Smart teach NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 1 Crop Production and Management Science NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 1 Crop Production and Management Science Exercise: 1. Select the correct word from the following list and fill in the blanks. float, water, crop, nutrients, preparation (a) The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called (b) The first step before growing crops is of the soil (c) Damaged seeds would on top of water. (d) For growing a crop, sufficient sunlight and and from the soil are essential Answer: (a) The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called crop. (b) The first step before growing crops is preparation of the soil (c) Damaged seeds would float on top of water. (d) For growing a crop, sufficient sunlight and water and nutrients from the soil are essential. 2. Match items in column A with those in column B. A B (i) Khariferops (a) Food for cattle (ii) Rabi crops (b) Urea and super phosphate (iii) Chemical fertilisers (c) Animal excreta, cow dung, urine and plant waste (iv) Organic manure (4) Wheat, gram, pea (e) Paddy and maize mz TERT Shs or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, Answer A B (i) Khariferops (e) Paddy and maize (ii) Rabi crops (d) Wheat, gram, pea (il) Chemical fertilisers (b) Urea and super phosphate (Iv) Organic manure (c)_Animal excreta, cow dung, urine and plant waste 3. Give two examples of each. (a) Kharif crop (b) Rabi crop Answer (a) Kharif crop: Paddy, maize (b) Rabi crop: Wheat, gram 4, Write a paragraph in your own words on each of the following. (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing Answer (a) Preparation of soil is the first step before growing of crop. It helps to tur the soil and loosen it to allow the root to penetrate deep into it. The loosening of the soil helps in the growth of several soil microbes, earthworms etc., which enrich the soil with humus and other essential nutrients. The process of turning and loosening is called ploughing. This is done using a plough, hoe and cultivators. (b) Sowing is the process of putting the seeds into the soil for growing crops. We need to se quality seeds for sowing. Sowing is done manually are mechanical equipment like Seed Drill. Seeds of few plants like rice is first grown in a separate area and then transplanted in the fields (c) Ina field many other undesirable plants may grow along with the crop. These undesirable plants are called weeds. Farmers use many ways to remove weeds Methods to control weeds are: Tilling before sowing of crops, physical removal of weeds HEI TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart teach by uprooting or cutting them close to the ground, using certain chemicals called weedicides ete. (d) Threshing is the process of separating grains or seeds from chaff. Itis done after harvesting the crop. It is usually carried out with the help of a machine known as ‘Combine’, This machine is a combined harvester and thresher. It harvests plants as well as cleans grains. 5, Explain how fertilisers are different from manure. Answer Fertiliser Manure Manure isa natural substance prepared by the decomposttion of animal excreta and plant wastes. Fertilisers are commercially available plant nutrients. Manure is known to have a large They can be organic or inorganic in nature, _| quantity of organic materials and very litle amount of plant nutrients. They ensure healthy growth and development of plants by providing them with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, ete. They help in enriching the soil with organic matter and nutrients, The addition of fertilisers to the soil requires special guidelines such as dose time, post addition precautions, etc., to be followed. The adcition of manure does not require any special guidelines. A fertiliser does not provide any humus to the | Manure provides humus to the soil and soil. increases soil ferility. Its excessive use causes water pollution. It | It protects the environment and helps in cannot replenish organic matter of sol recycling farm waste. 6. What is irrigation? Describe two methods of irrigation which conserve water. Answer Supply of water to crops at appropriate intercals is called irrigation. The time and frequency of irrigation varies according to different seasons, crops, and soil types Two methods of irrigation which help in conservation of water are — Sprinkler system: This system is more useful on uneven land, having fewer water supplies. In this method, water is supplied using pipes to one or more central locations within the field. When water is allowed to flow under high pressure with the help of a pump, it gets sprinkled on the crops. mz TERT Sus fo Cas Bn Sec wr amasenhcom I\WW \Smart @teach, — Drip system: In this system, water is delivered at or near the roots of plants, drop by drop. This is the most efficient method of irrigation as there is no wastage of water at all This method is important in areas where water availability is poor. 7. lf wheat is sown in the kharif season, what would happen? Discuss. Answer If wheat is sown in the kharif season (from June to October), then the whole crop might get destroyed because of many factors such as lack of optimum temperature, adaptability, availability of pests, etc, Kharif season includes the rainy season, which is not favourable for the growth of wheat crop. Therefore, wheat crop should not be sown during this season 8, Explain how soil gets affected by the continuous plantation of crops in a field. Answer If continuous plantation of crops is done in the flelds then the soil will become poor in necessary nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. ete. Plants require nutrients for their proper growth and functioning. When a farmer continues to grow crops one after the other, then all nutrients available in the soil reduce and the crop yield decreases automatically, 9. What are weeds? How can we control them? Answer Weeds are unwanted wild plants that grow in the field. Weeds compete with the crop for nutrients, light, and space. As a result, crop plants get lesser nutrients, light, and space for their development. Some important weeding methods are — Weeds can be controlled using weedicides. It is a chemical, which is sprayed in the fields to kill all available weeds. Weedicides are not harmful to crops. — Tilling before sowing of crops also helps in removing weeds. Tilling uproots the Weeds. The best time for the removal of weeds is before they produce flowers and seeds — The manual method of removing weeds is with the help of a khurpi. It involves regular uprooting or cutting of weeds close to the ground. 10. Arrange the following boxes in proper order to make a flow chart of sugarcane crop production ml TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart teach [Sending crop to] ae Tab Invigation Harvesting ] ‘Sowing ] 1 2 3 4 Preparation of ed Manuring 5 6 2 Answer Irrigation ‘el www.smarteteach.com 11. Complete the following word puzzle with the help of clues given below. Down 1, Providing water to the crops 2. Keeping crop grains for a long time under proper conditions. 5. Certain plants of the same kind grown on a large scale. Across 3. A machine used for cutting the matured crop. 4. Arabi crop that is also one of the pulses. 6. A process of separating the grain from chaff. r r ma a [ia mal TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcomSmart @teach, Answer Down 1, IRRIGATION 2, STORAGE 5. CROP Across 3. HARVESTOR 4, GRAM 6. WINNOWING. aes Bebe el [2141-141 2[= mE] TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart teach NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 2 Microorganisms : Friend and Foe Science NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 2 Microorganisms : Friend and Foe Science Exercise: 1. Fill in the blanks: (a) Microorganisms can be seen with the help of a , (b) Blue green algae fix directly from air to enhance fertlity of soll (c) Alcohol is produced with the help of (d) Cholera is caused by Answer (a) Microorganisms can be seen with the help of a microscope. (b) Blue green algae fix nitrogen directly from air to enhance fertility of soil, (c) Alcohol is produced with the help of yeast. (d) Cholera is caused by bacteria 2. Tick the correct answer: (a) Yeast is used in the production of (i) sugar (ii) alcohol (ii) hydrochloric acid (iv) oxygen > (ii) alcohol (b) The following is an antibiotic (i) Sodium bicarbonate (ii) Streptomycin (iii) Alcohol (iv) Yeast > (ii) Streptomycin (c) Cartier of malaria-causing protozoan is (i) female Anopheles mosquito my TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart teach (ii) cockroach (ii) housety (iv) butterfly > (i) female Anopheles mosquito (d) The most common carrier of communicable diseases is (i) ant (ii) housefly (ii) dragonfly (iv) spider > (ii) housefly (e) The bread or idli dough rises because of (i) heat (ii) grinding (ii) growth of yeast cells (iv) kneading > (iil) growth of yeast cells, (f) The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol is called (i) nitrogen fixation (ii) moulding (ii) fermentation (iv) infection > (iil) fermentation 3. Match the organisms in Column | with their action in Column Il. Fixing nitrogen Setting of curd Baking of bread NCERT Solutions for Class 8th Science] www.smarteteach.com www.smarteteach.comSmart teach Answer ca Causing cholera (ii) | Rhizobium Fixing nitrogen ii) | Lactobacillus } (b) | Setting of curd Baking of bread 4. Can microorganisms be seen with the naked eye? If not, how can they be seen? Answer Microorganisms are too small so they cannot be seen with naked eye. They can be seen with the help of a magnifying glass or microscope. 