Index
Abrasiveness index, 9-9
Allowances, 32-4
Alloying elements, 7-5
interstitial, 7-2
substitutional, 7-2
Alpha
emitters, 47-4
particle, 47-3
Alumina ceramics, 13-11, 44-10
Aluminizing, 7-15
American Boiler Manufacturers
Association (ABMA), 23-6, C-1
American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM), 9-5, 9-7
American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME), 1-14, 2-1
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,
8-1, 19-8, 20-6, C-1
allowable stresses, 7-20, 8-3, C-4
calculations, 8-5
design criteria, 8-2, 8-14
strength theories, 8-2
stress classifications, 8-2,
8-9, 8-10
Performance Test Code, 10-10,
10-18, 10-21, 40-1
Pressure Piping (B31), C-1, C-6
Ammonia, 34-3, 35-2, 35-18
anhydrous, 34-6
aqueous, 34-7
flow control, 34-8, 41-17
injection, 34-6
reagent systems, 34-6
Ammonia sulfates, 20-15, 34-6
Annealing, 7-8
Anticipatory reactor trip system
(ARTS), 46-15
API gravity, fuel oil, 9-14, 10-20
Approach temperature
flue gas desulfurization, 35-14
As-received, coal, 9-5, 9-7
Ash, black liquor, 28-8 (see also
Recovery boiler, Kraft process)
carryover, 28-9
I-1
I-2
Babcock,
economizer, 20-3
marine, 31-12, 31-13
numerical modeling, 6-13
Bagasse, analysis, 9-12
Baghouse, 29-22, Color Plate 7
(see also Fabric filter)
Bainite, 7-5
Balanced draft, 23-4
Ball or ball-and-tube mill, 13-5, 35-6
Banks of tubes
convection heat transfer in, 4-16
crossflow around, 4-16
effect of number of tube rows in,
4-18
longitudinal flow around, 4-18
Bare tube, arrangement
in-line, 20-1
staggered, 20-1
Bark fuel, 27-2, 30-1
Barns, 47-5
Basic oxygen furnace, 27-20
Batch refueling, 46-10
Bernoullis equation, 3-4
Best Achievable Control Technology
(BACT), 32-3
Beta particle, 47-3
Bid evaluation, 37-7
Bimetallic materials and tubes,
7-14, 28-11, 29-5
Binding energy, 47-2
Biological effects, radiation, 47-3
Biomass (see also Chapter 30)
as a fuel, 9-18, 30-3
fluidized-bed, 17-1, 17-3, 30-7
Black liquor see Recovery boiler,
Kraft process
Blackbody
definition of, 4-4
radiation from, 4-4, 4-7
Blast furnace, 27-2, 27-18
gas, 9-10, 27-4, 27-13
Blowdown
steam generator, fossil, 19-14, 42-7
steam generator, nuclear, 48-7
Blowing, steam line, 43-3
Boiler
bank, 1-8, 19-2, 22-11, 27-2, 28-4,
28-17, 29-21
chemistry, 42-1
circulation, general theory, 3-17,
5-17
cleaning, 43-2
codes, 8-5, C-1
configurations, 19-1
control, Chapter 41, 43-3
automatic sequence, 43-3
basic theory, 41-1
coal, pulverized, drum, 41-10
coal, pulverized, Universal
Pressure, 41-12
combustion optimization, 43-6
Cyclone, 41-11
fluidized-bed, 41-11
key operating functions, 43-7
manual, 43-3
oil and gas, 41-10
Steam 41 / Index
Steam 41 / Index
I-3
Calcination, 17-12
Calcium
carbonate, 35-9
sulfate, 35-9
sulfite, 35-9
Calculations, performance, 22-1
Calorimeter
boiler as (BAC), 10-23
bomb, 10-7
Calorimeter throttling, 40-17
CANDU, 46-2, 46-5, 48-1, 50-2
calandria, 46-6
Capacity
factor, 37-11
increase, 44-2, 44-20
Capitalized cost method, 37-13
Carbon dioxide in flue gas
from fuel analysis, 10-6, 10-21, 32-8
properties, 10-2
Carbon steel, 7-12
Carburization, 44-12
