassembly.Donotcranktheenginecontinuouslywiththestarter
formorethan1minute.Allowa3to5minuteperiodforcoolingthestarterbetween
successiveattempts.Otherwisethestartermaybeburnedoutduetooverheating.
6.Movetheprimerswitchtoonintermittently,orprimewithonetothreestrokesofpriming
pump,dependingonhowtheaircraftisequipped.Whentheenginebeginstofire,holdthe
primeronwhilegraduallyopeningthrottletoobtainsmoothoperation.
Aftertheengineisoperatingsmoothlyontheprimer,movethemixturecontroltothefull
richposition.Releasetheprimerassoonasadropinrpmindicatestheengineisreceiving
additionalfuelfromthecarburetor.
HandCranking
Iftheaircrafthasnoselfstarter,theenginemustbestartedbyswingingthepropeller.The
personwhoisturningthepropellercalls,fuelon,switchoff,throttleclosed,brakeson.The
personoperatingtheenginewillchecktheseitemsandrepeatthephrase.Theswitchand
throttlemustnotbetouchedagainuntilthepersonswingingthepropcallscontact.The
operatorwillrepeatcontactandthenturnontheswitch.Neverturnontheswitchandthen
callcontact.
Whenswingingtheprop,afewsimpleprecautionswillhelptoavoidaccidents.When
touchingapropeller,alwaysassumethattheignitionison.Theswitcheswhichcontrolthe
magnetosoperateontheprincipleofshortcircuitingthecurrenttoturntheignitionoff.Ifthe
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switchisfaulty,itcanbeintheoffpositionandstillpermitcurrenttoflowinthemagneto
primarycircuit.
Besurethegroundisfirm.Slipperygrass,mud,grease,orloosegravelcanleadtoafallinto
orunderthepropeller.Neverallowanyportionofyourbodytogetinthewayofthepropeller.
Thisapplieseventhoughtheengineisnotbeingcranked.Standcloseenoughtothe
propellertobeabletostepawayasitispulleddown.Steppingawayaftercrankingisa
safeguardincasethebrakesfail.
Donotstandinapositionthatrequiresleaningtowardthepropellertoreachit.Thisthrows
thebodyoffbalanceandcouldcauseyoutofallintothebladeswhentheenginestarts.
Inswingingtheprop,alwaysmovethebladedownwardbypushingwiththepalmsofthe
hand.Donotgripthebladewiththefingerscurledovertheedge,sincekickbackmaybreak
themordrawyourbodyinthebladepath.
Excessivethrottleopeningandintermittentprimingaftertheenginehasfiredaretheprincipal
causesofbackfiringduringstarting.Gradualopeningofthethrottlewhilepriming
continuouslywillreducetheinitialoverrichmixturetoasmoothrunning,bestpowermixture
astheenginepicksupspeed.Anengineoperatingonanoverrichmixtureissluggishbut
willnotbackfire.
Whenstartinganengineusingaprimingpump,movethemixturecontrolintofullrich
position,ifnotpreviouslyplacedthere,whentheenginebeginstofire.Iftheenginefailsto
startimmediately,returnthemixturecontroltoidlecutoffposition.Failuretodosowill
createanexcessiveamountoffuelinthecarburetorairscoop,constitutingafirehazard.
Avoidprimingtheenginebeforeitisturnedoverbythestarter.Thiscanresultinfires,scored
orscuffedcylindersandpistons,and,insomecases,enginefailuresduetohydrauliclock.If
theengineisinadvertentlyfloodedoroverprimed,turntheignitionswitchoffandmovethe
throttletothefullopenposition.Toridtheengineoftheexcessfuel,turnitoverbyhandor
bythestarter.Ifexcessiveforceisneededtoturnovertheengine,stopimmediately.Donot
forcerotationoftheengine.Ifindoubt,removethelowercylindersparkplugs.Ifveryserious
overloadinghasoccurred,itmaybenecessarytoremovethelowercylinderintakepipes.To
reducethelikelihoodofdamagetotheengineduetooverprimingonsomemediumandlarge
aircraft,theengineblowerdrainvalvesshouldbecheckedfrequentlyforfoulingorsticking.