5. What are the major groups of microorganisms? Answer There are five major groups of micro-organisms: — Bacteria - They are single celled disease-causing micro-organisms. They can be spiral or rod- shaped — Fungi - They are mostly multicellular disease-causing microbes. Bread moulds are common examples of fungi — Protozoa - They mainly include organisms such as Amoeba, Plasmodium,etc. They can be unicellular or mutticeliular. — Virus Viruses are disease-causing microbes that reproduce only inside the host organism — Algae - They include multicellular, photosynthetic organisms such as Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, ete. 6, Name the microorganisms which can fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. Answer Bacteria such as Rhizobium and certain blue-green algae can fix atmospheric nitrogen in | TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, the soil 7. Write 10 lines on the usefulness of microorganisms in our lives, Answer Micro-organisms are too small to be seen through naked eyes. However, they are vital to plants end the environment. Lactobacillus is used to form curd from milk. — Rhizobium present in the roots of pulse plants fix nitrogen from air and supply nitrogen compounds to the pulse plants — Micro-organisms are also used in winemaking, baking, pickling, and other food making processes. — Alcoholic fermentation by yeast is widely used in the preparation of wine and bread. — Microbes are used to reduce pollution, For example, decomposers such as bacteria and fungi break down dead bodies and excreta to form inorganic compounds, which can be absorbed by plants. — Microbes also play an important role in the preparation of medicines. Antibiotics are chemicals produced by micro-organisms to kill bacteria. Penicilin is an antibotic made from Penicilium. — Bacteria present in our intestine helps in proper digestion and release Vitmain B Which is absorbed by intestine. — Many vaccines are prepared from micro-organisms. These vaccines are given to children to protect them from disease, — Certain microbes are also used in the biological treatment of sewage and industrial effluents, — Yeast is used in making idiis, bhaturas, bread, pastries and cakes. 8, Write a short paragraph on the harms caused by microorganisms. Answer Micro-organisms cause diseases in animals. For example, in humans, bacteria cause diseases such as tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid, etc. In cattle, the foot and mouth disease is caused by a virus. Also, several microbes cause diseases in plants. For example, the productivity of wheat, orange, apple, etc. is reduced due to microbial diseases in plants. Certain microbes, on entering into our body, produce toxic substances. This leads to food poisoning. Some micro-organisms such as fungus spol our food. For example, bread when left unused under moist conditions gets spoilt by fungus, producing a white cotton-like growth on the bread. 9. What are antibiotics? What precautions must be taken while taking antibiotics? Answer HE] TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, Antibiotics are medicines produced by certain micro-organisms to kill other disease- causing micro-organisms Precautions to be taken while using antibiotics: — Antibiotics should be taken under the supervision of a well qualified doctor. — Course (intake) of antibiotics should be completed as per the prescription given by the doctor. — Antibiotics should be taken in the right amount and at the right time. A wrong dose of antibiotics makes the drug ineffective. Also, excessive consumption of drugs may kill the useful bacteria present in our body mE TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart teach NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 3 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics Science NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 3 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics Science Excercise 1. Explain why some fibres are called synthetic, Answer Some fibres are called synthetic fibres because they are man-made. These fibres made by the combination of different types of chemicals in industries and their nature are also different in respect of natural fibre 2. Mark the correct answer. Rayon is different from synthetic fibres because (a) it has a silksike appearance. (b) itis obtained from wood pulp. (©) its fibres can also be woven like those of natural fibres > (b) itis obtained from wood pulp. 3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words. (a) Synthetic fibres are also called or fibres (b) Synthetic fibres are synthesised from raw materials called (c) Like synthetic fibres, plastic is also a Answer (a) Synthetic fibres are also called artificial or man-made fibres (b) Synthetic fibres are synthesised from raw materials called petrochemicals (c) Like synthetic fibres, plastic is also a polymer. 4, Give examples which indicate that nylon fibres are very strong. Answer Nylon fibers are very strong thus they are used to prepare ropes for mountaineering, They are also used to prepare parachutes. 5. Explain why plastic containers are favoured for storing food mE] TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart teach Answer Plastic containers are favoured for storing food because: — The plastics do not react with the food stored in them, — The plastics are light weight and are strong, — They are easy to handle and safe. — They are cheap and ductile 6. Explain the difference between thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics. Answer Thermosetting plastic Thermoplastic Thermosetting plastic cannot be bent easily. It may brealewhen forced band Thermoplastic can be bent easily. Thermosetting plastic cannot be softened by heating. Thus, it cannot be reshaped once moulded. Thermoplastic can be softened easily by heating. Thus, it can be reshaped. 7. Explain why the following are made of thermosetting plastics. (a) Saucepan handles (b) Electric plugs/switches/plug boards Answer (a) The handles of saucepans are made of thermosetting plastics because it is a bad conductor of heat and so, do not get heated up while cooking, So it is easier to handle the utensil while cooking. Moreover it does not get softened due to heat. (b) Electrical plugs, switches and plug-boards are made up of thermosetting plastics because it is a bad conductor of electricity. It does not allow the electric current to pass through it, thus safe in using in electric appliances. 8, Categorize the materials of the following products into ‘can be recycled’ and ‘cannot be recycled’ Telephone instruments, plastic toys, cooker handles, carry bags, ball point pens, plastic bows, plastic covering on electrical wires, plastic chairs, electrical switches. Answer | TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart teach Cannot be recycled Can be recycled Telephone instruments Plastic toys Cooker handles Plastic chairs Electrical switches Carry bags Plastic covering on electrical wires Ball point pens Plastic bowls 9, Rana wants to buy shirts for summer. Should he buy cotton shirts or shirts made from synthetic material? Advise Rana, giving your reason. Answer Rana should buy shirts made from cotton. This is because cotton is a good absorber of water. It can soak the sweat coming out of our body and expose it to the environment. Thus, it helpsin evaporating the liquid (sweat), thereby cooling our body. 10. Give examples to show that plastics are non-corrosive in nature. Answer Plastics are noncorrosive in nature because it is a nonreactive substance. It does not react with alr, water, minerals and other chemicals. So in present days most of the containers, utensils and laboratory equipments are made with plastics to store food, chemicals etc. 11, Should the handle and bristles of a tooth brush be made of the same material? Explain your answer. Answer No. The handle and bristles of a tooth brush should be made of different materials. The handle of a toothbrush should be hard and strong, while the bristles should be soft and flexible, 12. ‘Avoid plastics as far as possible’. Comment on this advice. Answer Plastics are non-biodegradable materials. They take several years to decompose. It is EI CERT Sos os Bh Sdevce ww amrsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart teach not environment friendly and causes environment pollution. Also buming process of plastics is quite slow. In the process of burning it releases lots of poisonous gas into the atmosphere causing air pollution. Some plastics can't be recycled and so, it is very difficult to finally dispose off such materials. Polythene bags, carelessly thrown in an eating garbage can cause death for the animals like - cows, dogs ete or sometimes even become a cause for clogging of the drains. 