Carnot cycle, 2-12
Carrying charges, 37-11
Carryover, 5-13, 48-7
I-4
Carryover, impurities
mechanical, 42-12
moisture, 5-13
vaporous, 42-12
Carryunder, 5-13, 48-7
Casing, 23-3, 39-18
marine boilers, 31-12
Cast iron, 7-3, 7-14
air heater, 20-8
Cast steel, 7-15
Castings, 38-4
Catalyst see NOx control, catalyst
Catalytic cracker, 27-13
Cavity
heat transfer, 4-28, 23-6
radiation calculation, 22-13
Celsius, 40-4
Cementite, 7-3
Centigrade temperature scale, 40-3
Centrifuge, 35-8
Ceramic tile, 35-5
Ceramics, 7-15
Ceramics and refractories, 15-10, 29-3
Chain reaction, nuclear, 47-7,
47-10, 47-11
Change of phase, solid, 7-2
Char, 14-3, 18-2
Charpy test, 7-17
Chemical
analyses
dewatering system, 36-10
EPA method, 36-7, 36-8
gypsum quality, 36-10, 36-13
lime quality, 36-7
limestone quality, 36-6
recirculation slurry/blowdown,
36-8
cleaning, fossil see Chapter 42
advantages, 43-3
alkaline boilout, 42-18
circulation cleaning method,
42-20
cleaning equipment, 42-23
cleaning frequency, 42-19
cleaning time, 42-23
deposit samples, 42-22
deposits, 42-21
inhibitors, 42-22
precautions, 42-24
preoperational, 42-18
preparation, 42-23
procedures, 42-20, 42-23
soaking (cleaning) method, 42-21
solvent strength, 42-22
solvent temperature, 42-22
solvents, 42-21
superheater/reheater, 42-24
cleaning, nuclear, 49-3, 49-7
chemical addition, 49-16
startup, 49-16
cleaning solvent disposal
considerations, 42-24
co-ponding, 42-24
evaporation, 42-24
incineration, 42-24
options, 42-24
Steam 41 / Index
Steam 41 / Index
I-5
I-6
Steam 41 / Index
Steam 41 / Index
Cycle
Brayton, 2-22
Carnot, 2-12
nuclear fuel, 47-12
Rankine, 2-13
for nuclear plant, 2-19
regenerative, 2-14
reheat, 2-15
steam, 2-1, 2-12
Cycling, 27-17, 44-15
definition, 45-17
drum, 45-20
economizer, thermal shock, 45-17
furnace, subcooling, 45-18
operation control, 41-7
superheater, tube leg flexibility,
45-19
Cyclone furnace, Chapter 15, 43-10
advancements, 15-12
advantages, 15-1
air pollution control, 15-12
ash, 15-3
burner, 15-2, 15-4
radial, 15-4
thin door radial, 15-4
scroll, 15-4
vortex, 15-4
capacities, 15-5, 15-9
coal
crushers, 15-6, 15-11
feeders, 15-7
sizing, 15-6, 43-10
suitability, 15-3, 15-5, 43-10
combustion air, 43-10
combustion control, 15-9
controls, 41-11
design features, 15-7
erosion, 15-11
fabrication, 38-9
firing arrangements, 15-5
flyash emission and recovery,
15-3, 15-12
fuels suitable for, 15-3, 15-8, 43-10
igniters, 15-10
oil and gas burners, 15-8
operation and maintenance, 15-10,
43-10
power requirements, 15-10
waste fuels, 15-3, 15-9
Dampers
control, 25-3
guillotine, 25-4
isolation, 25-3
louver, 25-3
round, 25-4
Data acquisition, 40-3, 40-24
Dead weight gauge, 40-2
Decay
radioactive, 47-4
Degradation mechanisms, 44-6, 44-11
Demand charge, 37-11
Density
of flue gas, 4-11
of gases, 4-11
Departure from nucleate boiling,
DNB see Critical heat flux
Deposits
ash, 21-3, 24-1
scaling, 42-3
slag, 21-11, 24-2
water-side, 42-15, 42-19
Desuperheater (see also Attemperator)
marine, 31-10
Diffusion
atomic, 7-1
thermal, 4-7, 4-22
Dimensional analysis, heat transfer