Immediatelyaftertheenginestarts,checktheoilpressureindicator.Ifoilpressuredoesnot
showwithin30seconds,stoptheengineanddeterminethetrouble.Ifoilpressureis
indicated,adjustthethrottletotheaircraftmanufacturersspecifiedrpmforenginewarmup.
Warmuprpmwillusuallybeinthe1,000to1,300rpmrange.
Mostaircraftreciprocatingenginesareaircooledanddependontheforwardspeedofthe
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aircrafttomaintainpropercooling.Therefore,particularcareisnecessarywhenoperating
theseenginesontheground.
Duringallgroundrunning,operatetheenginewiththepropellerinfulllowpitchandheaded
intothewindwiththecowlinginstalledtoprovidethebestdegreeofenginecooling.The
engineinstrumentsshouldbemonitoredcloselyatalltimes.Donotclosethecowlflapsfor
enginewarmupclosingofthecowlflapsmaycausetheignitionharnesstooverheat.When
warminguptheengine,makesurethatpersonnel,groundinstallations,equipmentthatmay
bedamaged,orotheraircraftarenotinthepropellerwash.
ExtinguishingEngineFires
InallcasesafireguardshouldstandbywithaCO2fireextinguisherwhiletheaircraftengine
isbeingstarted.Thisisanecessaryprecautionagainstfireduringthestartingprocedure.He
shouldbefamiliarwiththeinductionsystemoftheenginesothatincaseoffirehecandirect
theCO2intotheairintakeoftheenginetoextinguishit.Afirecouldalsooccurinthe
exhaustsystemoftheenginefromliquidfuelbeingignitedinthecylinderandexpelledduring
thenormalrotationoftheengine.Ifanenginefiredevelopsduringthestartingprocedure,
continuecrankingtostarttheengineandblowoutthefire.Iftheenginedoesnotstartand
thefirecontinuestoburn,discontinuethestartattempt.Thefireguardshouldextinguishthe
fireusingtheavailableequipment.Thefireguardmustobserveallsafetypracticesatall
timeswhilestandingbyduringthestartingprocedure.
TURBOPROPENGINES
PrestartProcedures
Thevariouscoversprotectingtheaircraftmustberemoved.Enginetailpipesshouldbe
carefullyinspectedforthepresenceoffueloroil.Aclosevisualinspectionofallaccessible
partsoftheenginesandenginecontrolsshouldbemade,followedbyaninspectionofall
nacelleareastodeterminethatallinspectionandaccessplatesaresecured.Sumpsshould
becheckedforwater.Airinletareasshouldbeinspectedforgeneralconditionandforeign
material.Thecompressorshouldbecheckedforfreerotation,whentheinstallationpermits,
byreachinginandturningthebladesbyhand.
Thefollowingproceduresaretypicalofthoseusedtostartturbopropengines.Thereare,
however,widevariationsintheproceduresapplicabletothemanyturbopropengines,andno
attemptshouldbemadetousetheseproceduresintheactualstartingofaturbopropengine.
Theseproceduresarepresentedonlyasageneralguideforfamiliarizationwithtypical
proceduresandmethods.Forstartingofallturbopropengines,refertothedetailed
procedurescontainedintheapplicablemanufacturersinstructionsortheirapproved
equivalent.

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Thefirststepinstartingaturbineengineistoprovideanadequatesourceofpowerforthe
starter.Whereanairturbinestarterisused,thestartingairsupplymaybeobtainedfroma
gasturbinecompressor(GTC),anexternalsource,oranenginecrossbleedoperation.To
startthefirstengine,useaGTCorlowpressure,largevolumetank.Starttheremaining
engine(s)usingbleedairfromtherunningengine.
Whilestartinganengine,alwaysobservethefollowing:
1.Neverenergizethestarterwhiletheengineisrotating.
2.Donotmovethepowerleverofanyenginewhileitisbeingbledforcrossbleedstarting.