13. Match the terms of column A correctly with the phrases given in column B. A B (i) | Polyester | (a) | Prepared by using wood pulp (ii) | Teflon | (b) | Used for making parachutes and stockings (iii) | Rayon | (c) | Used to make non-stick cookware (iv) | Nylon |(d) | Fabrics do not wrinkle easily Answer A B (i) | Polyester | (d) | Fabrics do not wrinkle easily (ii) | Teflon} (c) | Used to make non-stick cookware (ii) | Rayon | (a) | Prepared by using wood pulp (iv) [Nylon | (b) | Used for making parachutes and stockings 44, "Manufacturing synthetic fibres is actually helping conservation of forests’. Comment. Answer The natural fibers are obtained from plants and animals, whereas the synthetic fibers are obtained by chemical processing of petrochemicals. Unlike natural fibers, manufacturing of synthetic fibers do not require to cut trees or hunting of any animal. In this way manufacturing synthetic fibers is actually helping conservation forests. 15. Describe an activity to show that thermoplastic is a poor conductor of electricity. Answer mE TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcomSmart @teach, Weill design a circuit to see that thermoplastics are poor conductors of electricity. We need a bulb, some wires, a battery, a piece of metal, and a plastic pipe. Set up the circuit first with the metal and then with the plastic pipe (as shown in the figure), After you switch on the current, you will observe that the bulb glows in the former case. In the latter case, the bulb does not glow. Hence, a plastic pipe (which is a thermoplastic) is shown to be a poor conductor of electricity. Metal Thermo plastic ie mE TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart teach NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 4 Materials : Metals and Non-Metals Science NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 4 Materials : Metals and Non-Metals Science Excercise 1. Which of the following can be beaten into thin sheets? (a) Zine (b) Phosphorus (c) Sulphur (4) Oxygen > (a) Zine 2. Which of the following statements is correct? (a) All metals are ductile. (b) All non-metals are ductile. (c) Generally, metals are ductile (d) Some non-metals are ductile. > (c) Generally, metals are ductile 3. Fill in the blanks: (a) Phosphorus is a very non-metal. (b) Metals are conductors of heat and (c) Iron is reactive than copper. (d) Metals react with acids to produce gas. Answer (a) Phosphorus is a very reactive non-metal. (b) Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. (c) Iron is more reactive than copper. (d) Metals react with acids to produce hydrogen gas. 4. Mark 'T’ if the statement is true and 'F' if it is false. (a) Generally, non-metals react with acids. ( ) > False | TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart teach (b) Sodium is a very reactive metal. ( ) > Tue (c) Copper displaces zinc from zinc sulphate solution. ( ) > False (d) Coal can be drawn into wires. ( ) > False Metals | Non- metals 5, Some properties are listed in the following Table, Distinguish between metals and non-metals on the basis of these properties Properties 41. Appearance 2. Hardness 3, Malleability 4, Duetility 5, Heat Conduction 6. Conduction of Electricity Answer Properties Non-metals 41, Appearance Lustrous Dull 2. Hardness Hard Soft 3, Malleability Can be beaten into thin Cannot be beaten into thin 4, Duetlity sheets sheets 5, Heat conduction Can be drawn into wires | Cannot be drawn into wires 6. Conduction of Good conductors of heat Poor conductors of heat electricity Good conductors of Poor conductors of electricity electricity 6. Give reasons for the following. (a) Aluminium foils are used to wrap food items. NERY on for ss BSc] wu snatch comSmart teach (b) Immersion rods for heating liquids are made up of metallic substances. (c) Copper cannot displace zinc from its salt solution, (d) Sodium and potassium are stored in kerosene Answer (a) Aluminium foils are used to wrap food items because aluminium metal is malleable. Therefore, it can be beaten into thin foils. (b) Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. Therefore, immersion rods for heating liquids are made of metallic substances. (c) Ametal can displace a less reactive metal from its salt in an aqueous solution, But zinc is more reactive than copper. Therefore, copper cannot displace zinc from its salt solution, Cu(s}+ ZnSO, (aq) + No reaction (d) Sodium and potassium are stored in kerosene because they are highly reactive elements. They can easily catch fire even when in contact with air. 7. Can you store lemon pickle in an aluminium utensil? Explain. Answer Lemon pickle cannot be stored in aluminium utensils because lemon pickle contains acids, which can react with aluminium (metal) liberating hydrogen gas. This can lead to. the spoiling of the pickle. 8. Match the substances given in Column A with their uses given in Column B. rN (i) | Gold (ii) J tron (il) | Aluminium | (c) | Wrapping food (iv) | Carbon (v) | Copper NCERT Solutions for Class 8th Science] www.smarteteach.com www.smarteteach.comSmart teach (vi) | Mercury I Fuel Answer A B (i) | Gola (d) | Jewellery (ii) } Iron (e) | Machinery (ii) | Aluminium | (c) | Wrapping food (iv) | Carbon | (f) | Fuel (v) |Copper | (b) | Electric wire (vi) Mercury | (a) | Thermometers 9. What happens when (a) Dilute sulphuric acid is poured on a copper plate? (b) Iron nails are placed in copper sulphate solution? Write word equations of the reactions involved. Answer (a) When dilute sulphuric acid is poured on a copper plate, there will be no reaction between copper and dilute sulphuric acid as copper is less reactive and hence no products will be formed (b) Iron being more reactive displaces copper from copper sulphate solution. In this reaction, the blue colour of copper sulphate fades and there is deposition of copper on the iron nail Iron (Fe) + Copper Sulphate (CuSO,) — Iron Sulphate (FeSO,) + Copper (Cu) 10. Saloni took a piece of buming charcoal and collected the gas evolved in a test tube. (a) How will she find the nature of the gas? (b) Write down word equations of all the reactions taking place in this process. Answer HE TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, (a) Add a few drops of water in the test tube containing gas. Now, cover the test tube and shake it well. After shaking, test the solution with blue litmus and red litmus. It will tum blue litmus red. Thus, the gas is acidic in nature (b) Charcoal reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide gas. +0; CO, (Carbon from Charcoal) + Oxygen > Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which tums blue litmus paper red. CO2 + HO ++ H:COs (Carbon Doixide) + Water — (Carbonic Acid - turns blue litmus red) 11. One day Reeta went to a jeweller's shop with her mother. Her mother gave an old gold jewellery to the goldsmith to polish. Next day when they brought the jewellery back, they found that there was a slight loss in its weight. Can you suggest a reason for the loss in weight? Answer To polish a gold omament, itis dipped in a liquid called aqua regia (a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid). On getting the environment of aqua regia, the outer layer of gold dissolves and the inner shiny layer appears. The dissolving of the layer causes @ reduction in the weight of the jewellery. HEI TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart teach NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 5 Coal and Petroleum Science NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 5 Coal and Petroleum Science Excercise 1, What are the advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels? Answer The advantages of using compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquified petroleum gas (LPG) as fuels are — They can be burnt directly. — They can be transported easily through pipe lines, — They are clean fuels and do not give smoke when burnt. — They give a lot of heat energy when but. 2. Name the petroleum product used for surfacing of roads. Answer Bitumen, a petroleum product, is used for surfacing roads. 