correlation of data, 4-15
dimensionless numbers or
groups, 4-15
Discount rate, 37-11
Discrete ordinates method, 6-9
Dislocations, 7-2
Dissimilar metal welds, 7-11
Dissolved alkalinity, 35-12
Distillate fuels, 9-12
Distributor grid, 27-17, 34-6
DNB see Critical heat flux
Doppler
coefficient, nuclear fuel, 47-14,
49-18
effect, 47-6
Dose
equivalent, 49-13
radiation, 47-3
radiation absorbed, 49-13
Downcomer, 48-5
definition, 1-3, 1-9
Draft (see also Stack and draft)
calculations see Chapter 22
loss, 19-7, 25-6
Draft effect, 3-15
Drainability, economizer, 20-5
Drum, steam, 1-3, 5-13, 39-10
allowable temperature
differential, 43-5
baffle(s), 5-14
capacity, 5-17
condition assessment of, 45-6
cycling, 45-20
fabrication, 38-5
head fabrication, 38-5
lifting, 39-11
marine, 31-11
materials, 7-23
protection, startup and
shutdown, 43-5, 45-20
support, 39-11
U-bolts, 39-12
Dry scrubbers see SO2 control
controls, 41-19
Dry shielded canister, 50-13
Dryout see Critical heat flux
Dual economizer steam air heater
(DESAH), 31-11
Dual furnace, 31-9
Duct burner, 27-17
Ductile iron, 7-15
Ductility, 7-17
I-7
Earthquake
requirements, 26-2
Economic evaluation, 37-1, 37-10
Economizer, 1-8, Chapter 20, 27-2
calculations, 20-4, 22-13
cascading longflow, 28-14
cleanability, 20-2
condition assessment of, 45-7
continuous, 28-14
crossflow, 28-14
cycling, 45-17
drainability, 20-5
erosion, 20-3
fabrication, 38-8
fin, 20-2
gas velocity limits, 20-3
header, 20-6
heat transfer, 20-4
longflow, 20-4, 28-14
marine, 31-11
materials, 7-21
mean temperature, 20-4
plugging, 20-2, 20-14
pressure drop, 20-5
sootblowers, 20-3
startup protection, 43-4
steaming, 20-4
stringer tubes, 20-6
supports, 20-5
tube
baffles, 20-3
diameter, 20-6
tube deflection, 20-5
upgrade, 44-7
vibration, 20-6
wall enclosures, 20-5
Eddies, 3-8
Eddy current testing see
Nondestructive examination
Edison, Thomas Alva, Intro-6, Intro-8
Efficiency, 44-18
boiler or steam generating unit,
19-4
combustible fuel, 10-17
cycle see Chapter 2
gasification systems, 18-2, 18-14
heat balance, 10-18
marine boiler, 31-10
operating techniques, 43-6
particulate removal, 36-13
recovery boiler, 28-4
calculations, 28-6
SO2 removal, 35-6, 36-13
Effluents (aqueous), 32-13
Ejector, 3-16
Electric resistance welded (ERW)
tubes, 7-21
Electric utilities
history of, Intro-7
Electromagnetic acoustics, 45-4
Electron, 47-1
Electropolishing, 50-2, 50-11
Electrostatic precipitator, 29-22,
32-10, 33-2, 33-8, 35-2, 35-13
I-8
Steam 41 / Index
Steam 41 / Index
boiler, 43-11
temperature, effect on final steam
temperature, 19-13
treatment
effect on boiler availability, 43-8
Ferrite, 7-3
Ferritic stainless steels, 7-14
Filling boiler, 43-4
Film condensation, 4-22
Filter
sludge, vacuum, 35-8
Fine grinding, coal, 13-14
Fineness, coal, 13-8
capacity factors, 13-10
testing, 13-10
Finite element analysis (FEA), 8-8
application of, 8-8, 8-9
computer software, 8-9
limitations, 8-9
nonlinear, 8-9
stress analysis, 8-8
Finned tube economizer, 44-7, 44-18
Fins
circumferentially attached, 4-20
economizer, 20-2
efficiency, 4-21
Fire(s) and fire protection