3.Donotperformagroundstartifturbineinlettemperatureisabovethatspecifiedbythe
manufacturer.
4.Donotusebleedairfromanenginethatisaccelerating.
StartingProcedures
Tostartanengineontheground,performthefollowingoperations:
1.Placethestartselectorswitchtothedesiredengineandthestartarmingswitch(ifso
equipped)tothestartposition.
2.Turntheaircraftboostpumpson.
3.Placethefuelandignitionswitchon.
4.Positionthelowrpmswitchinlowornormal(high).
5.Makesurethatthepowerleverisinthestartposition.Ifthepropellerisnotatthestart
position,difficultymaybeencounteredinmakingastart.
6.Depressthestartswitchand,ifprimingisnecessary,depresstheprimerbutton.
7.Makesurethefuelpumpparallellightcomesonat,orabove,2,200rpmandremainson
upto9,000rpm.
8.Checktheoilpressureandtemperature.Maintainthepowerleveratthestartposition
untilthespecifiedminimumoiltemperatureisreached.
9.Disconnectthegroundpowersupply.
Ifanyofthefollowingconditionsoccurduringthestartingsequence,turnoffthefueland
ignitionswitch,discontinuethestartimmediately,makeaninvestigationandrecordthe
findings.
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1.Turbineinlettemperatureexceedsthespecifiedmaximum.Recordtheobservedpeak
temperature.
2.Accelerationtimefromstartofpropellerrotationtostabilizedrpmexceedsthespecified
time.
3.Thereisnooilpressureindicationat5,000rpmforeitherthereductiongearorthepower
unit.
4.Torching(visibleburningintheexhaustnozzleotherthannormalenrichment)orexcessive
smokeisobservedduringinitialfireup.
5.Theenginefailstoigniteby4,500rpmormaximummotoringrpm(whicheverisfirst),and
rpmstagnatesorbeginstodecay.
6.Abnormalvibrationisnotedorcompressorsurgeoccurs(indicatedbybackfiring).
7.Thereisfuelspewingfromthenacelledrain,indicatingthatthedripvalvedidnotclose.
8.Firewarningbellrings.(Thismaybeduetoeitheranenginefireorfailureofanantiicing
shutoffvalvetoclose.)
TURBOJETENGINES
PreflightOperations
Unlikereciprocatingengineaircraft,theturbojetpoweredaircraftdoesnotrequireapreflight
runupunlessitisnecessarytoinvestigateasuspectedmalfunction.Beforestarting,all
protectivecoversandairinletductcoversshouldberemoved.Ifpossible,theaircraftshould
beheadedintothewindtoobtainbettercooling,fasterstarting,andsmootherengine
performance.Itisespeciallyimportantthattheaircraftbeheadedintothewindiftheengine
istobetrimmed.
Therunupareaaroundtheaircraftshouldbeclearedofbothpersonnelandlooseequipment.
Theturbojetengineintakeandexhausthazardareasareillustratedinfigure111.Care
shouldalsobetakentoensurethattherunupareaisclearofallitemssuchasnuts,bolts,
rocks,rags,orotherloosedebris.
Agreatnumberofveryseriousaccidentsoccurinvolvingpersonnelinthevicinityofturbojet
engineairinlets.Extremecautionshouldbeexercisedwhenstartingturbojetaircraft.
Theaircraftfuelsumpsshouldbecheckedforwaterorice,andtheengineairinletshouldbe
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inspectedforgeneralconditionandthepresenceofforeignobjects.Theforwardcompressor
bladesandthecompressorinletguidevanesshouldbevisuallyinspectedfornicksandother
damage.
Ifpossible,thecompressorshouldbecheckedforfreerotationbyturningthecompressor
bladesbyhand.
Allenginecontrolsshouldbeoperated,andengineinstrumentsandwarninglightsshouldbe
checkedforproperoperation.
