7. Generation of FM Signals
Direct FM
Indirect FM
Direct FM
In direct FM the instantaneous frequency of the
carrier is varied directly with the message signal
by means of a device known as a voltage
controlled oscillator. (VCO)
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Indirect FM
Indirect FM begins with a narrow band FM signal
which is passed through a frequency multiplier to
increase the frequency deviation to the desired level.
Indirect FM
Consider a square law device for example:
Indirect FM
Thus after filtering the first term (at DC), both the
carrier frequency and the modulation index are
doubled.
Indirect FM
NB- to WB Conversion
If the input to freq. multiplier is;
NB- to WB Conversion
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Indirect FM
NB- to WB Conversion
A frequency conversion (mixing or DSB-SC
modulation) is conducted after frequency
multiplication.
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8. FM Demodulators
FM Limiters
In FM transmission, the noisy received signal is an
AM/FM signal since the amplitude of the FM
signal is corrupted by noise.
8. FM Demodulators
FM Limiters
Since in FM the message signal m(t) is contained
in the instantaneous frequency of the received
signal we may safely strip away the noisy envelope
of the received signal without distorting m(t). The
device that removes the amplitude fluctuations is
known as a limiter. In the limiter does not proceed
the FM detector additional noise will be included
in the demodulated output.
Many limiter circuits and techniques exist. Usually
they take the form of large signal saturating
amplifiers located in the IF section of the receiver.
8. FM Demodulators
FM Detectors
Almost all FM detectors (discriminators) are of the
form;
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8. FM Demodulators
FM Detectors
The input is assumed to be a limited FM wave:
8. FM Demodulators
With AM envelope
8. FM Demodulators
The implementation of FM Detection can take at
least nine different forms, since there are 3
differentiation techniques and 3 amplitude
demodulators.
AM demodulators include:
1. Peak envelope detectors
2. Average envelope detectors
3. Synchronous detection
8. FM Demodulators
Differentiation techniques include:
1. Direct Differentiation
The current through a capacitor equals
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8. FM Demodulators
2. . Frequency Domain Differentiation
The Fourier transform of a differentiator is
= 2.
Hence we can pass through a filter with a
transfer function that is linear over the range of
frequencies of the FM signal.
8. FM Demodulators
3. Time Delay Differentiation
Pass through a time delay network
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H(f)
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8. FM Demodulators
Any combination of the above three differentiators
and AM demodulators will result in an FM
demodulator.
Some popular combinations are:
1. Clarke-Hess Demod. Direct differentiation and
average envelope detection.
2. Slope Demod. Freq. domain differentiator and
peak envelope detector.
3. Foster Sealy Demod- Time delay differentiator
and peak envelope detector.
4. Pulse count Freq Demod. Time delay
differentiator and avg. envelope detector.
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proportional to m(t)
And
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