air heater, 20-14
pulverizer, 13-13
Firing rate control, Universal
Pressure boiler, 43-11
Fission, Intro-12, 1-11, 46-1 (see
also Fuel, nuclear)
process, 47-2
product(s), 46-11
Fittings
flow resistance, 3-9
Fixation, 32-16
Fixed charges, 37-11
Flake glass, 35-5
Flame
coal, pulverized, 14-7
detection or scanners, 14-20,
41-15
stability, 14-7
photometer, 40-18
Flat stud tubes, 23-2
Floor design, process recovery boiler,
28-12
decanting, 28-12
sloped, 28-12
Flow
around tubes, 4-16, 4-18
boiling, 5-2
coast down, 49-20
in tubes (and ducts), 4-15, 4-16
instability, 5-11
laminar, 3-8, 4-15
over flat plate, 4-15
patterns, 5-8
turbulent, 3-8, 4-16
two-phase, steam-water, 5-8
Flue gas, 1-5, 1-10
analysis, 10-21
enthalpy, 10-19
excess air determination, 10-21
I-9
I-10
handling, 49-12
loading, 49-18
refueling, 46-10
oil, 9-12, 11-1, 15-8 (see also
Petroleum)
API gravity, 9-14, 11-2
asphaltene content, 11-2
auxiliary, marine, 31-5
burning equipment, 11-9
burning profile, 11-2
carbon residue, 11-2
combustion calculations,
Chapter 10
distillation, 11-2
enthalpy, 10-20
fire point, 11-2
firing application, 26-16
flash point, 9-14, 11-2
heating value, 11-2
kinematic viscosity, 9-14
merchant marine, 31-3
naval, 31-2
No. 2, 9-12
No. 6, 9-12
Nos. 4 and 5, 9-13
pour point, 9-14, 11-2
preparation, 11-1
properties, 11-2
reserves, 9-12
residual fuel oils, 9-13
Saybolt Furol viscosity, 9-14
Saybolt Universal viscosity, 9-14
specific gravity, 11-2
transportation, storage and
handling, 11-1
ultimate analysis, 11-2
viscosity, 11-2
water and sediment, 9-14, 11-2
Orimulsion, 11-3
other gases, 11-3
purging, 43-1
research and development of,
Intro-14
sludge, 30-4
straw, 30-2
switching, 32-5, 32-8
switching, SO2 control, 35-1, 44-18
wood, 30-2
Fuel ash corrosion, 44-12
Fuel NOx, 34-1
Furnace, 1-7
Controlled Combustion Zone
(CCZ), 16-7, 30-6
design, enclosure, 19-4
dry ash, 19-6
recovery boiler, 28-10
sizing, 19-5, 21-14
slag-tap, 19-6
water-cooled walls, 19-6
wet-bottom, 19-6
divided, 19-16
draft control, 41-10
dutch oven, 30-4
exit gas temperature, calculation,
22-4
heat transfer calculations, 22-3
Steam 41 / Index
Galvanizing, 7-16
Steam 41 / Index
upflow, 18-3
Geiger counter, 49-13
Generating bank (see also Boiler,
bank)
crossflow, 28-12
longflow, 28-17
Geographical considerations in
boiler design, 26-5
Global warming, 32-8
Grain boundaries, 7-2
Graphitization, 7-4, 7-11, 44-12
Grashof number, definition of, 4-2,
4-14
Grate
air-cooled, 16-6, 16-8
chain, 16-3
moving, 16-2
pinhole, 30-4
stationary, 16-2
traveling, 16-3, 16-5, 16-8, 30-5
vibrating, 16-3, 16-5, 16-9, 30-5
water-cooled, 16-3, 16-10
Gray iron, 7-14
Graybody, thermal radiation, 4-10
Green liquor, 28-25
Greenhouse gases, 32-8
Grid see Mesh generation
Guarantees
equipment, 26-6
performance, 37-4, 37-5
Gundrilling, 50-4
Gypsum, 32-1, 32-16, 35-8
Half-life, 47-4
I-11
I-12
Load, 39-18
blocks, 39-11
dead, 39-9
distribution, 39-10
static equilibrium, 39-10
factor, 37-11
friction, 39-9
impact, 39-9
imposed, 39-9
lifted, 39-9
live, 39-9
seismic, 39-9
stabilization force, 39-9
wind, 39-9
