Delft University of Technology EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 3: CT4121 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences ‘Tuesday April 6, 2010 Building Engineering / Steel Structures 14.00 ~ 17.00 hrs ‘This exam contains 5 questions, split up in 18 sub questions. For Question 1 and 2 the score is 50%, Ques tion 3 and 4 is 25% and Question 5 is also 25%, more or less uniformly distributed over the sub-questions. QUESTION 1 COMPOSITE BEAM The centre to centre distance between two beams is 3,6 m and the span L is 9,0 m, two times, see figure 1. The floor system is built up with a trapezoidal steel deck with a height of 46 mm and a thick- ness of the concrete layer C25/30 (fq = 16,7 Nim? Ee, = 30.500 Nimm’) of 64 mm. ‘At the central support halfway the beam there is additional reinforcement @10 ~ 150 placed, 24 mm from the top of the concrete floor. The steel beam is a HE280AA steel grade $235 with the following geometrical properties: 1, = 10558 x 10° mm‘; iy = 873,1 x 10 mm* f= 7mm 5 b= 280 mm; = 10mm VELL EELAT ISTEP STEELE et Figure 1" Scheme of composite beam Additional reinforcement in section B-B only HE280AA, Figure 1° Section of composite beam (number of reinforcement is indicative) Questions: Question 1a Determine the bending moment resistance of the composite beam under positive bending, section A-A. Answer The resistances of respectively the steel girder and the conerete slab have to be determined and based on these the bending moment resistance of the composite ‘beam can be determined: Nygite = A+ fyy = 7802-235-10 0,8-£, _ 0,8-9000 833 KN 1800 mm <3600 mm 1833-10" bg 085: far * 1800-0,85-22 1,9 mm > 64 mm ToftDelft University of Technology EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 3: CT4121 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Tuesday April 6, 2010 Building Engineering / Steel Structures 14.00 - 17.00 his 25 sas 9g = 1800-64-0.85->-10” =1632,0 AV Mia = 2 2. “ N, = 1632-10" (S+10-S} nase .00 23 2 =369,27kNvm Question 1b Determine the bending moment resistance of the composite beam under nega- tive bending, section B-B, Answer The resistances of respectively the reinforcement and the steel girder have to be determined and based on these the bending moment resistance of the composite ‘beam can be determined: 0,25-(£, +4 10 bg (+e) £125-(18000) 95 mm $3600 mm 6 2 Nogaro so = wg? Lot = 25. 192 500.193 = 256,1 EV 504°" “y, 1504 iI5 jap ~ Nears 256110 156 py bya 7-235 a hy MaMa = Naan = 1256.1 (2410 12-24),(s.10- =249,7 kvm Question 1 Determine the maximal load in IN/m the composite beam can restrain, assum- ing full strength shear connection. Answer ‘The maximal load is based on these bending moment resistances. 69,274 4-249,7 _ ae Ev /m ds 48,8 3,6 3,6 =13,6 KN Im? 2ofltDelft University of Technology EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 3; CT4121 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Tuesday April 6, 2010 Building Engineering / Stoel Structures 14.00 - 17.00 brs Question 1d Determine the number of shear connectors for full strength shear connection and make a drawing of the positions of these shear connectors along the full length of the composite beam. The resistance of one shear connector Pi = 75 KN. Answer For the Mj, ,and the M;, , the number shear connectors can be determined: ‘The distribution is 22-26-26-22, so 106 shear connectors together. Question 1e Determine the number of shear connectors according to a liye load on the floor of 6,5 KN/m? (dead load is 3,5 KN/m’) (factored loads) and make an overview of the position of these shear connectors along the length of the composite beam. Answer The linear interpolation can be used. The actual bending moment is determined, 1 Maa => Minna = gu ae <+(3,5+6,5)-3, Myer =We yp Soy = 8731-10 235-10 = + Mitrata~M pre» _ 239,7-205,2 a 391,3—205,2 And for the negative it will be: n =4,5+(25,2-21,8)=7,9 So the distribution is equal to 5~ 8-8 -5 -21,8= 4,55 Question If Describe how the deflections of the composite beam can be determined in dif- ferent stages, When information is lacking, make an assumption. Describe the method, do not calculate the deflections. Answer The deflection of the composite beam is determined with an transformed cross section of the composite beam into a steel cross section. The effective width bey E, E, adapted cross section, steel cross section, can be determined and afterwards the moment of inertia has to be determined. The deflection depends on the erection process, propped or un-propped. When the steel girder is propped during pouring the concrete, the deflections have to be determined with the total load and the stiffness of the transformed composite girder. ‘When the girder is un-propped, the deflection is split up into two par, the first is the deflection by the steel girder with the dead load only, the second part of the is adapted by a factor n, where n=, The position of the neutral axis of this 3efli foDelft University of Technology EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 3: CT4121 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences ‘Tuesday April 6, 