Imelia Torie Adjani

(15614238)

Karina Qonitah Thifal

(15614773)

Maria Stephania Putri G. (16614386)

Shinta Glory Siallagan

(1A614242)

Class 2SA05

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

I.

INTRODUCTION

Background
TB (Tuberculosis) is a disease caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any
part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. If not treated properly, TB
disease can be fatal. The bacteria can cause two types of illness, latent or active. TB
is latent when the body's immune system forms a wall around the TB bacteria so
they cannot multiple or spread. A person with latent TB has no symptoms. People
can have latent TB for long periods of time. If a person with latent TB does not get
treatment, the TB bacteria can "activate" and cause disease, often if the person's
health declines due to sickness, stress, or aging. Active TB is when the body cannot
adequately fight the TB bacteria and the person has symptoms.

How It Spreads
TB is spread from one person to another through the air. When someone with active
TB disease in the lungs or throat coughs, sings, or even speaks, TB bacteria can be
released into the air where it can stay in the air for hours. Someone who breathes in
the TB bacteria, is exposed, and may get either latent infection or active disease.
You cannot get TB from someone's clothes, drinking glass, handshake or toilet.

II.

CAUSES

Mycobacteria
The main cause of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a small, aerobic, nonmotile
bacillus. The high lipid content of this pathogen accounts for many of its unique
clinical characteristics. It divides every 16 to 20 hours, which is an extremely slow
rate compared with other bacteria, which usually divide in less than an hour.
Mycobacteria have an outer membrane lipid bilayer.

Risk Factors
A number of factors make people more susceptible to TB infections.
-

HIV; 13% of all people with TB are infected by the virus.

People who inject illicit drugs, inhabitants and employees of locales where
vulnerable people gather (e.g. prisons and homeless shelters), medically
underprivileged and resource-poor communities, high-risk ethnic minorities,
children in close contact with high-risk category patients, and health-care

providers serving these patients.

Chronic lung disease is another significant risk factor.
Those who smoke cigarettes have nearly twice the risk of TB compared to

nonsmokers.
Other disease states can also increase the risk of developing tuberculosis.
These include alcoholism and diabetes mellitus (three-fold increase).

Case
In 2015, in El Paso. Nearly three dozen of students and staff at a West Texas school
tested are positive for tuberculosis, according to the public health officials. The El
Paso Department of Public Health ordered tests for 163 students and eight staff
members at Frank Macias Elementary School after an active case of tuberculosis
was discovered at the school last month. Of the 150 or so people who have been
tested, 29 children and six staff members tested positive for the infectious bacterial
disease.

It's unclear how many of the infected people are contagious. More testing is needed
to determine if any of the cases are active.
All of the people who tested positive for tuberculosis will undergo additional
screenings. The health department will provide medication to anyone with an active
case of tuberculosis. They will do another round of testing for 40 more children and
the school's entire staff of about 100 adults.
Health officials took blood samples from about 170 adults Monday to test for
tuberculosis exposure at the Dismas Charities halfway house after a person
associated with the facility tested positive.

III.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

BEST SOLUTION

Avoid exposing yourself to people with active TB

Lead a healthy lifestyle
Get the vaccination to prevent TB
Schedule a TB test if you have been exposed to someone with tuberculosis
Begin immediate treatment for latent TB
Begin immediate treatment for active TB.

Treatment
If you have latent TB you should be evaluated to see which specific treatment is right
for you - usually one medication for several months.
If you have active active TB in your lungs, you should be treated and kept away from
other people until you are no longer at-risk of spreading it. Treatment, as with latent
TB may take several months.