Local heat transfer coefficient
definition, 4-3
in boiling, 5-4
in free convection, 4-14
in laminar flow, 4-15
in turbulent regions, 4-16
Longflow economizer, 20-4, 28-15
Low water, 43-9
Lowest Achievable Emission Rate,
32-4
Steam 41 / Index
Standards, 32-2
National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA), 11-1, 13-12, 23-4
National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System, 32-13
Natural circulation, 1-3, 5-18, 26-10,
26-11, 27-1, 27-15, 48-6
Natural gas see Chapter 11
burner, 11-9
burning equipment, 15-10
consumption, 9-16
firing application, 26-16, 27-4
gas elements, 11-13
igniter, 11-15
preparation, 11-2
production, 9-16
properties, 11-3
reserves, 9-16
transportation, storage and
handling, 11-2
Nautilus, 46-19
Navier-Stokes equation, 3-2
Navy special fuel oil (NSFO), 31-12
Net plant heat rate, 37-11
Neutron, 47-1
absorption, 47-6
delayed, 47-11
detector, 47-14, 49-17
energy distribution from fission,
47-8
flux, 47-11, 49-17
leakage, 47-11
production, 47-10
prompt, 47-11
reactions, 47-5
source, 47-14
thermal, 47-6
New Source Performance Standards
(NSPS), 32-2
New Source Review (NSR), 32-2
Newtons law of cooling, 4-3
Newtonian fluid, 3-1
Nitrates, 34-2
Nitric acid, 34-2, 35-1
Nitrogen oxides (NOx), 32-7, 34-1,
35-1 (see also NOx and NOx
control)
combustion optimization, 43-6
emissions, 32-7, 34-1
formations, 34-1
nitric oxide (NO), 32-7, 34-1
nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 32-7, 34-1
Non-condensable gases/waste stream,
28-23
Nonattainment Areas, 32-2
Nondestructive examination, 38-11,
45-1 (see also Examination,
nondestructive)
eddy current testing (ECT), 45-3,
49-4, 50-10
probes, 49-4
electromagnetic acoustics, 45-4
leak testing, 50-10
dye penetrant (PT), 50-2
liquid penetrant (PT), 45-2, 49-10
I-13
I-14
fabrication, 38-6
spray, FGD, 35-3, 35-4
Nuclear (see also Fuel, nuclear, and
Chapters 46 through 50)
binding energy, 47-2
chain reaction, 47-7
component maintenance, 49-2
cross-section, 47-12
emergency core cooling system
(ECCS), 46-15
fission, 46-1, 47-1
nucleons, 47-1
nucleus, 47-1
nuclide, 47-1
fuel, 46-2, 46-8, 47-7
fuel assembly, 46-8
fuel cycle, 47-12
fundamentals, 47-1
icebreaker, Lenin, 46-20
merchant ship, Otto Hahn, 46-21
merchant ship, Savannah, 46-20
moderator temperature
coefficient, 47-14
multiplication factor, effective,
47-10
operations, 49-14
power, Intro-12, Chapter 46
pumps and piping, 46-13
radiation, 47-2, 49-1
reactions, Chapter 47
reactor, 46-1, 46-5 (see also
Reactor)
resonance, 47-6
safety systems, 1-13
service, Chapter 49
steam generator, 1-12, 46-12 (see
also Steam generator,
nuclear)
once-through, 46-12
recirculating, 46-12
steam supply system (NSSS),
1-11, 46-4
future of, 46-18
integrated control system, 46-14
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
(NRC), 46-9, 49-14
Nuclear ships, 46-19
Nuclides, 47-1
Numerical analysis, 19-7
Numerical modeling, Chapter 6
benefits of, 6-2
carbon burnout kinetic (CBK)
model, 6-8
chemical percolation devolatilization (CPD) model, 6-8
chemical reactions, 6-4, 6-7
combustion, 6-7
eddy dissipation combustion