2010 ‘Building Engineering / Steel Structures 14.00 - 17.00 hrs deflection occurs after hardening of the concrete and after removing the props. The deflection causes by the live load has to be determined with the stiffness of the composite girder. Most of the time the deflection of the steel girder is criti- cal and can be reduced by precambering of the steel girder. Question 1g Describe the differences in the calculation for the situation the steel deck is ro- tated 90°, so the span of the deck is parallel to the span of the beam HE280AA. Answer When the steel deck is rotated over 90° the concrete in the trapezoidal deck can contribute to the axial resistance of the concrete. Because the steel cross section is the govern item there will be no differences in the calculation. QUESTION 2 COMPOSITE COLUMN Given a composite column loaded by external loads, see figure 2. \ Concrete C25/30 fargp = 25 N/mm? y, = 1,5 Eon = 30.500 Nim? y= 1,35 — CHS 273 x 10 steel grade $235 Sorep = 235 Nitin? yp = 1,0 “ 3 : Foramacivernd m2 wad ' 64 BG Na 60s mA 10 1200 837,3 ae Figure 2.Composte column 3 2043 214 M Interaction diagram Questions: Question 2a Check the buckling stability of the column for an axial force Ness = 1200 KN (so Mysa=0kNm). Answer 1 = Aha + A Soa + AS ={2.(o732 259 -E (273* -253") = 1941, 66+ 837,88 = 2779,54 kN Nyzp =1941,66-1,0+-837,88-1,5= 3198, 484 The y-axis: SofiDelft University of Technology EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 3: CT4121 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Tuesday April 6, 2010 Building Engineering / Steel Structures 14.00 - 17.00 hrs Question 2b Answer (ED, = E, I, + 0,6 By I. + Ey 1e= 021-108 fa7at 2538 30.500 © pene 21-108 (273'-253') + 0,8 PSE 253' = =15,02-10" +3,64-10" =18,66-10" Nnum? Zale Oe Uae 6000 3198.48 0,79 curve a 5115,74 115,74 kN Consider the situation in which simultaneously with Ns) = 1200 KN a bending ‘moment M,,s, act in the top of column. Determine the bending moment capacity for this situation, Use the interaction diagram above. ‘The graphic can be completed with the results as found for question 2a. Column buckling given a value of 0,80-2779,54= 2223,63 kN. The belonging bending 211, oratories (2779,54—2223,63) = 60,53 kNm. At the load of 1200 KN this bending moments are related to the line to take into 60,53 ‘moment in the graph is account the buckling 5 1200,00=32,66 kNim and to the other line this 5 211,4 2779,54—837,88 both values is 171,97—32,66 = 139,31 kNnr. The second order bending moment (2779,54-1200,) =171,97 kNm.. The difference between is taken into account with "and n= Nate. = 515.74 _ 4,26 and so the n-1 Ng 1200 bending moment caused by the load has to be smaller than: 3: Mg < Hat = 9:9 139.3) 95,71 kevin en 131 n-1 Using the Eurocode one have the same points of interests, but the requirement is more easy: M, Nes uM, arilere Near e é' from the table. SofltDelf University of Technology EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 3: CT4121 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences ‘Tuesday April 6, 2010 Building Engineering / Steel Structures 14.00 - 17.00 hrs Question 2c Describe how this composite column has to be checked under fire conditions under pure compression (s0 M,si = 0 KNm). When information is lacking, as- sume something, Describe the method, do not make any calculations. Answer The properties of the material will be influenced by the gas temperature, Next to this the buckling length can be reduced, depending on the real situation. For a intermediate column between different floor levels the colder parts of the col- umn will occur a stiffening effect on the end conditions of the column and the buckling length can be reduced to Foon When it is the top floor level this is equal to 0,76. anDelft University of Technology EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 3: CT4121 Feculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Tuesday April 6, 2010 Building Engineering / Steel Structures 14.00 - 17.00 hrs QUESTION 3 PLATE BUCKLING Given: A steel plate that is simply supported (hinges) along all four edges, steel Figure 3 Questions: Question 3a Question 3b Answer rand grade $235, see figure 3. Stresses 6, = -60 N/mm” (compression) and o = as result of factored loads. 15 N/mm? (tension) o, v8 I< Rand = edge =6mm Is the plate stable on basis of the stress-reduction method (initial plate buckling method)? Justify your answer. Assume C 7a1-629(-1)-9,78 -1) =10,0 4 4 egg = 7,816, 29-3, 187 21-108 ai = Fee a 30,4 N/mm? Astwere = Sune a 3 a 3,04 N/mm* races PD brent 2578 Fryerting = Thucting et Sys = 95129-2353 = 30,4 NI mum? < 60N | mm? Not stable What is the stress distribution that can occur in the plate as a maximum, based on the effective width method? Indicate the effective widths. ‘The maximum stress level is -235 N/mm’, TellDelf University of Technology EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 3: CT4121 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Tuesday April 6, 2010 Building Engineering / Steel Structures 14.00 - 17.00 hrs According to Winter the effective widths can be determined: 4, 235 f Aga = | Ls aaa OTE PV Gin, ¥30,4208 1 (0.22)_ 1 P Ink’ At wal att by pO 6,265 4). 