3. Describe how coal is formed from dead vegetation. What is this process called? Answer Millions of years ago, dense forests got buried under the soil due to natural processes like storms, floods, and earthquakes. These got compressed as more and more soil got deposited over them, When they got buried deep in the soil, they were exposed to very high pressure and temperature. Under these conditions, these slowly got converted into coal. This process of formation of coal from dead vegetation is called carbonization 4, Fill in the banks. (a) Fossil fuels are . and . (b) Process of separation of different constituents from petroleum is called (c) Least polluting fuel for vehicles is Answer (a) Fossil fuels are coal, petroleum and natural gas. (b) Process of separation of different constituents from petroleum is called refining. (c) Least polluting fuel for vehicles is CNG. HEI TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, 5. Tick True/False against the following statements. (a) Fossil fuels can be made in the laboratory, (T / F) > False (b) CNG is more polluting fuel than petrol. (T / F) > False (c) Coke is almost pure form of carbon. (T/ F) > True (d) Coal tar is a mixture of various substances. (T / F) > True (e) Kerosene is not a fossil fuel. (T / F) > False 6. Explain why fossil fuels are exhaustible natural resources. Answer Fossil fuels require millions of years to form from the dead vegetation and animals that get buried deep inside the Earth. They require high temperature and pressure for their formation, which cannot be provided in the laboratory, Thus, fossils are limited. Therefore, the use of fossil fuels at this rate will lead to their exhaustion. 7. Describe characteristics and uses of coke. Answer Characteristics of coke are: = Tough — Porous — Black in colour Uses of coke — In manufacture of steel. — In the extraction of metals (as a reducing agent). 8. Explain the process of formation of petroleum: me TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart teach Answer Petroleum was formed from dead organisms that got buried in the sea millions of years ago. These dead bodies got covered with layers of sand and clay, Lack of air, high temperature, and high pressure transformed these dead organisms into petroleum and natural gas 9. The following Table shows the total power shortage in India from 1991 - 1997. Show the data in the form of a graph. Plot shortage percentage for the years on the Y-axis and the year on the X-axis. Answer 7807 1902 1003 1694 1905 1006 1007 rae Year —> Fig. 51 | TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart teach NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 6 Combustion and Flame Science NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 6 Combustion and Flame Science Excercise 1, List conditions under which combustion can take place. Answer The conditions required for combustion to take place are’ — Presence of a fuel » Air (or oxygen) » Ignition temperature (minimum temperature at which a substance catches fire). 2. Fill in the blanks: (a) Buing of wood and coal causes of air (b) A liquid fuel used in homes is ‘ (c) Fuel must be heated to its before it starts buming. (d) Fire produced by oil cannot be controlled by Answer (a) Burning of wood and coal causes pollution of air. (b) A liquid fuel used in homes is LPG. (c) Fuel must be heated to its ignition temperature before it starts burning (d) Fire produced by oil cannot be controlled by water. 3. Explain how the use of CNG in automobiles has reduced pollution in our cities. Answer Combustion of fuels like petroleum causes formation of un-burnt carbon particles along with carbon monoxide gas. These harmful pollutants enter the air and cause respiratory diseases. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) produces these harmful products in very less quantity. it is a comparatively cleaner fuel. Therefore, the use of CNG has reduced pollution in our cities. 4, Compare LPG and wood as fuels. Ey NCEA Stes fo Cas Bn Sec ww amenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart teach Answer LPG Wood Ithas more calorific value about $5000 _| It has less calorific value about 17000 to kJ/kg, 22000 kJ/kg On burning wood release unburnt carbon. vit It does not cause any environmental paricles which cause dlseases such as problem. asthma Itis smokeless fuel. It gives out lot of smoke Itis easy to store and can be easily Itneeds a lot of space to store also very transported in cylinders and pipelines. _ difficult to transport, Low Ignition temprature High Ignition temperature 5. Give reasons. (a) Water is not used to control fires involving electrical equipment. (b) LPG is a better domestic fuel than wood. (c) Paper by itself catches fire easily whereas a piece of paper wrapped around an aluminium pipe does not, Answer (a) Water is a conductor of electricity, so it can easily conduct electric current and cause danger of electric shocks or short-circuits. Therefore, water can not be used to control the fire involving electrical equipment. (b) LPG is a better domestic fuel as it does not produce smoke and un-bumt carbon particles, which cause respiratory problems, (c) Paper by itself catches fire easily because it has low ignition temperature but when Wrapped around an aluminium pipe its temperature is lowered due to aluminium metal absorbing the heat supplied to paper. So it does not catch fie. 6. Make a labelled diagram of a candle flame. Answer mE TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, outer zone of complete hottest part combustion (blue) moderately hot middle zone of partial combustion east (yellow) hot innermost zone of unburnt wax vapours (black) wax candle 7. Name the unit in which the calorific value of a fuel is expressed. Answer The calorific value of a fuel is expressed in Kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg). 8, Explain how CO; is able to control fires. Answer Being heavier than oxygen, CO2 covers the fire like a blanket. Since the contact between the fuel and oxygen is cut off, the fire is controlled 9, Itis difficult to bum a heap of green leaves but dry leaves catch fire easily. Explain. Answer Green leaves have a lot of moisture in them. This moisture does not allow them to catch fire easily. However, dry leaves have no moisturein them. Therefore, they catch fire easily. 10. Which zone of a flame does a goldsmith use for melting gold and silver and why? Answer ‘A goldsmith uses the outer part of the candle flame for melting gold and silver because in this zone the temperature is the highest which helps to melt these metals easily, 11. in an experiment 4.5 kg of a fuel was completely bumt. The heat produced was measured to be 180,000 ki. Calculate the calorific value of the fuel. Answer HE] TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, The calorific value of fuel is the amount of heat produced by the complete combustion of 1kg of fuel. Now, Heat produced by 4.5 kg of fuel = 180000 kJTherefore, heat produced by 1Kg of fuel = 180000/4.5 = 1KJ/Kg = 40,000 kJikg Hence, the calorific value of the fuel is 40,000 kJ/kg 12. Can the process of rusting be called combustion? Discuss. Answer Combustion is a chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen and gives out energy during the process in the form of either heat o light or both. Rusting of iron is an exothermic process as heat is released during rusting. Hence, itis a kind of slow combustion 13. Abida and Ramesh were doing an experiment in which water was to be heated in a beaker. Abida kept the beaker near the wick in the yellow part of the candle flame. Ramesh kept the beaker in the outermost part of the flame. Whose water will get heated in a shorter time? Answer The water in the Ramesh's beaker will heat up in a shorter time. This is because the outermost zone of a flame is the hottest zone, while the yellow zone (in which Abida had kept the beaker) is less hot. | TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart teach NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals Science NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch Excercise 1. Fill in the blanks: Conservation of Plants and Animals Science (a) A place where animals are protected in their natural habitat is called a _ (b) Species found only in a particular area are known as (c) Migratory birds fly to far away places because of changes. Answer (a) A place where animals are protected in their natural habitat is called a sanctuary (b) Species found only in a particular area are known as endemic (c) Migratory birds fly to far away places because of climatic changes. 