model (EDM), 6-7
eddy dissipation concept (EDC)
model, 6-7
heterogeneous chemical
reaction, 6-8
homogeneous chemical
reaction, 6-7
computational fluid dynamics, 6-1
Steam 41 / Index
selection, 33-12
venturi scrubbers, 33-12
New Source Performance
Standards, 32-2
opacity, 33-2
Particulate matter
condensable, 36-13
constituents, 33-1
Partnerships, 37-9
Pearlite, 7-4, 7-5
Peat, 9-6
Penthouse, 23-3
Performance
air heater, 20-12
calculations, Chapter 22
economizer, 20-4
environmental system, 37-4
monitoring, 41-21
steam generating system, 37-2
tests
environmental control systems,
36-7
fossil fuel-fired units, 43-8
nuclear units, 49-15
Periodic Table of the Elements, T-15
Personnel safety, rules, 43-8
Petroleum, 9-12 (see also Fuel, oil)
byproducts, 9-17
consumption, 9-14
pitch, 9-17
pH, 36-1
calibration, 36-2
control, 41-18
electrode, 36-1
feedwater, 42-6
for corrosion control, 42-6
fossil, drum, 42-6, 42-8
fossil, once-through, 42-12
sensors, 36-2
standardization, 36-2
Phase diagram, 7-2
iron carbon, 7-2
Phosphate hideout, 42-9
Photochemical smog, 34-2
Physical metallurgy of steel, 7-2
Pinch point, thermal, HRSG, 27-16
Piping
condition assessment of, 45-9, 45-14
creep, 45-9
leak detection, 45-17
materials, 7-23
nuclear, 49-10
Pitot tube, 3-4, 40-21 (see also S-type
pitot tube)
Plant safety, nuclear, 46-15
Plate air heater, 20-8
Plate forming, 38-4
Plutonium, 47-4, 47-15
PM2.5, 32-7
PM10, 32-7
Pneumatic signals, 40-2
Pollution control see Emissions,
air pollution and individual
pollutants)
Post weld heat treatment, 7-11, 50-5,
50-12
Potentiometer
direct reading, 40-10
millivolt, 40-10
Powder River Basin (PRB) coal, 9-2,
12-15, 21-13, 44-18
Powdered activated carbon (PAC),
32-12
Power
coefficient, nuclear, 47-14
costs, 26-1
cycle diagram
fossil fuel, 2-16, 2-18
nuclear fuel, 2-20
distribution, neutron, 47-7
for auxiliaries, fossil fuel equipment, 15-10, 26-5
Power plant
automation, 41-19
emissions, discharges
aqueous discharges, 32-13
atmospheric emissions, 32-1,
32-7
solid wastes, 32-1, 32-10
Prandtl number, 4-2, 4-14
Precipitation hardened stainless
steels, 7-14
PrecisionJet, 16-9
Present value, present value factor,
37-12
Pressure
component assembly, 38-6, 39-12
difference, contraction and
enlargement, 3-11
drop (or loss)
acceleration loss, 5-10
bend, 3-13
calculation, Chapter 22
contraction, 3-11
enlargement, 3-11
equation, closed channel, 3-7
fittings, 3-9
fluidized-bed, 43-14
friction loss, 3-5, 3-7, 5-10
gas flow across tube banks, 3-15
hydraulic or static loss, 5-10
local loss, 5-10
rectangular duct, 3-13
reheater relationship, 19-11
stack, 3-15
steam-water, 5-9
separator, 5-17
superheater, 19-11
two-phase (steam-water), 3-16,
5-9
valve, 3-9
gauge
dead weight, 40-2
opposed bellows, 40-2
slack diaphragm, 40-2
gradient, 3-1
loss see Pressure, drop
manometer, 40-1
high pressure, 40-1
measurement
instrument connections, 40-3
part welds, 39-13
I-15
I-16
Radiant
bypass systems, 19-20
Radiation, nuclear, 47-1, 49-1
absorbed, 47-3
detector, 47-3, 49-13
dose, 47-3
factor in maintenance, 49-1
protection, 47-3, 49-1
