II.
III.
1.
Imperforate Anus
CLEFT LIP.
It is an abnormality involving the upper or lower lip.
(i)
Embrology:
The face develops from 5 processes:Frontonasal process.
Maxillary processes (2)
Mandibular processes (2)
Incomplete union of these processes may result in variety of
clefts.
(ii)
Aetiological factors:Hereditary.
Nutrition during pregnancy.
Mechanical factors.
Tumours, amniotic bands and adhesions.
Infection and injuries during pregnancy.
(iii)
Epidemiology:
Frequency varies from 1:500 to 1:1000. Live births
Boys are more affected than girls.
The left side is more affected than the right side.
B.
CLEFT PALATE:
(i)
(ii)
C.
GROUP I
Pre alveolar clefts (lip only).
Unilateral, bilateral or median.
Partial or complete clefts.
II.
(ii)
GROUP II
Post alveolar, clefts (palate only).
Unilateral or bilateral clefts.
(iv)
GROUP III
Complete Alveolar.
Unilateral.
Bilateral.
EMBROLOGY:
-
B.
Vascular deficiency.
Genetic transmission e.g. patients who survived repair
produce off- springs with the same abnormality.
TYPE 2:
TYPE 3:
It is difficulty to diagnose.
Swallowing is normal.
TYPE 4:
GENERAL SYMPTOMATOLOGY:
III.
DEFINITION.
It is the congenital disturbances in the normal developmental process of
the anus and rectum.
2.
AETIOLOGY.
-
3.
INCIDENCE:
The incidence in the US is 1: 5000 live births.
4.
CLASSIFICATION
High.
Intermediate.
Low anomalies.
MALES
ANORECTAL AGENESIS
with
- Recto urethral fistula
- without fistula
- rectal atresia alone
FEMALES
ANORECTAL AGENESIS
with
- Recto vaginal fistula
- without fistula
- rectal atresia alone
(b) INTERMEDIATE
ANOMALIES
With
- Rectobulbar fistula
- Anal agenesis without
fistula.
With
- Anocutaneous fistula
- Anal stenosis
PERSISTENT CLOACA
With
- Rectovestibular fistula
- Rectovaginal fistula
- Anal agenesis.
LOW ANOMALIES
(D) RARE FORM
5.
INVESTIGATIONS.
(a) Radiology.
-