INTRODUCTION AND

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF
BIOREMEDIATION
Renni Suhardi

I. HISTORY

Superfund Remedial Action Technology Selected FY94

SVE

21%

15%

6%
2%

19%
27%
18%

11%

B io re m e d ia t io n
S /S
In c in e ra t io n
F lu s h in g
S o lve n t
E x t ra c t io n
Th e rm a l
D e s o rp t io n

Breakdown of Sites by Type of Contaminant

Solvent
12%

Petroleum
65%

Wood Preserving
Waste
10%
Other
10%
Pesticides/
Herbicides
3%

Percentage of Sites Treating Each Medium

Groundwater
32%

Soil
59%

Sediment
6%
Sludge
2%
Surface Water
1%

Breakdown of Process by Treatment Technology

(includes laboratory-, pilot-, and full-scale)

Ex-situ (without
reactor)
17%

Ex-situ (with
reactor)
15%
In situ
68%

Top 9 BIOREMEDIATION METHODS

All Other Method

11%

Bioventing
25%

Fixed Film
4%
Solid Phase, pile
treatment
4%
Attached Growth
5%
Air Sparging
6%
Natural
Attenuation
6%
Solid Phase,
prepared bed
11%

Ground Water
Bioremediation
14%

Soil
Bioremediation
14%

II. TREND IN ENVIRONMENTAL

BIOTECHNOLOGY

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Penggunaan (langsung)
mikroorganisme dan kemampuannya
untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan
lingkungan
Bidang Keilmuan yang terlibat:
engineering, biologi (molekuler),
mikrobiologi, ilmu ekologi.

Biodegradations relation to Environmental Biotechnology

Direct
Environmental
Response

Conservation
Technology

Biodegradation

Resource for Development

Renewable Resources

Apakah BIOREMEDIATION
Teknologi yang digunakan untuk mempercepat proses alamiah
pada degradasi limbah atau proses daur ulang
Penggunaan mikroorganisme alamiah seperti bakteri, jamur,
dan ragi untuk mendegradasi polutan dan senyawa berbahaya
lainnya yang ada di tanah, air dan udara, menjadi senyawa
yang tidak berbahaya (non(non-toxic atau tidak berbahaya (less
toxic)

III. BIOREMEDIATION
merupakan metoda pengolahan tanah yang
menjadikan tanah menjadi tidak berbahaya,
dengan demikian menghilangkan adanya
tanggungjawab karena masalah landfilling
atau pengolahan yang tidak tuntas

WHY BIOREMEDIATE?
Soils contaminated with hydrocarbons
may be disposed of or treated in several
ways: Regulated permitted landfills,
thermal incineration and bioremediation.
bioremediation

WHY BIOREMEDIATION?

Sites awaiting cleanclean-up (1993)

Agency Responsible Number of Sites
US EPA Superfund 1,5001,500-2,000
RCRA 1,5001,500-3,000
USTs 295,000
US DoD 7,300
US DOE 19,000

Why Bio? II

Adapted from Cookson, 1995

Complete citation:
U.S. EPA. 1993. Cleaning up the Nations waste sites: Markets and technology
trends. EPA/542/BEPA/542/B-92/003
These are mainly petroleum, VOCs, or PCBs

Why Bioremediation? III

Frequency of Contaminant Subgroups (US EPA TIO, 1992)

WHY BIOREMEDIATION? IV

US. EPA/540/NEPA/540/N-93/001
Major Waste Types Applicable to Bioremediation

WHY BIOREMEDIATION? V

Cost Effectiveness of Bioremediation ($)

Method of Treatment
Incineration
Solidification
Landfill
ThermalDesorption
Bioremediation

a: Costs are per cubic yard, 1993 dollars. Actual costs impacted by time and
competition. [Micro-Blaze usage costs are usually substantially lower.]

b: If project warrants year two and three costs, these are average costs shown
per cubic yard.
Original source: Bioremediation Report, King Publishing Group, Washington,
D.C. , 1993.

Year 1
$530.00a none
315.00
670.00
200.00
125.00

Year 2
none
none
none
none
27.00b

Year 3
none
none
none
20.00 b

Biaya Pengolahan
Landfill disposal dengan kisaran $15$15- sampai lebih
dari $75 per m3 tergantung pada konsentrasi
hidrokarbon. Waktu yang diperlukan 6 24 bulan
Insinerasi panas: cepat, dengan kisaran harga
$250 sampai lebih dari $700 per m3 tergantung
pada jenis tanah.
Bioremediasi dengan kisaran harga $90 to $110 per
m3. Waktu yang diperlukan 30 120 hari

WHY BIOREMEDIATION? VI

Beberapa keuntungan melakukan bioremediasi

Dapat dilakukan on site
Penghilangan limbah secara permanen (limiting liability)
Dapat diterima oleh masyarakatPositive public acceptance
Gangguan terhadap site minimum
Proses inin-situ menghilangkan biaya transportasi dan liability
Dapat digabungkan dengan teknik pengolahan lainnya
Adapted from Cookson, 1995

Keuntungan menggunakan Proses Bioremediasi dibandingkan

terhadap teknologi Remediasi lainnya

(1)

Proses remediasi yang berbasis biologi menmen-detoksifikasi

senyawa berbahaya, dan tidak mentransfer kontaminan dari
satu lingkungan ke lingkungan lain.