2. Differentiate between the following. (a) Wildlife sanctuary and biosphere reserve wil ife sanctuary Biosphere reserve Itis an area within which animals are protected from possible dangers such as hunting. Their habitat is also conserved in this area Itis a large protected area constructed for the conservation of biodiversity It provides protection and suitable living conditions to wild animals. It helps in the conservation of various life forms such as plants, animals, and micro-organisms. (b) Zoo and wildlife sanctuary Zoo life sanctuary NERY on for ss BSc] wu snatch comSmart teach Zoos are smaller places having some _| Wildlife Sanctuary are larger places having animals protected for the public view. wild animals in their natural habitat Itis an artificial habitat It conserves the natural habitat of animals. It provides protection only. It provides protection and suitable living condition to wild animals. (c) Endangered and extinct species Endangered species Extinct species Itis a population of species that is on the _| Itis a population of species that no longer verge of becoming extinct. exists. Hence, it is extinct Blue whale, tiger, leopard, etc, are Dodo, passenger pigeon, ete, are examples of endangered species. examples of extinct species. (d) Flora and fauna Flora Fauna It refers to all living plants in a particular | It refers to all animals living in a particular area area Sal, teak, mango, etc. form the flora of | Leopard, wolf, wild dog, etc, form the fauna Pachmarhi biosphere reserve. of Pachmarhi biosphere reserve. 3. Discuss the effects of deforestation on the following. (a) Wild animals: When forests are cut, the natural habitat of the animals is destroyed. Without the natural habitat the animals are left with no place to live and breed. As a result of this many animals are at the verge of extinction (b) Environment: Environmentis adversely affected by deforestation as ecological balance is disturbed. Carbon dioxide is not absorbed by plants and it gets accumulated NERY oan for ss Bh Svc] wu smart comSmart @teach, in the atmosphere to cause global warming which increases the temprature of earth and disturb water cycle (c) Villages (Ruaral Areas): Deforestation leads to soil erosion and results in flash floods. This hampers agricultural activities and thus disturbs the people in rural areas. (d) Cities (Urban Areas): Deforestation in cities can increase the risk of many natural calamities such as floods and droughts in that area. (e) Earth: The whole earth is full of various ecosystems which together make the biosphere, Deforestation disturbs the balance in the biosphere. It disturbs climatic pattems. (f) The next generation: They will not be able to see wide variety of flora and fauna also not get clean and cool environment. They will have to breathe poisonous gas, Life would be very difficult for the next generation 4, What will happen if: (a) we go on cutting trees. (b) the habitat of an animal is disturbed. (c) the top layer of soil is exposed. Answer (a) If we go on cutting trees then: — Earth will loose its top fertile soil layer and get conevrted into desert. — The ecological balance will get disturbed and and floods and drought will become more frequent. — Wildlife will also be affected, (b) The habitat of an animal provides it with necessities such as shelter, food, and protection. If the habitat of an animal is disturbed, then it will be forced to go to other places in search of food and shelter. The animal could get killed by other animals in this process. (c) Ifthe top layer of soil is exposed, then it wll gradually expose the lower layer of soil, which is hard and rocky in nature. This type of soil is less fertile as it contains less humus. Continued soil erosion will make the land barren or infertile 5. Answer in brief: Ey TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, (a) Why should we conserve biodiversity? Answer We should conserve biodiversity because it is very important for all living organisms and for the environment. We should conserve biodiversity to save it from becoming extinct. (b) Protected forests are also not completely safe for wild animals. Why? Answer Protected forests are not completely safe for wild animals because people who live near or adjacent to forests use resources from forests to fulfil their own requirements. In this process, wild animals are killed and sold for lucrative amounts of money. (c) Some tribals depend on the jungle. How? Answer Tribals gather food, fodder, and fallen branches of trees from forests. Hence, they depend on forests for their daily requirements. (d) What are the causes and consequences of deforestation? Answer The main cause of deforestation is growing urbanization and industrialization. Need for more land and resources have lead to the cutting down of forests. Consequences of deforestation are as follows: — Soil erosion — Depletion of groundwater — Flash flood — Global warming (e) What is Red Data Book? Answer Red Data Book is a source book that maintains an international list of all endangered animal and plant species. (f) What do you understand by the term migration? | TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, Answer Migration refers to the movement of an organism of a group of organisms from its natural habitat to another place at a particular time every year. 6. In order to meet the ever-increasing demand in factories and for shelter, trees are being continually cut. Is it justified to cut trees for such projects? Discuss and prepare a brief report. Answer No. Itis not at all justified to cut trees to meet the ever increasing demands of human population. Forests are the habitat of several organisms including wild animals. They provide us with good quality air as they give out O2 and absorb the harmful CO2 gas from the atmosphere, In the process, they prevent the excessive heating of the atmosphere. They prevent soil erosion and natural calamities such as floods and droughts, They increase the fertility of the soil and help conserve biodiversity. The cutting of forests to meet the demands of growing human population will lead to global ‘warming, soil erosion, greenhouse effect, droughts, floods, and many more problems. The destruction of forests will disturb the balance of nature, Hence, forests must be conserved 7. How can you contribute to the maintenance of green wealth of your locality? Make a list of actions to be taken by you Answer We can contribute to the maintenance of green wealth by taking following actions: — We can grow new plants in our locality. — Water them regularly and care of them. — The existing plants should be properly nourished — Encouraging awareness among the people in the locality about the importance of growing trees. 8. Explain how deforestation leads to reduced rainfall. Answer Plants absorb water from the soil and evaporates it to form clouds. Deforestation leads to cutting down of trees. As a result less water is absorbed from the soil and it disturbs the water cycle. The formation of clouds become difficult which leads to reduced rainfall. 10. Why should paper be saved? Prepare a list of ways by which you can save paper. nz NEAT Sos oss Bh Sec ww amatenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, Answer Paper should be saved because it takes around seventeen full grown trees to make one tonne of paper. Trees, as we know, are important to maintain a balance of nature. Therefore, in order to save trees and prevent the impact of their loss on living organisms, we need to save paper. Ways by which paper can be saved: — Collect used paper and recyde it — Use both sides of a paper for writing — Spread awareness about the importance of paper. — Use paper intelligently 11. Complete the world puzzle. Down 1. Species on the verge of extinction. 2. A book carrying information about endangered species. 5, Consequence of deforestation. Across 1, Species which have vanished. 3, Species found only in a particular habitat. 