(1) Angina

Angina :chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.
Type of angina

Angina Causes and Risk Factors

1- Decrease blood flow to the heart muscles
2- Emotional stress
3- Exposure to very hot or cold temperatures
4- Heavy meals
5- Smoking
6- Blood clotting
7- Obesity
8- Alcohol abuse
Angina Sings and symptoms

Chest pain or discomfort

Pain in your arms, neck, jaw, shoulder or back accompanying chest

pain

Nausea

Fatigue

Shortness of breath

Sweating

Dizziness

Angina tests

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG).

Stress test.

Echocardiogram.

Nuclear stress test. .

Chest X-ray.

Coronary angiography

Cardiac computerized tomography (CT) scan.

Complication

Acute pulmonary edema

Congestive heart failure
Cardiogenic shock
Dysrhythmias and cardiac arrest
MI (described later in this chapter)
Myocardial rupture
Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade

Treatment
1- Nitroglycerin
2- -beta-adrenergic blocking agents,:- Beta-blockers such as propranolol
(Inderal), metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol), and atenolol (Tenormin)
3- calcium channel blockers 4-antiplatelet agents.:- Antiplatelet
medication

Nursing Care Plan

(2)

MI

MI : Myocardial infarction refers to the dynamic process in which one or

more regions of the heart experience a severe prolonged decrease in
oxygen supply because of insufficient coronary blood flow, subsequently
necrosis or death to myocardial tissue.
Causes
1- Blood clot
2- inflammation of the coronary arteries (rare).
3- A stab wound to the heart.
4- A blood clot forming elsewhere in the body (for example, in a heart
chamber) and travelling to a coronary artery where it gets stuck.
5- Taking cocaine, which can cause a coronary artery to go into spasm.
6- Complications from heart surgery.
7- Some other rare heart problems.
signs and symptoms include:

Pressure, tightness, pain, or a squeezing or aching sensation in your

chest or arms that may spread to your neck, jaw or back

Nausea, indigestion, heartburn or abdominal pain

Shortness of breath

Cold sweat

Fatigue

Lightheadedness or sudden dizziness

Test

Electrocardiogram (ECG).

Blood tests.

Chest X-ray.

Echocardiogram.

Coronary catheterization (angiogram).

Exercise stress test.

Cardiac computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance

imaging (MRI)

Complication

Acute pulmonary edema

Heart failure
Cardiogenic shock
Dysrhythmias and cardiac arrest
Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade
Myocardial rupture

Treatment

Aspirin.

Thrombolytics..

Antiplatelet agents.

Pain relievers. such as morphine

Nitroglycerin.

Beta blockers.

ACE inhibitors.

Nursing Care Plan

(3)

Heart Failure

Heart failure is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough blood to
meet the body's needs
Causes

Coronary heart disease

Diabetes
High blood pressure
Arrhythmia.
Cardiomyopathy.
Congenital heart defects. .
Heart valve disease.
Thyroid disorders

Symptom

Shortness of breath

Fatigue and weakness

Swelling (edema) in your legs, ankles and feet

Rapid or irregular heartbeat

Reduced ability to exercise

Persistent cough or wheezing with white or pink blood-tinged phlegm

Increased need to urinate at night

Swelling of your abdomen (ascites)

Sudden weight gain from fluid retention

Lack of appetite and nausea

Difficulty concentrating or decreased alertness

Sudden, severe shortness of breath and coughing up pink, foamy

mucus

Chest pain

Test

Blood tests.
Chest X-ray.
Electrocardiogram (ECG).
Echocardiogram.
Stress test.
Cardiac computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI).
Coronary angiogram.
Myocardial biopsy.
Complication

Kidney damage or failure.

Heart valve problems.
Heart rhythm problems.
Liver damage.

Treatment

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. ).

Angiotensin II receptor blockers.

Beta blockers.

Diuretics.

Aldosterone antagonists.

Inotropes.

Digoxin (Lanoxin).