Homeostasis

Ch. 19
The Human Body An Orientation

Anatomy study of the structure and shape of the body and

its parts

Physiology study of how the body and its parts work or

function

Levels of Structural Organization

Anatomy Levels of Study

Gross Anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable

Microscopic Anatomy

Very small
structures

Can only be
viewed with
a microscope

Survival Needs

Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Carbs, proteins, lipids, vit. & minerals
Oxygen - required for chemical reactions
Water
Provides for metabolic reaction
Stabilizing body temperature

Homeostasis

Internal Equilibrium (or balance)

Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic

state of equilibrium


Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body
functioning and to sustain life

Homeostatic imbalance a disturbance in homeostasis

resulting in disease

Maintaining Homeostasis

The body communicates through neural and hormonal

control systems

Receptor are stimulated to:

Responds to the changes in the environment (stimuli)

Sends information to control center

This is achieved mostly by the nervous system & the endocrine
system

Maintaining Homeostasis

The Control center:

Analyzes information that is received from the receptors

(affector)

Determines the appropriate response

Effector

Provides a means for response to the stimulus (sends a

reaction message to the effector)

Feedback Mechanisms

Homeostasis is maintained in the body through Negative

feedback

It works in response to a change that counteracts another change.

Its output response that affects the initial input feedback decreases its
effect

Works like a household thermostat: it can shut off the original

stimulus, or reduces its intensity

Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

Feedback Mechanisms

Positive feedback:

Is the opposite of negative feedback


It intensifies the original change by increasing the original stimulus to
push the variable farther, rather than reversing itself to return to a set point.

In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

Homeostasis (Positive Feedback)

Body Tissues
Cells are specialized for particular functions
Tissues
Groups of cells with similar structure and function
Four primary types
Epithelium
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
Muscle

Cell Diversity
Cell Diversity
Cell Diversity
Cell Diversity
Epithelial Tissues
Layers of tissue
Simple one layer
Stratified more than one layer

Found in different areas

Body coverings
Body linings
Glandular tissue

Functions

Protection
Absorption
Filtration
Secretion

Classification of Epithelium
Shape of cells
Squamous flattened
Cuboidal cube-shaped
Columnar column-like

Glandular Epithelial Tissues

Cells that produce and release substance

Exocrine glands

Have ducts
Sweat glands, oil glands, salivary glands

Endocrine glands

Ductless

Produce hormones

Excrete hormone into the extracellular fluid & diffuse into nearby
capillaries.

Pancrease: glucogon & insulin

Connective Tissue Characteristics

Supports and binds other tissues
Variations in blood supply
Some types are well vascularized and other types have poor blood
supply

Cartilage: flexible & resilient

Consists of spaced cells and extracellular matrix a non-living
material that surrounds living cells

Cartilage tissue
Connective Tissue Types
Bone (osseous tissue) is composed of:
Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)
Hard matrix of calcium phsophate

Adipose Tissue

Insulates the body

Protects some organs

Serves as a site of
fuel storage

Connective tissue: Blood

3 types of connective tissues in blood:

RBC
WBC
Platelets

Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called: Plasma

Muscle Tissue
Function is to produce movement
Three types: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth muscle

Nervous Tissue
Neurons and nerve support cells
Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body
Irritability
Conductivity

Regeneration of Tissues
Tissues that regenerate easily
Epithelial tissue
Fibrous connective tissue and bone

Tissues that regenerate poorly

Skeletal muscle

Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue

Cardiac muscle
Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

The Skin
Organ System Overview

Circulatory System
(Cardiovascular)

Transports materials in body

via blood pumped by heart

Carbon dioxide

Nutrients

Wastes

Includes heart, blood vessels

Organ System Overview

Lymphatic System

Returns fluids to blood vessels

Disposes of debris
Involved in immunity

Includes lymph, lymph nodes & vessels, WBC

Organ System Overview

Digestive System

& blood

Breaks down food

Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material
Includes: mouth, esophagus, stomach, sm. & lg. Intestines, anal, rectum

Organ System Overview

Excretory/ Urinary System

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

Maintains acid base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes
Includes: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Organ System Overview

Respiratory System

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

Removes carbon dioxide

Includes: nose, trachea, & lungs; (gills in fish & some

amphibians)

Organ System Overview

Endocrine System

Secretes regulatory hormones for:

Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism

Includes: various hormone secreting glands

Organ System Overview

Nervous System

Fast-acting control system

Responds to internal and

external change

Activates muscles and

glands

Includes: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

Organ System Overview

Muscular System

Allows locomotion
Maintains posture
Produces heat

Contractibility

Includes: skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscle

Organ System Overview

Skeletal System

Protects internal organs

Supports body structure
Provides attachment site for muscles, so they can move
Site of blood cell formation
Stores mineral
Bone is live and functional tissue

Includes: bones, cartilage, tendons & ligaments

Organ System Overview

Integumentary System

Forms the external body

covering

Protects deeper tissue from

injury

Synthesizes vitamin D

Location of cutaneous (skin)

nerve receptors

Includes: skin, hair, nails,

Organ System Overview

Reproductive System

Production of
Spermatogenesis,

Includes: male/female

Penis, testes, seminal vesicles

Mammary glands, vagina, uterus, ovaries & oviducts

offspring
oogenesis

reproductive organs

Abdominopelvic Major Organs