Delta University for Science

and Technology

Energy between the past

and
the future
: prepared by

Shahinaz Mohammed Ahmed elDesoky

Faculty of Engineering Department of Civil
Engineering
: level
fourth
:Supervised by

Commission Energy Research American

2015-2016

Abstract
this study focused on discuss the scalar
physical quantity and an overview of and topical guide
to energy. The aims of this study is to describe
the outline of energy and it's different uses.
Common energy forms include the kinetic
energy of a moving object, the radiant energy
carried by light, the potential energy stored by
an object's position in a force field
(gravitational, electric or magnetic), elastic
energy stored by stretching solid objects,
chemical energy released when a fuel burns,
and the thermal energy due to an object's
temperature. All of the many forms of energy
are convertible to other kinds of energy, and
obey the law of conservation of energy which
says that energy can be neither created nor be
destroyed; however, it can change from one
.form to another
this study used data collected from
different resources and by scientific
.observation forms of energy in public life
Result revealed that there are different
types of energy that do not degrade not exist
since ancient times and that will not go away
.until the demise of the human race
II

Table of content
Page

Subject
Abstract
Table of content

II
III

List of tables

IV

List of Figures

IV

Acknowledgment

chapter (1)........................... .1
(Introduction)
chapter (2).......................... (forms of energy) .2

3 -1

chapter (3)............................ (history of energy) .3

12 - 9

chapter (4)........................... (units of .4

measure)
5. chapter (5)........................... (chemical
energy )

8 -4

20 - 13

31 - 21

6. chapter (6)........................... (Bio energy)

40 - 33

7. chapter (7)............................ (cosmology)

50 - 41

8. chapter (8).................... (Energy transformation)

65 - 51

9. chapter (9).............................(conclusion)

66

10. reference

67

11.Appendices

68

III

List of tables
Table
Table (1)
Table (2)
Table (3)
Table (4)

Some examples of different kinds of energy

Compare between energy at 2010 and

2000
Different type of Chemical energy
Examples of transducers include a battery

page
15
20
32
61

List of Figures

Figures
Figure (1-1)
Figure (3-1)
Figure (4-1)

Page
typical lightning
Basic overview of energy and human
.life
A Turbo generator transforms the
energy of pressurised steam into
electrical energy

IV

Acknowledgment

Thanks in all of this has helped me in

the book .. special thanks to my
mother the most fantastic and that
..support me in all the work for me

chapter (1)
Introduction

This chapter is about the scalar physical quantity. For an

overview of and topical guide to energy, see Outline of
energy. For other uses, see Energy (disambiguation).
"Energetic" redirects here. For other uses, see Energetic
(disambiguation).
In physics, energy is
a property of objects which
can
be transferred to
other
objects
or converted into
different forms, but cannot be created or destroyed.[1] The
"ability of a system to perform work" is a common
description, but it is difficult to give one single
comprehensive definition of energy because of its many
forms.[2] For instance, in SI units, energy is measured
in joules, and one joule is defined "mechanically", being the
energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of
moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of
1 newton. However, there are many other definitions of
energy, depending on the context, such as thermal energy,
radiant energy, electromagnetic, nuclear, etc., where
definitions are derived that are the most convenient.

(1)
Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a
moving object, the radiant energy carried by light,
the potential energy stored by an object's position in a
force field(gravitational, electric or magnetic), elastic
energy stored by stretching solid objects, chemical

energy released when a fuel burns, and the thermal

energy due to an object'stemperature.
All of the many forms of energy are convertible to other
kinds of energy, and obey the law of conservation of
energy which says that energy can be neither created nor be
destroyed; however, it can change from one form to another.
For "closed systems" with no external source or sink of
energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a
system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in
or out bymechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost
in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or
destroy energy. The second law of thermodynamics states
that all systems doing work always lose some energy
as waste heat. This creates a limit to the amount of energy
that can do work by a heating process, a limit called
the available energy. Mechanical and other forms of energy
can be transformed in the other direction into thermal
energy without such limitations.[3] The total energy of a
system can be calculated by adding up all forms of energy in
the system.

(2)

Examples of energy transformation include

generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam
turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical
energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs
mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational

potential energy In the object. If the object falls to the

ground, gravity does mechanical work on the object which
transforms the potential energy in the gravitational field to
the kinetic energy released as heat on impact with the
ground. Our Sun transforms nuclear potential energy to
other forms of energy; its total mass does not decrease due
to that in itself (since it still contains the same total energy
even if in different forms), but its mass does decrease when
the energy escapes out to its surroundings, largely
as radiant energy
Mass and energy are closely related. According to the theory
of massenergy equivalence, any object that has mass
when stationary in a frame of reference (called rest mass)
also has an equivalent amount of energy whose form is
called rest energy in that frame, and any additional energy
acquired by the object above that rest energy will increase
an object's mass. For example, if you had a sensitive
enough scale, you could measure an increase in mass after
heating an object.
Living organisms require available energy to stay alive, such
as the energy humans get from food. Civilisation gets the
energy it needs from energy resources such as fossil fuels.
The processes of Earth's climate and ecosystem are driven
by the radiant energy Earth receives from the sun and
the geothermal energy contained within the earth.