4, Variety of plants, animals and microorganisms found in an area. 1 © 2 o 3| |p 4 e E 3 | TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart teach Answer Down 1, ENDANGERED 2. RED DATA BOOK 5. DESERTS Across 4, EXTINCT 3, ENDEMIC = 4, BIODIVERSITY Oo =x Pelt x oO - : F & ®) fe =~ [E oO r| |p xp ® p] ai oO sfifofe[rvpek [sl ile so oO] Le lo] fs Ow aE e ® = Yn s . EI TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcomSmart teach NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 8 Cell - Structure and Functions Science NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 8 Cell - Structure and Functions Science Excercise 4. Indicate whether the following statements are True (1) or False (F). (a) Unicellular organisms have one-celled body. (T / F) > Tue (b) Muscle cells are branched. (T / F) > Flase (c) The basic living unit of an organism is an organ. (T / F) > False (a) Amoeba has irregular shape. (T / F) > True 2. Make a sketch of the human nerve cell. What function do nerve cells perform? Answer Nucleus The function of a nerve cell is to transmit messages to the brain and also to take away messages from the brain to the receptor organs www.smarteteach.com 3. Write short notes on the following. (a) Cytoplasm: It is a fluid that fills the cell and occurs between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Cell organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, etc. are suspended in the cytoplasm, The cytoplasm helps in the exchange of materials between cell organelles, BE] TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcomSmart teach (b) Nucleus of a cell: Nucleus is the master of the cell. It commands all the functioning of the cell. itis generally located in the center of the cell and is spherical in shape. A membrane called nuclear membrane separates it from cytoplasm. It contains the genetic material DNA and RNA in it. This porous membrane allows the transfer of material in the nucleus and cytoplasm, Nucleus contains a dense body called Nucleolus which actually contains Chromosomes, the genetic material 4, Which part of the cell contains organelles? Answer Cytoplasm is the part of the cell that contains various organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, ete. 5. Make sketches of animal and plant cells. State three differences between them. Answer Animal cell Plant cell S - They are generally small in size They are usually larger than - animal cells. Cell wall is absent. Cell wall is present. Vacuoles are small in size. Vacuoles are larger in size. No other animal cell possesses plastids except for the | Plastids are present. protozoan Euglena. HE] NEAT Sus or Cash Sec wr amseohcomSmart teach 6. State the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Answer Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Most prokaryotes are unicellular. Most eukaryotes are multicellular The nucleus is poorly defined due tothe —_| The nucleus is well defined and is absence of a nuclear membrane. surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Nucleolus is absent Nucleolus is present. Cell organelles such as plastids, Call organelles such as plastids, mitochondria, golgi bodies, etc. are absent. | mitochondria, golgi bodies, etc, are present, Bacteria and blue-green algae are Fungi, plant, and animal cells are prokaryotic cells. eukaryotic cells. 7. Where are chromosomes found in a cell? State their function. Answer Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a cell. Their function is to carry characteristic features of parent cells to the daughter cell means, from parent to offspring. 8. ‘Cells are the basic structural units of living organisms’. Explain. Answer In Biology, the basic unit of which all living things are composed is known as ‘cell’. The ‘cell’is the smallest structural unit of living matter that is capable of functioning independently. A single cell can be a complete organism in itself, as in bacteria and protozoans. A unicellular organism also captures and digests food, respires, excretes, grows, and reproduces, Similar functions in mutti-cellular organisms are carried out by groups of specialized cells which are organized into tissues and organs such as, the higher plants and animals. Henee, ‘cell’ is known as the basic stuctural and functional unit of life 9. Explain why chloroplasts are found only in plant cells? NER Stoo Css Bh Sdevce wr amaeenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, Answer Chloroplasts are found only in plant cells because they are required for photosynthesis. 10. Complete the crossword with the help of clues given below. Across 1, This is necessary for photosynthesis. 3, Term for component present in the cytoplasm: 6. The living substance in the cel 8. Units of inheritance present on the chromosomes, Down: 1. Green plastids. 2. Formed by collection of tissues. 4, It separates the contents of the cell from the surrounding medium 5, Empty structure in the cytoplasm. 7. Agroup of cells. Answer HE] TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, Ble Poy ROT PRT Y Across 1, CHLOROPHYLL 3. ORGANELLE 6. PROTOPLASM 8. GENES Down 1, CHLOROPLASTS 2. ORGAN 4, MEMBRANE 5. VACUOLE 7. TISSUE NERY on for ss BSc] wu snatch com www.smarteteach.comSmart teach NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 9 Reproduction in Animals Science NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 9 Reproduction in Animals Science Excercise 1, Explain the importance of reproduction in organisms. Answer Reproduction is very important for the organisms. The organisms reproduce to produce young ones like them. It helps to carry on their generation. If reproduction does not take place, no living being will survive on the earth. Had the process of reproduction not been there then all the plants and animals would have become extinct. Secondly, special characters of an organism are carried over to its next generation through reproduction only. 2. Describe the process of fertilization in human beings. Answer Fertilization involves the fusion of the male and the female gamete. The male and the female gametes are released from the male and the female reproductive organs. Sperms or male gametes are released from the male reproductive organ i.e., the penis. These sperms then enter the female body through the vagina, Then, they travel through the fallopian tubes where they meet the eggs. Hence, the process of fertilization takes place in the fallopian tubes. During fertilization, the haploid nucleus of the sperm and that of the ovum fuse with each other to form the zygote. This zygote divides to form an embryo which in turn develops into a foetus. 3. Choose the most appropriate answer. (a) Internal fertlization occurs (i)in femate body (ii) outside female body. (ii) in male body. (iv) outside male body. > (i) in female body (b) A tadpole develops into an adult frog by the process of (i) fertilization EI TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, (ii) metamorphosis (ii) embedding (iv) budding > (ii) metamorphosis (c) The number of nuclei present in a zygote is (i) none (ii) one (iii) two (iv) four > (ii) one 4, Indicate whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). (a) Oviparous animals give birth to young ones. ( ) > False (b) Each sperm is a single cell. ( ) > True (c) External fertilization takes place in frogs. ( ) > True (d) Anew human individual develops from a cell called gamete. ( ) > Flase (e) Egg laid after fertilization is made up of a single cell. ( ) > True (f) Amoeba reproduces by budding. ( ) > False (g) Fertilization is necessary even in asexual reproduction. ( ) HEI TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart teach > False (h) Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction. ( ) > True (i) A zygote is formed as a result of fertilization. ( ) > True (j) An embryo is made up of a single cell. ( ) > False 5. Give two differences between a zygote and a foetus. Answer Itis a fertlized egg formed after the | Itis a stage of the embryo that shows all the main fusion of the sperm with the egg. | recognizable body parts of a mature organism: The zygote divides several times to | An embryo gradually develops into a foetus. fom an embryo. 6. Define asexual reproduction. Describe two methods of asexual reproduction in animals. Answer Asexual reproduction is that type of reproduction in which only single parent is involved Asexual reproduction takes place by different methods like Budding, Binary fission ete. — Budding: This type of reproduction takes place in Hydra and Bacteria. A part of the organism starts bulging out. Slowly it grows and develops into a separate individual — Binary fission — In this type of reproduction, a single organism gets divided into two. This type of reproduction takes place in Amoeba. The nucleus of the Amoeba gets divided into two followed by division of their bodies, each part getting one nucleus and developing into a separate individual mE TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart teach 7. In which female reproductive organ does the embryo get embedded? Answer The embryo gets embedded in the wall of the uterus. 