Radiation pyrometer, 40-5
Radiation, thermal, 4-3, 4-7
absorptivity, 4-3
between blackbody surfaces, 4-4
between gray surfaces, 4-4
blackbody, 4-4
carbon dioxide, from, 4-12
cavity, 4-28, 4-32, 20-4, 22-13
discrete ordinates, 6-9
emissive power of, 4-4
emissivity (emittance), 4-4
enclosures for, 4-7
gases, from, 4-8
geometry factor, 4-4
heat loss from setting, 23-6
heat transfer coefficient, 22-7
intertube, 20-4, 22-7
modeling of, 6-8
particles from, 4-8
reflection of, 4-3
reflectivity, 4-3
shield, 4-31
transmissivity, 4-3
water vapor, from, 4-12
Radioactive
decay constant, 47-4
half-life, 47-4
Radioactivity, 47-4
Radiographic examination, 50-2, 50-6
Radiography, 38-11
Rankine cycle, 2-13 (see also Cycle,
Rankine)
in IGCC plants, 18-14
nuclear heat source, 2-19
Rankine temperature scale, 40-4
RDF
Steam 41 / Index
Steam 41 / Index
Safety
burner, coal, 14-20
burner, oil and gas, 11-16
combustion, 14-20, 43-1
construction, 39-16
factors, C-3
nuclear,
analysis report, 49-14
limits, 49-15
pulverizer, 13-13
relief valve, 25-1
valve, 19-8
valve, setting, 43-4
Sampling, water and steam, 42-13
Saturated steam, properties, 2-2,
2-3, T-5, T-6
Saturated water, properties, 2-2,
2-3, T-5, T-6
Savannah, 46-20
Scale, marine, 31-8
Scale detection, fossil fuel boiler, 40-12
Scaling, 35-2
Schedule, construction, 39-2
Scope of supply or work, 37-5
SCR see Selective catalytic
reduction
Screen
heat transfer and draft loss
calculations, 22-4
Screw feeders, 16-7
Scrubber, dry, Color Plate 7 see
SO2 control
Scrubber, wet, Color Plate 6 see
SO2 control
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR),
27-5, 27-7, 29-23, 32-9, 32-12,
34-3, 39-15 (see also NOx
control)
applications, 34-3
arrangements, 34-4
catalyst see NOx control, catalyst
cold side/low dust, 34-4
distributions, 34-8
ammonia to NOx, 34-9
temperature, 34-9
velocity, 34-8
hot side/high dust, 34-4
mixing, 34-10
retrofits, 34-10
systems, 34-4
Selective non-catalytic reduction
(SNCR), 29-23, 32-9, 34-3, 34-13
(see also NOx control)
Series present value factor,
economics, 37-12
Setting, boiler
appearance, 23-9
cased enclosures and casing, 23-3,
39-18
construction, 23-1
corrosion, 23-7
definition, 23-1
enclosures, 23-1
expansion, 23-4
explosion effect, 23-4
I-17
I-18
sulfation, 10-14
Specific gravity, 9-14
Specific heat, 2-22, 4-9
ratio, 3-4
Specific volume
water and steam, 2-1, 2-2, T-5, T-6
Specifications, Chapter 37
Spent fuel, nuclear, 46-11, 50-13
Spheroidizing, 7-9
Spout see Air swept spout
Spray dryer absorber (SDA), 35-12
(see also SO2 control)
approach temperature, 35-14
atomizer, 35-13
gas disperser, 35-13
process, 35-16
reagent, 35-15
recycle, 35-15
single pass, 35-15
spray chamber, 35-13
spraydown, 35-15
stoichiometry, 35-15
Stability, 5-12
Stack and draft, 25-6
barometric pressure, 25-7
draft
balanced, 25-6
forced, 25-6
induced, 25-5
loss, 25-6
natural, 25-6
loss (or resistance), 43-6
friction, 25-8
velocity head, 25-8
specific volume, 25-6
air and flue gas, 25-6
stack
effect, 22-18, 25-6
flow, 3-15
flow loss, 25-8, 43-6
operation and maintenance,
25-10
Staged combustion, 14-11, 15-13,