(3)

chapter (2)
(forms of energy)

The total energy of a system can be subdivided and

classified in various ways. For example, classical
mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is
determined by an object's movement through space,
and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an
object within a field. It may also be convenient to distinguish
gravitational energy, thermal energy, several types of nuclear
energy (which utilize potentials from the nuclear force and
the weak force), electric energy (from the electric field), and
magnetic energy (from the magnetic field), among others.
Many of these classifications overlap; for instance, thermal
energy usually consists partly of kinetic and partly of
potential energy.
Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential
and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which
is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential
energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also
dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms
and molecules), as is chemical energy, which is stored and
released from a reservoir of electrical potential energy
between electrons, and the molecules or atomic nuclei that
attract them.The list is also not necessarily complete.
Whenever physical scientists discover that a certain
phenomenon appears to violate the law of energy
conservation, new forms are typically added that account for
the discrepancy.

(4)
Heat and work are special cases in that they are not
properties of systems, but are instead properties
of processes that transfer energy. In general we cannot

measure how much heat or work are present in an object,

but rather only how much energy is transferred among
objects in certain ways during the occurrence of a given
process. Heat and work are measured as positive or
negative depending on which side of the transfer we view
them from.
Potential energies are often measured as positive or
negative depending on whether they are greater or less than
the energy of a specified base state or configuration such as
two interacting bodies being infinitely far apart. Wave
energies (such as radiant or sound energy), kinetic energy,
and rest energy are each greater than or equal to zero
because they are measured in comparison to a base state of
zero energy: "no wave", "no motion", and "no inertia",
respectively.

(5)
Forms of energy
Table no. (1)

Type of energy

Description

Kinetic

(0), that of the motion of a body

Potential

A category comprising many forms in this list

Mechanical

The sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energies

Mechanical
wave

(0), a form of mechanical energy propagated by a material's oscillations

Chemical

that contained in molecules

Electric

that from electric fields

Magnetic

that from magnetic fields

Radiant

(0), that of electromagnetic radiation including light

that of binding nucleons to form the atomic nucleus

Nuclear

Ionization

that of binding an electron to its atom or molecule

Elastic

that of deformation of a material (or its container) exhibiting a restorative force

Gravitational

that from gravitational fields

Rest

(0) that equivalent to an object's rest mass

Thermal

Heat

A microscopic, disordered equivalent of mechanical energy

an amount of thermal energy being transferred (in a given process) in the direction of decreasing
temperature

Mechanical

an amount of energy being transferred in a given process due to displacement in the direction of an

work

applied force

(7)

chapter (3)
(history of energy)

Main articles: History of energy and timeline of thermodynamics,

statistical mechanics, and random processes

Thomas Young the first to use

the term "energy" in the modern sense. figure (2)

The word energy derives from

the Ancient Greek: energeia "activity, operation",which
possibly appears for the first time in the work of Aristotle in the 4th
century BC. In contrast to the modern definition, energeia was a
qualitative philosophical concept, broad enough to include ideas such
as happiness and pleasure.

(8)
In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of
the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the

mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis
viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz
theorized that thermal energy consisted of the random motion of the
constituent parts of matter, a view shared by Isaac Newton, although
it would be more than a century until this was generally accepted.
The modern analog of this property, kinetic energy, differs from vis
viva only by a factor of two.
In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term
"energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense.[5] Gustave-Gaspard
Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and
in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law
of conservation of energy, was also first postulated in the early 19th
century, and applies to any isolated system. It was argued for some
years whether heat was a physical substance, dubbed the caloric, or
merely a physical quantity, such as momentum. In 1845 James
Prescott Joule discovered the link between mechanical work and the
generation of heat.
These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy,
formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field
ofthermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of
explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah
Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical
formulation of the concept of entropy by Clausius and to the
introduction of laws of radiant energy by Joef Stefan. According
to Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a consequence of
the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time. [6]Thus,
since 1918, theorists have understood that the law of conservation of
energy is the direct mathematical consequence of the translational
symmetry of the quantityconjugate to energy, namely time.

(9)

Reference

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Appendices
- Appendix A : National Competency Standards .
- Appendix B : Model title page .
- Appendix C : Plagiarism: Academic Misconduct Policy .
- Appendix D : Punctuation in technical writing .
- Appendix E : Summary of elements in reference lists .
- Appendix F : Library resources and report writing texts .
- Appendix G : Purposes of paragraphs .