(2)

Bioremediasi secara umum tidak merusak lingkungan

dibandingkan dengan proses yang berbasis ekskavasi.

(3)

Biaya yang diperlukan untuk mengolah limbah berbahaya

menggunakan teknologi bioremediasi relatif murah
dibandingkan dengan teknologi konvensional lain seperti:
vacuuming, absorbing, burning, dispersing, atau
memindahkan bahan terkontaminasi

IV. POLLUTANTS
BioBio-degradable
petroleum products (gas, diesel, fuel oil) crude oil compounds (benzene,
toluene, xylene, naphthalene) some pesticides (malathion) some industrial
solvents coal compounds (phenols, cyanide in coal tars and coke waste)
Partially degradable / Persistent
TCE (trichlorethylene) threat to ground water PCE (perchlorethlene) dry
cleaning solvent PCBs (have been degraded in labs, but not in field work)
Arsenic, Chromium, Selenium
Not degradable / Recalcitrant
Uranium Mercury DDT
DDT

Factors Affecting Biodegradation

The presence of microorganisms
The microorganism live in the same environments as the
chemical.
The chemical must available for the microorganism
Intracellular enzyme : the molecule of toxic substance must
penetrate the surface of the cell wall
Extracellular enzyme : the spesific bond to be broken in the
molecule must be exposed
Suitable environmental growth conditions.

Adapted from A Citizens Guide to Bioremediation, United Nation Environmental Agencies, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, EPA 542-F-01-001

Bioremediation Limitations
Bioremediation is helpful in the clean up of
many organic wastes, however it does
have its limitations.

V. Bioremediation Limitations
The extent of remediation is highly dependent on
the toxicity and the initial levels of contaminants
their ability to be biodegraded
the properties of the soil in which the contaminants lie.
Sites that are unable to be cleaned with microbes

those with high metal concentrations (i.e. mercury),

highly chlorinated organics (compounds with many chlorine
elements attached), and inorganic salts.

These types of compounds are toxic to the microbes.

Bioremediation Limitations
Bioremediation is a (relatively) new and
promising technology in which the methods
and effectiveness are continually being
tested.
Until this new technology improves, other
forms of remediation are still needed.

TANTANGAN INOVASI

KUALITAS TEKNOLOGI DAN KEBERHASILAN

PASAR YANG TERSEDIA Available Market
Technology Quality / Success
BIAYA INVESTASI
MANAJEMEN YANG KOMPETEN
TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN REGULATOR
WAKTU YANG TEPAT
PERSEPSI YANG BAIK DARI MASYARAKAT
PENYEBARAN INFORMASI YANG BAIK

VI. Teknologi yang akan dipelajari

In-situ Bioremediation

http://www.p2pays.org/ref/14/0_initiatives/init/winter98/success.htm

EX-SITU BIOREMEDIATION
Nutrient,
Bulking agent,
microbe

CONTAMINA
TED AREA

Bioremediation mixture

Mixing
Area

Bioremediation Area

BIOREMEDIATION APPLICATION
Bioremediation Applied For Treatment Of
Waste In The Following Phases:
LIQUID PHASE
SLURRY PHASE
SOLID PHASE

LIQUID PHASE

AEROBIC PROCESS

COMPLETE MIX (CSTR)

IMMOBILISED CULTURE

Suspended bed
Pack-bed
PUMP AND TREAT
ANAEROBIC PROCESS
SUSPENDED CULTURE

Anaerobic Digester
IMMOBILISED CULTURE

Courtesy of Sri H Suhardi

Air-sparging

Slurry Bioreactor

SLURRY
PHASE
The slurry contains
between
5 and 40% solids by weight
depending on the nature of the biological reactor

SOLID PHASE
EX-SITU
LAND-FARMING
BIOPILE
COMPOSTING-BASED BIOREMEDIATION

IN-SITU - BIOVENTING

LAND-FARMING
Land-farming based bioremediation technique

Courtesy of Sri Harjati Suhardi

Aeration during
bioprocess using
piping system.

BIOPILE

Courtesy of S H Suhardi

Courtesy of Sri Harjati Suhardi

Courtesy of Sri Harjati Suhardi

COMPOSTING-BASED BIOREMEDIATION

One of the largest composting-based bioremediation projects in the

United States got underway in May 1999 at the Joliet Army
Ammunition Plant in Illinois, where there were 200,000 dry tons of
soil contaminated by TNT, DNT, Tetryl and a small amount of RDX.

The contaminated soil is composted in windrows. Composting

amendments include corn processing by-products, wood chips

Windrow Bioremediation