16-6, 44-8
Startup
fossil fuel-fired units, 43-2, 43-4
State Implementation Plans (SIPs),
32-2
Steady-state
flowing systems, 4-6
heat conduction, 4-5
Steam
air heater, 31-10
as a thermodynamic system, 2-1
capacity, 27-8
coil air heater, 20-9
conditions, 37-2
cycle, 2-14
nuclear plant, 2-19
enthalpy, 2-1, 2-2, T-5, T-6
entropy, 2-1, 2-2, T-5, T-6
flow requirements, 27-2
generating bank, 1-8 (see also
Boiler, bank)
generation fundamentals, 1-2
heat recovery steam generator,
Steam 41 / Index
Steam 41 / Index
downcomer, 48-5
electropolishing, 50-11
erosion-corrosion, 48-9
feedwater, 48-2, 48-6
flow circuits, 48-2, 48-6
foreign object damage, 48-9
fretting, 48-9
heat transfer, 48-3, 48-6
instrumentation, 48-4
integral economizer (preheater),
48-3, 48-7, 50-8
intergranular attack, 48-9
lattice grid (tube support), 48-7,
48-11, 50-6, 50-8
manipulator, 49-5
manufacture, 50-2
natural circulation, 48-6
naval, 46-20
once-through (OTSG), 1-12, 46-4,
46-12, 48-2, 48-13, 49-1,
49-17, 50-2, 50-4
pitting, 48-9
post weld heat treatment, 50-5,
50-11
preheater, 48-7
pressure boundary, 50-5
primary head, 50-4, 50-6, 50-11
primary side maintenance, 49-3
tubing, 49-3
eddy current testing, 49-4
plugging, 49-5
repair, 49-6
recirculating (RSG), 46-5, 46-12,
48-4, 48-10, 49-1, 49-17,
50-2, 50-4
replacement, 48-9
secondary side maintenance,
49-7
chemical cleaning, 49-7
sludge lancing, 49-7
shell (course), 50-3
shroud (wrapper), 48-2, 48-6,
50-8
steam drum, 48-4, 48-12
steam drum head, 50-4
steam drum internals, 50-10
stress corrosion cracking
(SCC), 49-2, 49-7, 48-9, 49-8
support plate, 48-2, 48-7
surface conditioning, 50-11
tack expansion, 50-9
terminal points, 50-11
tie rods, 50-8
tube
bending, 50-7
bundle, 50-6, 50-8
expansion, 50-10
installation, 50-9
ovality, 50-7
plugging, 49-5
repair, 49-6
sleeving, 49-6
support plate (TSP), 50-6, 50-8
tube material, 48-4, 48-10
tube to tubesheet welding, 50-9
tubes, 50-6
I-19
I-20
Temperature
Steam 41 / Index
Steam 41 / Index
Valve
flow, coefficient, 3-12
flow resistance, 3-9
nuclear, 49-10
safety and relief see Safety,
relief valve
Universal Pressure boiler,
bypass, 43-12
Vapor, superheated, 3-1
Vaporization (ammonia), 34-7
Variable pressure operation, 19-2,
19-17, 19-20, 43-6
operation control, 41-7
Vegetation wastes, 9-19
Velocity
fluidizing, 17-2
head, 3-6
head, mass-velocity relationship
for air, 3-15
head loss for valves and fittings,
3-12
minimum, 17-2
ranges, 3-9
steam generating system, 3-9
Ventilation, boiler room, 23-6
Venturi, 3-4
air foil, 40-21
tube, 40-20
Venturi scrubber, 35-2
Vibration
buckstays, 23-5
casing, 23-5
Viscosity, 3-1
absolute, 9-14
apparent, 3-9
coal ash slag
effect of iron, 15-4
compared with kinematic, 3-10
gases of, 4-11
in common gases, 3-11
in common liquids, 3-11
oxidizing versus reducing
atmosphere, 15-13
requirements for Cyclone
furnaces, 15-4
steam, 3-12
T250, 15-4
Void fraction, 5-9
Volatile matter, coal
ASTM test, 14-3
fuel ratio (FC/VM), 14-10, 14-18
NOx influence, 14-5
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
32-7
I-22
Steam 41 / Index