8, What is metamorphosis? Give examples Answer The transformation of the larva into adult through drastic changes is called metamorphosis. Frogs and insects are examples of organisms showing metamorphosis. 9. Differentiate between intemal fertilization and extemal fertilization. Answer Internal fertilization | External fertilization Itinvolves the fusion of the male and the female gamete inside the female body. Itinvolves the fusion of the male and the female gamete outside the female body. Chances of the survival of the offspring are_| Chances of survival of the offspring are more. Therefore, a small number of eggs _| less. Therefore, a large number of eggs are produced are produced Humans, cows, hens are organisms showing internal fertilization. Fish, frog, starfish are organisms showing extemal fertilization. 10. Complete the crossword puzzle using the hints given below. Across 1, The process of the fusion of the gametes. 6, The type of fertilization in hen. 7. The term used for bulges observed on the sides of the body of Hydra 8, Eggs are produced here. Down 2. Sperms are produced in these male reproductive organs. 3, Another term for the fertilized egg. 4, These animals lay eggs. 5. A type of fission in amoeba ss] NCERT Sus fo Cas Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comAnswer Across 1, FERTILIZATION 6. INTERNAL 7. BUDS 8. OVARY Down 2. TESTIS 3. ZYGOTE 4, OVIPAROUS, 5. BINARY Smart @teach, fz ‘| www.smarteteach.com 46 NCERT Solutions for Class 8th Science] www.smarteteach.comSmart teach NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 10 Reacl of Adolescence Science g the Age NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence Science Exercise: 1. What is the term used for secretions of endocrine glands responsible for changes taking place in the body? Answer Hormones are chemical substances which are secreted by endocrine glands. They are responsible for changes taking place in the body. 2. Define adolescence, Answer ‘Adolescence is the period of life, when the body undergoes changes, leading to reproductive maturity. It begins around the age of 11 and lasts till 18 or 19 years of age. The period of adolescence may vary from person to person. 3. What is menstruation? Explain. Answer Menstruation is the process of the shedding of the uterine lining on a regular monthly basis in woman. During menstruation the uterus wall along with blood vessels break off. This causes blood to come out and a new wall of uterus is formed. Menstruation lasts generally lasts for 4 to § days. 4, List changes in the body that take place at puberty. Answer Changes at puberty: — Sudden increase in height and weight — Broadening of shoulders and widening of chest in boys. In girls, the region below waist becomes wider. — In boys, under the influence of hormones, the larynx becomes prominent, the vocal cords become longer and thicker. These changes cause the voice to become hoarse. — Appearance of hair in areas such as underarms, face, hands, and legs. Ey TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart teach — Appearance of acne as a result of excessive secretion of oil from skin. — Testis grows and starts producing sperms in males, whereas in females, the ovary enlarges and starts producing matured eggs. 5, Prepare a table having two columns depicting names of endocrine glands and hormones secreted by them Answer Endocrine gland] Hormones Testosterone Ovary Oestrogen Thyroid Thyroxin Adrenal Adrenalin Pancreas Insulin Pituitary | Growth hormone 6. What are sex hormones? Why are they named so? State their function. Answer Sex hormones are the hormones that control the development of secondary sexual characteristics and also regulate the proper functioning of the sex organs, They are named so because they are produced in both males and females by the respective sex organs under the influence of the pituitary gland. Functions of sex hormones: — Testosterone: This hormone brings about secondary sex characters in boys such as the growth of a beard, the voice becoming hoarse, development of reproductive organs, ete » Oestrogen: This hormone is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characters in females such as the enlargement of breasts, development of female reproductive organs, etc. Ezy TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, 7. Choose the correct option. (a) Adolescents should be careful about what they eat, because (i) proper diet develops their brains. (ii) proper diet is needed for the rapid growth taking place in their body. (ii) adolescents feel hungry all the time. (iv) taste buds are well developed in teenagers. > (ii) proper diet is needed for the rapid growth taking place in their body. (b) Reproductive age in women starts when their (i) menstruation starts. (ii) breasts start developing (ili) body weight increases. (iv) height increases. > (i) menstruation starts. (c) The right meal for adolescents consists of (i) chips, noodles, coke. (ii) chapatti, dal, vegetables. (il) rice, noodles and burger. (iv) vegetable cutlets, chips and lemon drink > (ii) chapatti, dal, vegetables. 8, Write notes on - (a) Adam's apple: The protruding part of the throat is called Adam's apple. Itis the enlarged voice box or larynx which gets enlarged and visible from outside in boys at the onset of puberty, This makes the voice of boys hoarse. (b) Secondary sexual characters: These are features features that help in distinguishing the male and the female body from each other. They are physical or behavioural characteristics that appear in humans at the time of puberty, Secondary sexual characters in boys: — Appearance of moustache and beard ~+ Appearance of chest hair. — Growth of hair in genital area and other parts of the skin. Secondary sexual character in gitls: — Increase in breast size and darkening of the skin of nipples present at the tip of the NERY ot for ss Bh Svc] wu snatch com www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, breasts. — Growth of hair in genital area and other body parts — Sex determination in the unborn baby. (c) Sex determination in an unborn baby: Sex of a unborn baby depends upon the pair of sex chromosomes that are present in the cells of the baby. The two sex chromosomes are X and Y. The unfertilised egg always has one X chromosome. But sperms are of two kinds, One kind has an X chromosome, and the other kind has a Y chromosome. If both the chromosmes are X then the baby is git. If one of the chromosomes are X and the other is Y then the baby is boy. 9. Word game: Use the clues to work out the words. Across 3, Protruding voice box in boys 4, Glands without ducts 7. Endocrine gland attached to brain 8. Secretion of endocrine glands 9. Pancreatic hormone 10. Female hormone Down 4, Male hormone 2, Secretes thyroxin 3. Another term for teenage 5. Hormone reaches here through blood stream 6. Voice box 7. Term for changes at adolescence Ey TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, Answer www.smarteteach.com iz lo) z 5 plz=lol@[=)> [ols |=) EEEME Elle HEI TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcomSmart teach Across 3. ADAM'S APPLE 4, ENDOCRINE 7. PITUITARY, 8. HORMONE 9. INSULIN 10. ESTROGEN Down 1, TESTOSTERONE 2. THYROID 3, ADOLESCENCE 5. TARGET SITE 6. LARYNX 7. PUBERTY 10. The table below shows the data on likely heights of boys and girls as they grow in age. Draw graphs showing height and age for both boys and girls on the same graph paper. What conclusions can be drawn from these graphs? Height (em) ‘Age (Years) Boys Girls 0 53 | 53 4 96 | 92 HE] TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, Answer The graph depicts the relation between the age and height of both boys and girls. During puberty, there is a sudden increase in height of both boys and girls. On the basis of the above graph, it can be observed that during the age of 4-8 years, girls have less height as compared to boys. However, as soon as girls reach 12- 13 years, their height shows a sudden increase and becomes more than boys. In later years, growth in both sexes becomes stable. Growth during puberty is under the control of hormones. EI TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart teach NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 11 Force and Pressure Science NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 11 Force and Pressure Science Excercise 1, Give two examples each of situations in which you push or pull to change the state of motion of objects. Answer Two examples of push force are as follows: — A heavy box at rest is pushed to move it from one room to another. This changes the state of motion of the box. — A player pushes a football using his foot. This changes the state of motion of the ball. Two examples of pull force are as follows: — Rope is pulled to draw water from a well. This changes the state of motion of the water bucket. — A drawer is pulled to open it. This changes the state of motion of the drawer. 