4) x4t b, =0,171-1500=255 mm by, = 0,4, = 102 mm by, = 0,60, =153 mm Ww 4 Use QUESTION 4 PLATE GIRDER Given an I-shaped plate girder of cross ea Sinoemectercreriomcess. — HMMM It Figure 4. Stiffened plate girder Questions: Question 4a Describe the mechanisms of the tension field method in text and drawings. Answer There will be three contributions of the shear resistance of the girder, namely caused by the buckling shear resistance, the tension field and by the mechanism in the flanges and in the transverse stiffeners. ‘The first one is based on the buckling shear of one area, based on the buckling factor k, depending on the aspect ratio @ and the slendemess of the plate. The tension field is « option between the inclination of the tension field and the width of the tension field. The optimum will bring the maximum shear resis- tance. The mechanism depends on local yield lines in the flanges, so based on the thickness of the flanges and the thickness of the transverse stiffeners. Question 4b For a simple supported plate girder loaded in bending strength analyses of the section results in a necessary flange cross area of 8000 mm” for each flange. There are several possibilities for the dimensions of the flanges. What design aspects of the girder could lead to the choice of the dimensions of the flanges as given in the table below? [Top flange | Bottom fi eT ion A [400 x 20 400 x 20_ Boftty 7 e de ob a 13 EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 3: C4121 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Tuesday April 6, 2010 Building Engineering / Steel Structures 14.00 - 17.00 brs [Option B 285 x 28 al [Option C 285 x28 | OptionD __ | 400x 20 | The answer is useless to have a flange in cross section class 4, because the non effective parts of the flanges are the tips of the flanges. When lateral torsional buckling is a criterion, then the flange should be as wide as possible, so the limit of cross section class 3 and 4. This LTB will be for the top flange less critical than for the lateral unsupported bottom flange and so, based on this Option D looks the most useful option, but also Option A is possible. QUESTION 5 COLD FORMED SECTIONS Question 5a Answer Figure 5 Cold formed section Answer Question 5e Answer Question 5d Describe the procedure to check the stifiiness of a dimple so it supports an adja- cent plate area. A dimple has to support an adjacent plate area. This dimple is supported like a spring, depending on the rotational stiffness of the cross section and the bending stiffness of the adjacent plate area. Both stiffnesses can be transmitted into one displacement spring. The dimple is uniformely supporting the dimple and the dimple should not buckle, Given a cold formed cross section, sce figure 5. Draw a qualitative stress distri- ‘ution in the cross section afier production of this cold formed section, Explain how the effective yield stress of such a section is determined. Please re-draw the figure on the right hand side of figure 5 on your answer sheet. r=] od Ino | 220 The yield stresses at the edges are much higher than the yield stresses in the middle of an area, caused by the cold forming process. The width of the area with this yield stress depends on the radius and the thickness of the material. An average yield strength has to be determined and taken into account. Describe at least 4 connectors that are specific for the use with cold formed sec- tions, Give a clear drawing of each connector and specify in what type of con- nections itis typically used (thin/thin ~ thin/thick steel). ‘The cold formed section of figure 5 is used as a column and loaded in the point of gravity (uniform distributed stresses) by a compressive load of 80 KN. The buckling length of this element for buckling around both axis’s is 4,0 m. Check DefiDelft University of Technology EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 3: CT4121 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Tuesday April 6,2010 Building Engineering / Steel Structures: 14.00 - 17.00 hrs Answer this cold formed column at column buckling. If iteration is necessary, the num- ber of iteration is restricted to 2. The steel grade is $275. ‘The buckling can be determined by calculation A=220-24+2-30-2+2-76-2 = 440+ 120-+304 = 864 mm? -——I b, =0,35-216=75 mm As well the webs as the small flanges are fully effective. The neutral axis can be found. =75-2+2-30-2+2-76- 50-+120+304= 574 mm =37,0 mm 574 Lab (15:2"+2-30 242-76. 2)4+75-2-37,0° + 42-30-2-(78-37,0) +2-76-2-(39-37,0)° = = 146.415 +408.286 = 554.701 mm* 4000 1554701 574 =0,36 210000 275 oy = 0,92 80.000___ 4 0,92-574-275 Let op, even checken of er NEN-formules zijn gegeven of EC-formules. Veran- dert niet extrem veel, maar opzet is essentice!. Dan = ToftDelft University of Technology EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 3: CT4121 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Tuesday April 6, 2010 lding Engineering / Steel Structures 14,00 - 17.00 brs Repeat with the reduced stress of 151 N/mm?. lofi