StartingaTurbojetEngine
Thefollowingproceduresaretypicalofthoseusedtostartmanyturbojetengines.Thereare,
however,widevariationsinthestartingproceduresusedforturbojetengines,andnoattempt
shouldbemadetousetheseproceduresintheactualstartingofanengine.These
proceduresarepresentedonlyasageneralguideforfamiliarizationwithtypicalprocedures
andmethods.Inthestartingofallturbojetengines,refertothedetailedprocedurescontained
intheapplicablemanufacturersinstructionsortheirapprovedequivalent.
Mostturbojetenginescanbestartedbyeitherairturbineorcombustiontypestarters.Air
turbinestartersusecompressedairfromanexternalsource.Thissourcemaybeaground
cartunitorairbledfromanotherengineontheaircraftthatisinoperation.Combustion
startersaresmallgasturbineenginesthatobtainpowerfromexpandinggasesgeneratedin
thestarterscombustionchamber.Thesehotgasesareproducedbytheburningoffueland
airor,insomecases,aslowburningsolidorliquidmonopropellantspeciallycompoundedfor
suchstarterunits.
Fuelisturnedoneitherbymovingthepowerlevertoidlepositionorbyopeningafuel
shutoffvalve.Ifanairturbinestarterisused,theengineshouldstartorlightupwithin
approximately20secondsafterthefuelisturnedon.Thisisanarbitrarilychosentime
intervalthat,ifexceeded,indicatesamalfunctionhasoccurredandthestartshouldbe
discontinued.Afterthecauseofthetroublehasbeenremoved,anotherstartmaybemade.If
acombustionstarterisused,the20secondintervalneednotbeobserved,sincestarter
operationwilldiscontinueautomaticallyafterapredeterminedtimeinterval.Thefollowing
proceduresareusefulonlyasageneralguide,andareincludedtoshowthesequenceof
eventsinstartingaturbojetengine.
1.Movepowerlevertooffpositionunlesstheengineisequippedwiththrustreverser.Ifthe
engineissoequipped,placethepowerleverintheidleposition.
2.Turnonelectricalpowertoengine.
3.Turnfuelsystemshutoffswitchtofuelonposition.
4.Turnfuelboostpumpswitchon.
5.Afuelinletpressureindicatorreadingof5psiensuresfuelisbeingdeliveredtoenginefuel
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pumpinlet.
6.Turnenginestarterswitchonwhenenginebeginstorotate,checkforoilpressurerise.
7.Turnignitionswitchonafterenginebeginstorotate.
8.Movethrottletoidle(ifengineisnotequippedwiththrustreverser).
9.Enginestart(lightup)isindicatedbyariseinexhaustgastemperature.
10.Afterenginestabilizesatidle,ensurethatnoneoftheenginelimitsareexceeded.
11.Turnenginestarterswitchoffafterstart.
12.Turnignitionswitchoff.
UnsatisfactoryTurbojetStarts
1.HotStarts.
Ahotstartoccurswhentheenginestarts,buttheexhaustgastemperatureexceeds
specifiedlimits.Thisisusuallycausedbyanexcessivelyrichfuel/airmixtureenteringthe
combustionchamber.Thefueltotheengineshouldbeshutoffimmediately.
2.FalseorHungStart.
Falseorhungstartsoccurwhentheenginestartsnormallybuttherpmremainsatsomelow
valueratherthanincreasingtothenormalstartingrpm.Thisisoftentheresultofinsufficient
powertothestarter,orthestartercuttingoffbeforetheenginestartsselfaccelerating.Inthis
case,theengineshouldbeshutdown.
3.EngineWillNotStart.
Theenginewillnotstartwithintheprescribedtimelimit.Itcanbecausedbylackoffuelto
theengine,insufficientornoelectricalpower,ormalfunctionsintheignitionsystem.Ifthe
enginefailstostartwithintheprescribedtime,itshouldbeshutdown.
Inallcasesofunsatisfactorystartsthefuelandignitionshouldbeturnedoff.Continue
rotatingthecompressorforapproximately15secondstoremoveaccumulatedfuelfromthe
engine.Ifunabletomotor(rotate)theengine,allowa30secondfueldrainingperiodbefore
attemptinganotherstart.
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