2. Give two examples of situations in which applied force causes a change in the shape of an object Answer Two examples of forces that cause a change in the shape of an object are as follows: — Making of bread from dough —+ Deformation of clay by pressing it between the hands. 3. Fill in the blanks in the following statements. (a) To draw water from a well we have to at the rope. (b) A charged body an uncharged body towards it. (c) To move a loaded trolley we have to it. (d) The north pole of a magnet the north pole of another magnet. Answer (a) To draw water from a well we have to pull at the rope. (b) A charged body attracts an uncharged body towards it. (c) To move a loaded trolley we have to push or pull it. (d) The north pole of a magnet repels the north pole of another magnet. Ps] TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, 4, An archer stretches her bow while taking aim at the target. She then releases the arrow, which begins to move towards the target. Based on this information fill up the gaps in the following statements using the following terms. muscular, contact, non-contact, gravity, friction, shape, attraction (a) To stretch the bow, the archer applies a force that causes a change in its, (b) The force applied by the archer to stretch the bow is an example of force. (c) The type of force responsible for a change in the state of motion of the arrow is an example of a, force. (d) While the arrow moves towards its target, the forces acting on it are due to and that due to of air Answer (a) To stretch the bow, the archer applies a force that causes a change in its shape. (b) The force applied by the archer to stretch the bow is an example of muscular force. (c) The type of force responsible for a change in the state of motion of the arrow is an example of a contact force. (d) While the arrow moves towards its target, the forces acting on it are due to gravity and that due to friction of air. 5. In the following situations identify the agent exerting the force and the object on which it acts, State the effect of the force in each case. (a) Squeezing a piece of lemon between the fingers to extract its juice. Answer Agent exerting the force — Fingers Object on which force acts — Lemon Effect of force — Change in shape of lemon (b) Taking out paste from a toothpaste tube. EI TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, Answer Agent exerting the force — Fingers Object on which force acts — toothpaste tube Effect of force — Change in shape of toothpaste tube, (c) Aload suspended from a spring while its other end is on a hook fixed to a wall. Answer Agent exerting the force - Load Object on which force acts — Spring Effect of force — Change in shape of spring. (d) An athlete making a high jump to clear the bar at a certain height. Answer Agent exerting the force — Muscles of Athlete Object on which force acts — Athlete Effect of force — Change of state of motion of athlete 6. A blacksmith hammers a hot piece of iron while making a tool. How does the force due to hammering affect the piece of iron? Answer When a blacksmith hammers a hot piece of iron, he uses his muscular force. This muscular force changes the shape of the iron so that it can be given a desired shape. 7. An inflated balloon was pressed against a wall after it has been rubbed with a piece of synthetic cloth. It was found that the balloon sticks to the wall. What force might be responsible for the attraction between the balloon and the wall? Answer Electrostatic force is responsible for the attraction between the balloon and the wall. 8, Name the forces acting on a plastic bucket containing water held above ground level in your hand. Discuss why the forces acting on the bucket do not bring a change in its state of motion Answer In this case, muscular force is acting in upward direction and the force of gravity is acting in downward cirection. Both forces are acting in opposite directions to each other and hence nullify the effect of each other. Due to this, there is no change in the state of | NCEA Shs fo Css Bn Sdevce wr smarteohcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, motion of the bucket. 9. A rocket has been fired upwards to launch a satellite in its orbit. Name the two forces acting on the rocket immediately after leaving the launching pad. Answer The two forces acting on the rocket are the force of gravity, which pulls the rocket towards the ground, and the force of friction due to earth's atmosphere, which opposes. its motion. 10. When we press the bulb of a dropper with its nozzle kept in water, air in the dropper is seen to escape in the form of bubbles. Once we release the pressure on the bulb, water gets filed in the dropper. The rise of water in the dropper is due to (a) pressure of water. (b) gravity of the earth. (c) shape of rubber bulb (d) atmospheric pressure Answer (d) atmospheric pressure mE TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 12 Friction Science NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 12 Friction Science Exercise: 4. Fill in the blanks. (a) Friction opposes the between the surfaces in contact with each other. (b) Friction depends on the of surfaces. (c) Friction produces (d) Sprinkling of powder on the carrom board friction. (€) Sliding friction is than the static friction Answer (a) Friction opposes the motion between the surfaces in contact with each other. (b) Friction depends on the nature of surfaces. (c) Friction produces heat. (4) Sprinkling of powder on the carrom board reduces friction. (e) Sliding friction is less than the static friction 2. Four children were asked to arrange forces due to rolling, static and sliding frictions in adecreasing order. Their arrangements are given below. Choose the correct arrangement. (a) rolling, static, sliding (b) rolling, sliding, static () static, sliding, rolling (d) sliding, static, rolling > (c) static, sliding, rolling 3. Alida runs her toy car on dry marble floor, wet marble floor, newspaper and towel spread on the floor. The force of friction acting on the car on different surfaces in increasing orderwill be (a) wet marble floor, dry marble floor, newspaper and towel (b) newspaper, towel, dry marble floor, wet marble floor. (c) towel, newspaper, dry marble floor, wet marble floor (d) wet marble floor, dry marble floor, towel, newspaper > (a) wet marble floor, dry marble floor, newspaper and towel. 4, Suppose your writing desk is tilted a little. A book kept on it starts sliding down. Show the direction of frictional force acting on it. EE TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.comSmart @teach, Answer Frictional force is acting opposite to the movement of the book i.e. upwards. 5. You spill a bucket of soapy water on a marble floor accidentally. Would it make it easier of more difficult for you to walk on the floor? Why? Answer Itwould make it more difficult for us to walk on a soapy floor because layer of soap makes floor smooth. The coating of soapy water reduces the friction and the foot can not make a proper grip on the floor and it starts getting to slip on the floor. 6. Explain why sportsmen use shoes with spikes. Answer Sportsman use shoes with spike to increase the friction so that the shoes do not slip while they run or play, 7. Iqbal has to push a lighter box and Seema has to push a similar heavier box on the same floor. Who will have to apply a larger force and why? Answer Seema will have to apply larger force since she will experience more frictional force because heavy object will be pressed hard against the opposite surface and produces more friction. 8, Explain why sling friction is less than static friction. Answer Sliding friction is always less than static friction because two sliding objects find less time to get interlocked against each other's irregularities of surfaces as a result of which they experience less friction, 9. Give examples to show that friction is both a friend and a foe. Answer Friction as friend — We are able to walk because of friction. — Friction between the tip of the pen and a paper allows us to write. Friction as foe: — Tyres and soles of shoes wear out because of friction. — Friction between the different parts of machines produces heat. This can damage the machines. 10. Explain why objects moving in fluids must have special shapes. TERT Sus or Css Bn Sec wr amsenhcom www.smarteteach.com